Intelligent responsive self-assembled micro-nanocapsules:Used to delay gel gelation time

In the application of polymer gels to profile control and water shutoff,the gelation time will directly determine whether the gel can"go further"in the formation,but the most of the methods for delaying gel gelation time are complicated or have low responsiveness.There is an urgent need for an effective method for delaying gel gelation time with intelligent response.Inspired by the slow-release effect of drug capsules,this paper uses the self-assembly effect of gas-phase hydrophobic SiO_(2) in aqueous solution as a capsule to prepare an intelligent responsive self-assembled micro-nanocapsules.The capsule slowly releases the cross-linking agent under the stimulation of external conditions such as temperature and pH value,thus delaying gel gelation time.When the pH value is 2 and the concentration of gas-phase hydrophobic SiO_(2) particles is 10%,the gelation time of the capsule gel system at 30,60,90,and 120℃is12.5,13.2,15.2,and 21.1 times longer than that of the gel system without containing capsule,respectively.Compared with other methods,the yield stress of the gel without containing capsules was 78 Pa,and the yield stress after the addition of capsules was 322 Pa.The intelligent responsive self-assembled micronanocapsules prepared by gas-phase hydrophobic silica nanoparticles can not only delay the gel gelation time,but also increase the gel strength.The slow release of cross-linking agent from capsule provides an effective method for prolongating the gelation time of polymer gels.

Design of an Intelligent Self-Healing Smart Grid using a Hybrid Multi-Agent Framework

This paper discusses the applications of a hybrid multi-agent framework for self-healing applications in an intelligent smart grid system following catastrophic disturbances such as loss of generators or during system fault.The proposed hybrid multi-agent framework is a hybrid of both centralized and decentralized scheme to allow distributed intelligent agent in the smart grid system to make fast local decision while allowing the slower central controller to judge the effectiveness of the decision made by the local agents and to suggest more optimal solutions.

Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor

Ionic gels can be potentially used in wearable devices owing to their high humidity resistance and non-volatility.However,the applicability of existing ionic gel pressure sensors is limited by their low sensitivity.Therefore,it is very import-ant to develop an ionic gel pressure sensor with high sensitivity and a wide pressure detection range without sacrificing mechan-ical stretchability and self-healing ability.Herein,we report an effective strategy for developing pressure sensors based on ion-ic gel composites consisting of high-molecular-weight polymers,ionic liquids,and Au nanoparticles.The resulting capacitive pressure sensors exhibit high pressure sensitivity,fast response,and excellent self-healing properties.The sensors composed of highly hydrophobic polymers and ionic liquids can be used to track underwater movements,demonstrating broad application prospects in human motion state monitoring and underwater mechanical operations.

An integrated self-healing algorithm for resilient packet ring

Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is a Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocol that operates over a double counter-rotating ring network topology. RPR is designed to enhance Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH) in order to handle data traffic more efficiently. Since Intelligent Protection Switching(IPS) is one of the key technologies in ring networks, RPR provides two intelligent protection algorithms: steering and wrapping. While wrapping in RPR in essence inherits the automatic protection switching(APS) algorithm of SDH, it also wastes the bandwidth on the wrapping ringlets and may result in severe congestion. Whereas steering in RPR provides high bandwidth utilization, its switching speed is low, because it is indeed a high layer's restoration algorithm. In this paper, integrated self-healing(ISH) algorithm as an effective algorithm for RPR is proposed, which synthesizes the merits of the two algorithms by transporting healing signal and computing routing in MAC layer. At last, the performance of ISH algorithm is analyzed and simulated.

Intelligent ion gels: Design, performance, and applications

Intelligent ion gels,which possess highly tunable mechanical,electrical,and stimulus‐responsive properties,have emerged as powerful candidates in the field of artificial intelligence,telemedicine,and health monitoring.To enrich the functionality of ion gels,it is critical to explore the link between the structure and function of ion gels.In this review,we provide an overview of the synthesis path and functional derivatives of ion gels.The conformational relationships of ion gels have been discussed,such as the effect of structure on electrical conductivity as well as sensing properties.From the perspective of stimulus response,the role of ion gels in areas such as bionic haptics,neural devices,artificial muscles,and intelligent displays has also been explored.It is possible that smart ion gels will open up a new horizon in the upcoming smart era,especially after the current challenges are resolved.

