Study on the Safety and Prevention Technology of Coal Mining under the River in Xingyuan Coal Mine

Coal mining-induced surface subsidence poses significant ecological and infrastructural challenges, necessitating a comprehensive study to ensure safe mining practices, particularly in underwater conditions. This project aims to address the extensive impact of coal mining on the environment, infrastructure, and overall safety, focusing on the Shigong River area above the working face. The study employs qualitative and quantitative analyses, along with on-site engineering measurements, to gather data on crucial parameters such as coal seam characteristics, roof rock lithology, thickness, water resistance, and structural damage degree. The research encompasses a multidisciplinary approach, involving mining, geology, hydrogeology, geophysical exploration, rock mechanics, mine surveying, and computational mathematics. The importance of effective safety measures and prevention techniques is emphasized, laying the foundation for research focused on the Xingyun coal mine. The brief concludes by highlighting the potential economic and social benefits of this project and its contribution to valuable experience for future subsea coal mining.

Intelligent and ecological coal mining as well as clean utilization technology in China: Review and prospects

Coal is an essential fossil fuel in China; however, coal mining and its utilization are being under the increasing pressure from ecological and environmental protection. Therefore, the consulting project "Technical Revolution in Ecological and Efficient Coal Mining and Utilization & Intelligence and Diverse Coordination of Coal-based Energy System," initiated by Chinese Academy of Engineering, puts forward three stages(3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) of China's coal industry development strategy. Aimed at "reduced staff,ultra-low ecological damage, and emission level near to natural gas," breakthroughs should be achieved in the following three key technologies during the China Coal Industry 3.0 stage(2016–2025): including intelligent coal mining, ecological mining, ultra-low emission and environmental protection. This paper focuses on the development trends of the China Coal Industry 3.0 and its support for China Coal Industry 4.0 and 5.0 is analyzed and prospected as well, which may offer technical assistance and strategy orientation for realizing the transformation from traditional coal energy to clean energy.

New development of longwall mining equipment based on automation and intelligent technology for thin seam coal

The paper introduced complete sets of automatic equipment and technology used in thin seam coal face, and proposed the comprehensive mechanization and automation of safe and high efficiency mining models based on the thin seam drum shearer. The key technology of short length and high power thin seam drum shearer, and new type roof support with big extension ratio and plate canopy were introduced. The new research achievement on automatic control system of complete sets of equipment for the thin seam coal, which composed of electronic-hydraulic system, compact thin seam roof supports, high effective shearer with intelligent control system, and characterized by automatical follow-up and remote control technology, was described in this paper..

Joint Bearing Mechanism of Coal Pillar and Backfilling Body in Roadway Backfilling Mining Technology

In the traditional mining technology,the coal resources trapped beneath surface buildings,railways,and water bodies cannot be mined massively,thereby causing the lower coal recovery and dynamic disasters.In order to solve the aforementioned problems,the roadway backfilling mining technology is developed and the joint bearing mechanism of coal pillar and backfilling body is presented in this paper.The mechanical model of bearing system of coal pillar and backfilling body is established,by analyzing the basic characteristics of overlying strata deformation in roadway backfilling mining technology.According to the Ritz method in energy variation principle,the elastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is deduced in roadway backfilling mining technology.Based on elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle,combining with the burgers rheological constitutive model and Laplace transform theory,the viscoelastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is obtained in roadway backfilling mining technology.By analyzing the compressive mechanical property of backfilling body,the time formula required for coal pillar and backfilling body to play the joint bearing function in roadway backfilling mining technology is obtained.The example analysis indicates that the time is 140 days.The results can be treated as an important basis for theoretical research and process design in roadway backfilling mining technology.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Theory and test research on permeability of coal and rock body influenced by mining

Stress distribution rules and deformation and failure properties of coal and rockbodies influenced by mining were analyzed.Experimental research on permeability of coaland rock samples under different loading conditions was finished in the laboratory.In-situmeasurement of coal permeability influenced by actual mining was done as well.Theoryanalysis show that permeability varied with damage development of coal and rock understress,and the influence of fissure on permeability was greatest.Laboratory results showthat under different loading conditions permeability was different and it varied with stress,which indicated that permeability was directly related to the loading process.In-situ testsshowed that permeability is related to abutment stress to some degree.The above resultsmay be referenced to gas prevention and drainage.

