Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Spatial-temporal variation features and law of gas concentration in the fully mechanized working face under the condition of intermittent ventilation

Based on the fluid mechanics and mass transfer theory,a mathematical model of the spatial-temporal variation of gas was derived to avoid the gas accident caused by the main fan stopping ventilation under the condition of intermittent ventilation in the tunnel.According to the actual parameters of the tunnel,a numerical calculation model was established.The spatial-temporal variation of gas concentration in the fully mechanized working face under the condition of intermittent ventilation was calculated by using the commercial package Fluent,and the correctness of the calculated results was verified by the actual monitoring data of the mine.Firstly,the gas concentration was calculated under different wind velocities at driving face in coal tunnel,and the result showed that the gas can be carried effectively by the wind when the wind velocity is about 1.8 m/s.Secondly,the distributions of wind velocity and gas concentration at driving face were studied at 1.8 m/s,and the result showed the gas concentration increased gradually with the distance close to the outlet,but the gas concentration almost kept constant at the height of driving face.Thirdly,the distribution of gas concentration was investigated with time after the ventilation was stopped and restarted,respectively.The gas concentration of test point gradually increased with the increment of downtime,when the downtime was 40 min,the gas concentration of test point 3 reached the maximum value.The gas concentration increased gradually and reached the maximum after10 min of restart,then sharply decreased and kept constant.

Effect of suppressing dust by multi-direction whirling air curtain on fully mechanized mining face

A combined method of numerical simulation and field testing was adopted in this study in the interest of solving the problem of hard to control high concentrate dusts on a fully mechanized mining face. In addi- tion, the dust suppression effect of a multi-direction whirling air curtain was studied in this paper. Under the influence of the wall attachment effect, the compressed air which blows out from the two-phase or three-phase radial outlets on the generator of the air curtain can form a multi-direction whirling air curtain, which can cover the whole roadway section of a fully mechanized mining face. The traditional method of controlling dust is a forcing system with exhaust overlap which has the major disadvantage of lacking a jet effect and consequently results in poor dust control. It is difficult to form the air flow field within the range of Lp ≤ 5√S. However, due to the effect of this novel system, the radial airflow can be turned into axial airflow allowing fresh air to flow through the length of the heading. The air flow field which is good at controlling dust diffusion can be formed 12.8 m from the heading face. Furthermore, the field measurement results show that before the application of a multi-direction whirling air curtain, the dust concentration is 348.6 mg/m^3 and 271.4 mg/m^3 respectively at the roadway cross-section measurement points which are 5 m and 10 m from the heading face. However, after the application of the multi-direction whirling air curtain, the dust concentration is only 61.2 mg/m3 and 14.8 mg/m^3, respectively. Therefore, the dust control effect of a multi-direction whirling air curtain is obvious.

Similar material simulation research on movement law of roof over-lying strata in stope of fully mechanized caving face with large mining height

Similar material simulation test W9-15 101 fully mechanized caving face with was carried out in a geological model of large mining height in the Liuhuanggou Colliery, in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height was studied and show that the roof overlying strata in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height can be formed into a stable arch structure; the fracture rock beam is formed resembling a ＂bond beam＂, but it has essentially the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂ under the big structure of the stable arch. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is similar to that of the common, fully mechanized caving stope, which is determined by the deformation and instability of the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂. But because of the differences between the mining heights, the peak pressure in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is smaller while the affected area of abutment pressure is wider in the front of the working face; this is the obvious difference in abutment pressure between the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height and that of the common.

Technological optimization of fully mechanized caving mining face with large mining heights

Fully mechanized cave mining with large mining height is a new mining method, due to its large mining thickness and lower roadway excavation, the technology has been widely used in China＇s thick seam mining. In order to improve the top-coal recovery ratio of fully mechanized cave mining with large mining height, a study was conducted on optimizing the caving process, based on the mechanized caving face 1302N in Longgu Coal Mine. This was achieved by improving the PFC numerical calculation methods, and establishing a more accurate model system. On this basis, the recovery ratio of the top coal in different drawing intervals and technologies was investigated in order to achieve a reasonable caving process. The top-coal tracking system was used for practical surveying of the recovery ratio of top coal.