Safety appraisement on building natural gas pipeline over coal mining subsidence area

The target of the text is to scientifically appraise dynamic development of surface deformation in subsidence area and its influence on groundwork stability of natural pipe and then adopt some technological measures to ensure safe circulation of natural pipeline. Analysed the influence on natural pipeline from coal mining subsidence in the way of pipeline grade variation, vertical curve variation, transverse deformation, horizontal pull and compression deformation and pipe stress variation etc., and described detailed surface subsidence product and its used time among initial phase, active phase and decline phase in the course of surface movement deformation time. In the context of considering surface subsidence that doesn＇t reach basic latter end and residual subsidence quantity, the text confirmed the calculation method of residual deformation in surface subsidence area, and gave the technological measures about building natural gas pipeline in subsidence area finally.

CHINA'S RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN COAL MINING,PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION

This paper describes the state-of-the-art and Outlook of coal mining and clean coal technology in China. As the major mining method,underground mining accounts for 96% of the total production. Among the state own mines, the percentage of mechanized mining reached 71 %. A rapid development of high-productive and high-profitable mines,especially those with longwall sublevel caving method, is described. The issues of heavy duty equipment, roof bolting,mine safety are also addressed. The Chinese government is paying more and more attention on the environmental problems inducing from coal mining,processing and utilization. A basic framework of clean coal technology is being formed and a wide range of technology is included.

Monitoring of coal-mine goaf based on 4D seismic technology

The range of coal-mine underground goaf has continuously expanded over time.Caving,fracture,and deformation zones have also changed,thereby inducing coal-mine water inrush and other environmental disasters.In this study,4 D seismic monitoring technology that is effective in reservoir development was used to monitor abnormal changes in coal-mine underground goaf to explore the feasibility of the method.Taking a coal mine in Hancheng,Shaanxi as an example,we used the aforementioned technology to dynamically monitor the abnormal changes in the goaf.Based on the 4 D seismic data obtained in the experiment and the abnormal change characteristics of the coal-mine goaf,the method of 4 D seismic data processing in reservoir was improved.A set of 4 D data processing flow for the goaf was established,and the anomalies in the surface elevation and overlying strata velocity caused by collapse were corrected.We have made the following improvements to the method of 4 D seismic data processing in the reservoir:(1)the static correction problem caused by the changes of surface elevation and destruction of the low-velocity layer has been solved through fusion static correction to comb the low-frequency components of elevation statics with the high-frequency components of refraction statics;(2)the problem of overlying strata velocity changes in the goaf caused by collapse has been solved through the velocity consistency method;(3)the problem of reflection event pull-down in the disturbance area has been solved through space-varying moveout correction based on cross-correlation;and(4)amplitude anomalies in the coal seam caused by the goaf have been addressed using the correction method of space-varying amplitude.Results show that the 4 D seismic data processing and interpretation method established in this study is reasonable and effective.

智能采煤机器人关键技术

采煤机是综采工作面的核心装备,研发智能采煤机器人是实现综采工作面智能化的关键。综合分析当前采煤机机器人化研究进程中的传感检测、位姿控制、速度控制、截割轨迹规划与跟踪控制等技术的研究现状,提出研发智能采煤机器人必须破解的“智能感知、位姿控制、速度控制、截割轨迹规划与跟踪控制、位-姿-速协同控制”五大关键技术,并给出解决方案。针对智能感知问题,提出了构建智能感知系统思路,给出了智能采煤机器人智能感知系统的架构,实现对运行状态、位姿、环境等全面感知,为智能采煤机器人安全、可靠运行提供保障;针对位姿控制问题,提出了智能PID位姿控制思路,给出了改进遗传算法的PID位姿控制方法,实现了智能采煤机器人位姿精准控制;针对速度控制问题,提出了融合“力-电”异构数据的截割载荷测量思路,给出了基于神经网络算法的截割载荷测量方法,实现了截割载荷的精准测量;提出牵引与截割速度自适应控制思路,给出了人工智能算法牵引与截割速度决策方法和滑模自抗扰控制的牵引与截割速度控制方法,实现了智能采煤机器人速度精准自适应控制;针对截割轨迹规划与跟踪控制问题,提出了截割轨迹精准规划思路,给出了融合地质数据和历史截割数据的截割轨迹规划模型,实现了截割轨迹的精准规划;提出了截割轨迹精准跟踪控制思路,给出了智能插补算法的截割轨迹跟踪控制方法,实现了智能采煤机器人截割轨迹高精度规划与精准跟踪控制;针对“位-姿-速”协同控制问题,提出了“位-姿-速”协同控制参数智能优化思路,给出了基于多系统互约束的改进粒子群“位-姿-速”协同控制参数优化方法,实现了智能采煤机器人智能高效作业。深入研究五大关键技术破解思路,有利于加快推动研发高性能、高效率、高可靠的智能采煤机器人。

倾斜碎软煤层群煤层气协调开发关键技术-以艾维尔沟矿区为例

为了明确与倾斜碎软煤层开采条件相适配的煤与煤层气协调开发关键技术,基于倾斜碎软煤层群瓦斯难抽采与煤层群非对称采动特征,形成了与之匹配的非对称卸压时空协同“三孔四区五量”煤与煤层气协调开发模式,明确了非对称采动下煤与煤层气协调开发策略,阐明了井上下联合煤与煤层气协调开发时空协同机制。针对倾斜碎软突出首采煤层消突困难的问题,优化了倾斜碎软煤层下向长钻孔施工工艺,研制了钻头电磁波无线随钻测量系统,实现了更高精度的钻孔轨迹防偏。针对非对称采动区地面井防护缺乏针对性的难题,阐明了非对称采动覆岩卸压破坏时空演化特征,获得了非对称采动下覆岩采动裂隙演化特征,确定了倾斜煤层地面井井位安全位置,研发了能够兼顾地面井稳定性和抽采效率双因素的采动区地面三开套管结构。应用结果表明:时空协同的“三孔四区五量”模式能够实现煤层气高效抽采,保障倾斜煤层群的抽掘采接替平衡;倾斜煤层下向钻孔递进式抽采方式拓展了递进式抽采的应用范围,破解了倾斜煤层煤层气抽采过程中的时间不协调问题;优化后的采动地面井维稳结构能够适应非对称采动作用,实现了采动区地面井煤层气高效抽采。上述成果在新疆焦煤集团艾维尔沟矿区得到推广应用,初步形成符合艾维尔沟矿区主要高瓦斯矿区倾斜煤层特点的煤层气抽采关键技术和典型模式。

煤矸石井下原位智能分选充填技术研究进展

传统井下煤矸石需运输至地面处理,不仅占用地面国土空间、自燃或雨水淋滤造成大气与环境污染,而且长距离无效运输造成的能源消耗问题已成为制约煤矿低碳发展的关键瓶颈。为实现煤矿矸石不出井,从煤炭生产源头减少碳排放与单位产出能源资源消耗,实现煤炭的绿色低碳智能开采,回顾了煤矸石井下分选充填技术现状及智能化进展,并在此基础上展望煤矸石井下分选充填技术发展趋势,提出了煤矸石井下原位绿色智能分选、充填新方法,详细阐述了煤矸智能分选机及新型充填液压支架的结构及原理,以最大化缩短矸石无效运输距离。为处理采煤工作面矸石,预防煤岩动力灾害,提出了包含少矸化智能开采系统、原位智能分选系统、工作面矿压反演系统、精准科学充填系统四大子系统的煤矿井下采选充智能一体化系统,并探讨了各子系统间的新环逻辑关系,以形成采煤利于分选、分选利于充填、充填利于采煤的良性循环。为处理掘进工作面矸石,提出了包含智能快掘系统、智能分选系统、煤矸分运系统、智能充填系统四大子系统的煤矿井下掘选充智能一体化系统,并对各子系统所负责工作及智能化实现进行了阐述。所提出的新工艺有望实现煤矿矸石不出井,并为煤矸石原位智能分选充填方法及采选充一体化系统的研究提供新思路。