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

According to a lot of practical data in Liujialiang Mine and reliability theory and result of computer simulation, operation regularity of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining production system in the condition of gently inclined complicated geological structure and production shortcomings are found out and reliability of system and output of the working face are predicted finally.

The Recent Technological Development of Intelligent Mining in China

In the last five years, China has seen the technological development of intelligent mining and the application of the longwall automation technology developed by the Longwall Automation Steering Committee. This paper summarizes this great achievement, which occurred during the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015）, and which included the development of a set of intelligent equipment for hydraulic-powered supports, information transfers, dynamic decision-making, performance coordination, and the achievement of a high level of reliability despite difficult conditions. Within China, the intelligent system of a set of hydraulic-powered supports was completed, with our own intellectual property rights. An intelligent mining model was developed that permitted unmanned operation and single-person inspection on the work face. With these technologies, the number of miners on the work face can now be significantly reduced. Miners are only required to monitor mining machines on the roadway or at the surface control center, since intelligent mining can be applied to extract middle-thick or thick coal seams. As a result, miners＇ safety has been improved. Finally, this Darter discusses theprospects and challenges of intelligent mining over the next ten years.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪研究

煤矿综采工作面空间小、照明环境复杂多变,采煤过程中伴随着大量的粉尘、大雾,导致采集的图像出现曝光、细节特征减弱等问题,难以对井下照明区域光照强度过大的图像进行有效的特征提取。针对上述问题,提出了一种煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法。首先,将视频截取为图像,判断图像是否需要进行光照抑制,将需要进行光照抑制的RGB图像拆分通道,并计算每个通道的光照调节因子,实现图像的整体光照调节;然后,将未进行整体光照抑制的图像和经整体光照抑制的图像进行反射分量提取,即将输入的图像转换为HSV空间图像,使用单尺度Retinex(SSR)算法对V通道图像中的光照分量进行单独处理,将V分量中的入射分量去除,保留反射分量,并对反射分量使用直方图均衡算法实现光照均衡化处理;最后,使用基于引导滤波的暗通道先验算法对经过光照处理后的图像进行去雾处理,并使用伽马校正函数重新调节亮度不均的图像。主观评价结果表明:提出的煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法有效抑制了因光照导致整体亮度较高的问题,且由于大雾、粉尘等因素导致图像模糊的部分更加清晰,图像的细节特征更加突出。采用信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率4种评价指标对提出的算法效果进行客观评价,结果表明,提出的算法在信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率上较多尺度Retinex(MSR)算法分别平均提升了21.87%,-56.06%,153.43%,294.45%,较基于颜色保持的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCP)算法分别平均提升了1.18%,-39.56%,33.29%,-4.71%,较带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCR)算法分别平均提升了38.06%,-55.27%,462.10%,300.96%,说明提出的算法能更有效地增加图像信息量、抑制光照强度、提升边缘信息及图像清晰度。