矿井微震与电法耦合监测技术

随着煤炭资源开采区域、深度及强度的增加,矿井工作面采掘扰动极易诱发矿井突水事故,严重威胁我国煤炭资源安全开采。矿井水害事故的发生主要是岩体采动破裂与矿井水渗流共同作用的结果。研究表明,微震信号的纵横波到时、幅值、频率等参量可有效表征岩体破裂位置、强度及其震源机制,地电场信号中的电阻率、激励电流及自然电位等参量可有效表征岩体渗流演化过程。透水通道形成对应微震场特征,地下水渗流对应地电场特征,因此微震电法耦合方法对矿井水害孕育发展过程具有监测预警的功能,可有效对采动破坏过程中形成的突水通道、水源位置及渗流过程等水害三要素进行精准捕捉;减少单一地球物理方法多解性,提高水害监测预警精度,对煤矿防治水意义重大。当前,微震与电法耦合监测技术在煤矿水害实时动态监测中开始得到应用,突破传统微震与电法独立采集的局限,课题组自主研发了国内外首款煤安认证的微震与电法耦合并行监测系统,该系统以微震场与地电场并行采集基站为核心,集被动源微震波场与主被动地电场为一体,通过连接矿井物联网,实现远程数据采集控制、传输及云端存储;其一体化网络服务器主机可连接多个采集基站,并将微震检波器、电法激励电极与电位测量电极进行相互隔离、并行采集,形成微震事件密度与能级分布、电阻率分布、自然电位分布等时空云图来监测预判水害三要素。微震与电法耦合监测技术仍需在微震事件智能识别与定位、地电场的电阻率三维反演以及自然电位渗流反演方面进行专项攻关;结合并行监测的微震电法大数据集,重点在微震电法数据联合反演、智能化监测预警方向开展进一步研究。微震与电法耦合监测技术,作为矿井水害的主动预警监测新方法,可为我国智能化矿井建设发挥重要作用。

煤与天然气协同开采理论与技术构想

我国存在大量的煤炭与天然气重叠赋存资源,出于对资源开采效率的要求,大量的煤与天然气重叠资源需要在同一时空内同步开采,传统的煤与天然气开采理论与技术难以满足协同开采出现的技术难题,煤与天然气协同开采的进程受到了严重制约。基于此,结合国内煤与天然气重叠赋存情况对煤与天然气协同开采进行了科学定义,总结了已有可借鉴的煤与天然气开采技术和相关理论。建立了天然气井近场岩体力学理论、天然气近场围岩耦合损伤理论、“围岩–水泥环–套管”耦合损伤理论、煤与天然气协同开采垂直场围岩耦合损伤理论,揭示了煤与天然气协同开采围岩的耦合损伤机理,为煤与天然气技术体系的构建提供了理论基础。提出了“煤与天然气协同开采技术”“煤炭开采通过废弃井技术”和“天然气近场小煤柱留设技术”3项技术以及“协同开采分区规划系统”“透明地质与生产信息动态监测系统”和“煤与天然气协同区安全监测与评价系统”三大系统,为煤与天然气协同开采提供技术支持,提高煤炭与天然气资源的开采效率。在此基础上,构建了煤与天然气协同开采的理论与技术体系,明确了煤与天然气协同开采未来的研究重点,提出了我国煤与天然气资源安全、绿色、高效协同开采的技术路径与研究方向。

基于智能文本挖掘的技术水平预测研究——以声呐技术为例

[目的/意义]从开源文献中挖掘关于未来技术水平预测的观点信息,为我国前瞻预判科技风险、吸收利用国外技术专家智慧提供支撑。[方法/过程]设计“未来时间戳”词典,结合该词典和技术领域关键词,制定包含未来技术水平预测信息的文献检索策略。利用搜索引擎和学术文献检索平台获取文献全文,或批量下载文献关键字段信息(标题、摘要、关键词等)。利用模式匹配方法和“技术性能三元组”智能文本挖掘软件,从文献中抽取“未来时间戳”+“技术性能三元组”,并对不同国家、机构的预测结果进行总结归纳。[结果/结论]经过开展声呐技术领域未来技术水平预测实证分析,认为基于文本智能挖掘方法开展技术水平预测是可行的,且相对于趋势外推法、专家咨询法等具有结论权威、可靠、能够利用竞争对手国家专家智慧等优势。[局限]受限于文献全文的可获得性等因素,人工判读工作仍必不可少;在此基础上还可以进一步开展中外未来技术水平对比、技术威胁识别等研究工作。