综放工作面围岩控制与智能化放煤技术现状及展望

分析了厚及特厚煤层智能化综放工作面围岩控制技术与智能化放顶煤技术发展现状及存在的问题,从巷道围岩高效支护、工作面超前支护、坚硬特厚顶煤冒放性、液压支架位姿监测及智能化放顶煤5个方面提出了工程实际需求。针对综放工作面实现安全、高效、智能化开采存在的技术难题与工程需求,对综放工作面围岩控制技术、智能化放煤技术进行了研究:构建了坚硬特厚煤层顶煤悬臂梁力学模型,研发了提高顶煤冒放性及放出率关键技术,实现了坚硬特厚煤层超大采高综放开采;研发了单元式超前液压支架顶梁可旋转自复位装置,实现了液压支架顶梁根据巷道顶板倾斜角度自动旋转支护,有效提高了单元式超前液压支架对巷道顶底板的适应性;提出了采用巷道支护液压支架替代传统锚网支护结构的思路,具有支护效率高、成本低、节省工作面超前支护等优点;开发了基于立柱与尾梁千斤顶行程的综放液压支架支护姿态监测装置与算法,提高了液压支架支护姿态解算效率与精度;提出了基于透明地质模型、煤量监测装置与煤矸识别装置融合的智能放煤控制方法,可有效解决多夹矸层特厚顶煤智能化放煤技术难题。提出智能地质保障技术、机器视觉精准测量与智能感知技术、综放工作面设备智能精准自适应控制技术、综放工作面数字孪生技术等是智能化综放开采技术与装备的发展趋势。

智能综采工作面系统设计及关键技术研究

针对当前煤矿智能综采工作面系统功能划分不明确、设备协同运行存在困难等问题,基于智能综采工作面要素,在现有研究的基础上设计了智能综采工作面系统总体架构,并深入分析了远程集控中心、设备协同控制系统、智能监控预警系统、通讯网络系统、透明地质系统、智能负荷系统六大子系统功能、组成和工作流程。此外,对智能综采工作面三维透明地质建模技术、远程通信及数据传输技术以及多源异构数据融合技术进行了详细阐述,并结合系统架构构建了智能综采工作面系统的集成模型,完成了单系统向多系统智能化、系统化的转变,增强了系统的抗干扰能力。通过在河南龙宇能源股份有限公司陈四楼煤矿实际应用表明,该系统能够帮助作业人员更加直观精准地掌握综采工作面工况,可以有效提高了各系统的联动性,为矿井智能化建设提供了有力保障。

综采工作面采动覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度综合研究

针对因煤层开采易导致上覆岩层产生裂隙,贯通地下含水层引发矿井水灾的问题,以盘城岭煤业150105工作面为研究背景,采用理论公式、现场井下仰孔注水测漏法和钻孔电视成像探测法,以及FLAC3D和UDEC数值模拟综合分析导水裂隙带的高度和发育规律。理论计算导水裂隙带的最大高度为81.56 m;通过井下仰孔注水测漏法监测3个钻孔的注水渗透量梯度临界值为12 L/min,通过临界值判定导水裂隙带高度为78.56~79.99 m;通过钻孔电视成像探测法观测钻孔内裂隙分布判定导水裂隙带高度为78.39~79.46 m;利用FLAC3D和UDEC数值模拟,根据覆岩塑性区变化特征,当工作面推进至180 m时,裂隙发生贯通,塑性区最大高度达到76.4 m,并根据覆岩塑性区变化、垂直应力分布、垂直位移云图分析了导水裂隙带发育规律的3个阶段。对不同方法下的导水裂隙带高度进行了相互验证。

基于残差优化的综采工作面煤壁点云补全方法

煤矿综采工作面巷道的数字化三维重建过程中需要完整且密集的煤壁点云数据。受遮挡、视角限制等因素影响,采集的综采工作面煤壁点云数据往往不完整且稀疏,影响下游任务,需进行煤壁点云修复和补全。目前缺少针对井下点云补全任务的数据集和网络模型,现有模型用于煤壁点云补全时存在点云密度分布不均匀、点云特征信息丢失等情况。针对上述问题,设计了一种基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型,采用监督学习方式学习点云特征信息,通过最小化密度采样和残差网络迭代优化输出完整点云。采集煤矿井下真实综采工作面煤壁点云数据,预处理后筛选可用数据,通过模拟随机空洞制作煤壁点云缺失数据集,并用缺失数据集训练基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型。实验结果表明:与经典的FoldingNet,TopNet,AtlasNet,PCN,3D-Capsule点云补全网络模型相比,基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型针对构造的缺失煤壁点云和稀疏煤壁点云补全的倒角距离、地移距离及F1分数均能达到最优水平,整体补全效果最佳;针对实际缺失的煤壁点云,该模型能够实现有效补全。