综放工作面围岩控制与智能化放煤技术现状及展望

分析了厚及特厚煤层智能化综放工作面围岩控制技术与智能化放顶煤技术发展现状及存在的问题,从巷道围岩高效支护、工作面超前支护、坚硬特厚顶煤冒放性、液压支架位姿监测及智能化放顶煤5个方面提出了工程实际需求。针对综放工作面实现安全、高效、智能化开采存在的技术难题与工程需求,对综放工作面围岩控制技术、智能化放煤技术进行了研究:构建了坚硬特厚煤层顶煤悬臂梁力学模型,研发了提高顶煤冒放性及放出率关键技术,实现了坚硬特厚煤层超大采高综放开采;研发了单元式超前液压支架顶梁可旋转自复位装置,实现了液压支架顶梁根据巷道顶板倾斜角度自动旋转支护,有效提高了单元式超前液压支架对巷道顶底板的适应性;提出了采用巷道支护液压支架替代传统锚网支护结构的思路,具有支护效率高、成本低、节省工作面超前支护等优点;开发了基于立柱与尾梁千斤顶行程的综放液压支架支护姿态监测装置与算法,提高了液压支架支护姿态解算效率与精度;提出了基于透明地质模型、煤量监测装置与煤矸识别装置融合的智能放煤控制方法,可有效解决多夹矸层特厚顶煤智能化放煤技术难题。提出智能地质保障技术、机器视觉精准测量与智能感知技术、综放工作面设备智能精准自适应控制技术、综放工作面数字孪生技术等是智能化综放开采技术与装备的发展趋势。

面向煤矿安全监测边缘计算的YOLOv5s剪枝方法

目前,边缘计算与机器视觉相结合具有较好的煤矿安全监测应用前景,但边缘端存储空间和计算资源有限,高精度的复杂视觉模型难以部署。针对上述问题,提出了一种面向煤矿安全监测边缘端的基于间接和直接重要性评价空间融合(IDESF)的YOLOv5s剪枝方法,实现对YOLOv5s网络的轻量化。首先对YOLOv5s网络中各模块的卷积层进行结构分析,确定自由剪枝层和条件剪枝层,为后续分配剪枝率及计算卷积核剪枝数奠定基础。其次,根据基于卷积核权重幅值和层相对计算复杂度的卷积核权重重要性得分为可剪枝层分配剪枝率,有效降低剪枝后网络的计算复杂度。然后,基于卷积核直接重要性评价准则,将卷积层的间接输出重要性以缩放因子的形式引入直接重要性空间中,更新卷积核位置分布,构建包含卷积核输出信息和幅值信息的融合重要性评价空间,提高卷积核重要性评价的全面性。最后,借鉴topk投票的思想对中值滤波筛选冗余卷积核的流程进行优化,并用有向图的邻接矩阵中节点的入度来量化卷积核的冗余程度,提高了冗余卷积核筛选过程的可解释性和通用性。实验结果表明:①从平衡模型精度和轻量化程度的角度出发,剪枝率为50%的YOLOV5s_IDESF是最优的轻量级YOLOv5s。在VOC数据集上,YOLOv5s_IDESF的mAP@.5和mAP@0.5∶0.95均达到最高,分别为0.72和0.44,参数量降至最低2.65×10^(6),计算量降低至1.16×10^(9),综合复杂度也降至最低,图像处理帧率达到31.15帧/s。②在煤矿数据集上,YOLOv5s_IDESF的mAP@.5和mAP@0.5∶0.95均达到最高,分别为0.94和0.52,参数量降至最低3.12×10^(6),计算量降低至1.24×10^(9),综合复杂度也降至最低,图像处理帧率达到31.55帧/s。

煤矿信息综合承载网标准研究制定

为满足煤矿监控、定位、视频、音频、远控、5G等不同业务对时延、可靠性、带宽等指标的不同需求,煤矿信息综合承载网应具有下列功能:①网络切片功能,支持FlexE接口技术或信道化子接口技术,将端口带宽资源划分到不同网络切片中;不同网络切片之间的业务彼此隔离承载,互不影响。②网络切片在线带宽扩容功能,带宽调整过程中业务不出现丢包。③网络切片设置掉电保护功能。④符合IEEE 802.3和TCP/IP协议,支持IPv6协议和IPv6业务承载,支持IPv4、IPv6业务同时承载。⑤支持万兆光接口、千兆光接口、10/100/1000 Mbit/s自适应接口,核心与汇聚节点宜支持5万兆及以上光接口。⑥宜采用环形或双环结构。⑦业务质量实时监测功能,实时监测指定业务的时延、抖动和丢包率情况。⑧1588v2时钟同步功能,支持5G基站业务接入。煤矿信息综合承载网的主要技术指标应满足下列要求:①光端口传输距离应≥20 km;电端口传输距离应≥100 m。②骨干网传输速率应≥10 Gbit/s;接入网传输速率应≥1 Gbit/s。③不同帧长的丢包率均≤0.01%(在70%网络流量负载条件下)。④单节点传输时延应≤1 ms(当以太网帧帧长度为1518 byte时)。⑤节点转发抖动≤100μs。⑥单接口支持切片数量应≥5。⑦FlexE接口技术最小带宽应≤1 Gbit/s;信道化子接口技术最小带宽应≤2 Mbit/s。⑧网络重构自愈时间应≤50 ms。⑨在电网停电后,承载网设备在备用电源下的连续工作时间应≥4 h。

刮板输送机技术发展历程(一)——国外技术

刮板输送机是井下采煤工作面的“脊梁”装备,它经历了6次技术变革,持续推动采煤工艺变革及生产效率持续提升。刮板输送机第1次技术变革发生于1900-1940年,诞生了可拆卸刮板输送机,煤矿开启半机械化开采时代;第2次技术变革产生于1940-1950年,创制了可弯曲刮板输送机,煤矿进入机械化开采时代;第3次技术变革形成于1950-1985年,创设了可自移刮板输送机,煤矿跨入综合机械化开采时代;第4次技术变革出现在1985-2000年,已发展成为重型化刮板输送机,煤矿走向高产高效综采时代;第5次技术变革形成于2000-2010年,研发出自动化刮板输送机,煤矿迈向数字化综采时代;第6次技术变革始于2010年,创新推出智能化刮板输送机,煤矿开启少人化智采时代。英国和德国为刮板输送机初创做出巨大贡献,研制出多种早期的刮板输送机机型。苏联对刮板输送机的系列化,以及对机械化采煤机的配套起到重要的创新推动作用。在此基础上,1954年,英国把安德顿滚筒采煤机与垛式支架、可弯曲刮板输送机组合为综合机械化采煤机组,建成世界上第一个综采工作面。21世纪以来,世界煤炭开采的重心逐步转向我国,国外刮板输送机研发与制造影响力逐年衰减,我国逐渐成为刮板输送机的制造强国。

煤矿信息系统自动化运维服务平台研究

针对煤矿信息系统运维工作面临的业务系统软硬件结构复杂多样、运维工作繁重、缺乏自动化的监测和故障处置手段等问题,为提升运维质量,设计并研发了煤矿信息系统自动化运维服务平台软件。平台利用运维工具Zabbix实时监测服务器、网络设备、应用程序等资源的运行状态和资源消耗,采用多种告警方式提供故障告警;建立了故障判识和修复策略,实现故障的“主动式”运维;构建了基于Elasticsearch的故障处置方案知识库,智能匹配并推送故障诊断和处理方案,运用移动终端推送故障分析结果与运维任务执行情况。现场应用表明:该平台可有效提升矿井运维人员故障解决效率。