综采工作面分布式蓄能供液系统研究及应用

为解决综采工作面跟机移架速度慢的问题,提出了基于蓄能器的分布式供液系统,并在柠条塔S1204工作面开展了试验应用。根据工作面的采煤工艺和产能要求确定了跟机移架速度,建立了全工作面供液系统仿真模型,对液压支架单架、双架和三架同时移架的动作过程进行模拟并分析影响移架时间的因素,结果表明:为使工作面生产能力提升到1000万t/a,中部液压支架跟机速度要达到12 m/min以上,需采用双架或三架成组移架来满足其移架时间的要求。为解决该工况压力波动大且易产生丢架的现象,提出在液压支架上设置“蓄能器+单向阀”的分布式蓄能稳压方案,以平衡工作面液压系统瞬时大流量供给不足与平均供液能力过剩的矛盾,并给出了基于流量补偿的蓄能器选型方法。仿真分析表明在安装分布式稳压供液系统后,双架和三架成组移架时间分别减少6.2%和11.5%,尤其在受到其他系统用液扰动条件下,双架成组移架时间可缩短15%以上。井下应用结果表明,安装的分布式蓄能供液系统显著降低了成组拉架中的丢架现象,保证了采煤机运行速度达12 m/min以上;对工作面平均日进尺由16.7刀提高到19.8刀起到重要支撑作用,实现了常态化日进尺22刀,达到了年产1000万t的生产能力,研究工作为综采工作面快速成组跟机移架提供了有效解决方案。

特厚煤层工作面煤厚变化电磁波透视响应特征

目的为掌握煤厚变化对特厚煤层工作面电磁波透视探测的影响,以准确圈定地质异常区,保障工作面安全高效生产。方法根据煤层工作面地质条件,利用三维仿真软件,对煤厚变化进行了电磁波透视数值模拟,并结合工作面探查实例进行了分析。结果0~20m煤厚范围,随煤厚减小,电磁波透视场强值呈抛物线下降趋势,可分为缓慢降低(煤厚≥9m)、明显降低(9m>煤厚≥5m)和快速降低(煤厚<5m)3个范围。煤厚10m以上的工作面适合于依据相对煤层变薄程度和变薄区煤厚来分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/3正常煤厚且煤厚<8m的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄区煤厚越小,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。煤厚10m以下的工作面,可以仅依据相对煤层变薄程度分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/4正常煤厚的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄程度越大,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。陕西金源招贤矿业有限公司特厚煤层1304工作面探测实例表明:正常煤厚变化及薄煤区的电磁波响应特征与数值模拟结果一致;工作面物探圈定的落差1m以上断层及薄煤区范围,与实际揭露范围相吻合。结论利用煤厚变化电磁波响应特征能够可靠地探查特厚煤层工作面地质异常区范围。

刮板输送机技术发展历程(一)——国外技术

刮板输送机是井下采煤工作面的“脊梁”装备,它经历了6次技术变革,持续推动采煤工艺变革及生产效率持续提升。刮板输送机第1次技术变革发生于1900-1940年,诞生了可拆卸刮板输送机,煤矿开启半机械化开采时代;第2次技术变革产生于1940-1950年,创制了可弯曲刮板输送机,煤矿进入机械化开采时代;第3次技术变革形成于1950-1985年,创设了可自移刮板输送机,煤矿跨入综合机械化开采时代;第4次技术变革出现在1985-2000年,已发展成为重型化刮板输送机,煤矿走向高产高效综采时代;第5次技术变革形成于2000-2010年,研发出自动化刮板输送机,煤矿迈向数字化综采时代;第6次技术变革始于2010年,创新推出智能化刮板输送机,煤矿开启少人化智采时代。英国和德国为刮板输送机初创做出巨大贡献,研制出多种早期的刮板输送机机型。苏联对刮板输送机的系列化,以及对机械化采煤机的配套起到重要的创新推动作用。在此基础上,1954年,英国把安德顿滚筒采煤机与垛式支架、可弯曲刮板输送机组合为综合机械化采煤机组,建成世界上第一个综采工作面。21世纪以来,世界煤炭开采的重心逐步转向我国,国外刮板输送机研发与制造影响力逐年衰减,我国逐渐成为刮板输送机的制造强国。

基于微震监测的浅埋8 m超大采高综采面矿压规律现场监测研究

以陕北矿区某矿2203浅埋超大采高综采面为工程背景,采用微震监测技术,对浅埋超大采高综采面矿压规律进行了研究。结果表明:单日微震事件数达到峰值后,综采面继续回采8.25~11 m内,能量大于103J的事件增多,微震事件能量及支架压力达到峰值,随后顶板出现垮落现象。综采面初次来压前,微震总能量为6.40×10^(3)J,矿压显现期间为1.07×10^(4)J,总能量增长67%;由于综采面矿压显现与微震最大能量峰值出现一致,通过2次最大能量峰值时综采面位置可以确定综采面周期来压步距。2203综采面初次来压步距为24.75 m,周期来压步距为27~35.25 m,由此确定,顺槽超前支护距离为36 m,实践表明,2203综采面采用ZCZY10300/31/55D型超前液压支架满足巷道超前支护的要求。微震监测是矿压显现规律分析的有效手段,采用液压支架压力变化与微震能量协同分析的方法研究超大采高综采面的矿压规律是可行的。

大采高综采工作面矿压显现及顶板活动特征研究

为了得到唐山某煤矿综采工作面的矿压显现及顶板活动特征,基于关键层理论、“悬臂梁-砌体梁”力学模型,通过现场观测、理论分析、数值模拟的方法对9煤层矿压显现特征、顶板结构、支架工作阻力开展了深入研究,建立了覆岩结构力学模型,得到了工作面支架工作阻力的合理计算式。研究结果表明:工作面来压步距和来压大小均有一定的规律性,呈现一大一小的周期来压现象,来压期间中部测区支架荷载最大,两边偏小;通过直接顶关键层判别方法,确定了第2层岩层和第7层岩层分别为亚关键层1和亚关键层2。亚关键层1破断后以“悬臂梁”结构形态垮落进入采空区,亚关键层2破断后形成了稳定的“砌体梁”结构,此时亚关键层1与亚关键层2共同组成了“悬臂梁-砌体梁”结构;第2层岩层和第7层岩层组成的双关键层结构的破断运移规律导致了工作面呈现一大一小的周期来压现象。当双关键层同步破断时,支架工作阻力为13 688 kN。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

浅埋综采工作面运输巷主动式超前支护研究

针对浅埋综采工作面运输巷采用单体支柱超前加强支护工作面推采速度与支护速度不协调、工人劳动强度和安全隐患大、难以实现超前区域少人化等问题,以榆家梁煤矿52305工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,实测了单体超前加强支护条件下的运输巷矿压显现规律,对比分析了单体加强支护和锚杆(索)主动式加强支护两种情况下的巷道围岩安全稳定性,并通过理论分析计算了运输巷支护参数,校验了现场支护的适应性及安全性。研究结果表明:52305工作面运输巷围岩属于较稳定型,现场单体超前加强支护条件下,锚杆(索)承载均在额定载荷的85%以内,两帮应力分布基本对称,围岩移近量和松动圈很小,围岩稳定性较好,现场超前支护段支护强度偏富余。采动支承压力影响段,单体支柱主要对顶板0.6 m范围内的局部岩层具有加强支撑作用,远小于锚杆和锚索支护作用范围和强度。取消单体支护后,运输巷围岩依然能够保持安全稳定。在榆家梁煤矿52305工作面运输巷超前加强支护段进行了取消单体支护工程试验,验证了研究结论的可靠性。