Novel Method to Monitor the De-Swelling of PNIPAAm Hydrogels of Different Cross-Link Density

The effect of cross-linker (methylene-bis-acrylamide) (MBA) on the volume phase transition, mechanical properties and de-swelling of Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-methylene-bis-acrylamide) hydrogel (PNIPAAm/MBA hydrogel) was investigated. A new method, namely isothermal thermo-gravimetry was developed for monitoring de-swelling of PNIPAAm/MBA hydrogel. Monomer/ Cross-linker ratio of the initial monomer composition R = moleNIPAAm/moleMBA was introduced. It has been proven earlier that initial monomer composition is close to the copolymer composition;hence R values may be used to express cross-link density. Hydrogels from R10 to R150 were investigated. The results of DSC analysis revealed that the less the cross-linker ratio in the gel (from R10 to R150) the more sharp the temperature range of volume phase transition and the higher its enthalpy. Cross-link density, namely increasing cross-linker content in the copolymer (R from 150 to 10) does not significantly affect the temperature range of volume phase transition. It sets on at 33°C - 34°C, and ends between 35?C and 38?C. Cross-link density has significant effect on compression modulus. By decreasing the ratio of cross-linker (by increasing R from 10 to 150), the compression modulus increases, goes through a maximum, and then decreases. The highest compression modulus was measured for PNIPAAm/MBA hydrogel R20. Hydrogels with cross-linker content between R100 and 30 are strong enough and have their thermoresponsivity. Isothermal thermograms of de-swelling are of similar character for all the gels with different cross-linker content. During the initial stage of de-swelling for gels with higher cross-linker content (R10 - R15) the solute release is quicker than for gels R20 - 150 and the thermograms are drawn out. In the initial stage of de-swelling, i.e. during the first 40 minutes the rate of solute release is the highest for gels R70 - 150. The cross-linker content effects solute release, especially for gels with high cross-linker content. It is noteworthy that gels R10 - 15 release solute quicker than gels R30 - 50 and their rate of de-swelling is comparable to that of gels R100 - 150. The novel thermogravimetric method enables the selection of gels based on the rate of solute release and it can also be applied for other cross-linked gels.

基于智能凝胶标签的鲜切网纹瓜新鲜度无损监测

以卡拉胶、羧甲基纤维素钠和黄原胶为基质材料,溴百里香酚蓝(bromothymol blue,BTB)作为显色指示剂,复配一种新型凝胶状智能标签,用于鲜切网纹瓜新鲜度的实时监测。智能凝胶标签颜色随包装内CO_(2)浓度变化,由蓝色逐渐转变为黄绿色、黄褐色和橙黄色,从而反映鲜切网纹瓜的新鲜度。使用扫描电子显微镜、衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对凝胶标签的形态和结构进行表征。结果表明,加入羧甲基纤维素钠和黄原胶未改变凝胶标签的微观结构,三者具有良好的相容性,同时凝胶标签的热稳定性随着BTB的加入得到提高。凝胶标签在4℃和25℃贮藏时,凝胶标签保持出色的颜色稳定性,将其用于鲜切网纹瓜4℃贮藏时,凝胶标签的颜色显示出明显的颜色变化。相关性分析表明凝胶标签色差值与包装中的CO_(2)浓度、鲜切网纹瓜的pH值和菌落总数均有显著相关性。该标签具有出色的pH值敏感性,可以作为监测鲜切网纹瓜新鲜度的有效方法。

Conductive,Stretchable,and Self-healing Ionic Gel Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Interaction

Integrating multiple functions into one gel that can be widely applied to electronic devices as well as chemical and biomedical engineering remains a big challenge.Here,a multifunctional ionic liquid/dynamic covalent bonds (ionic/DCB) type gel was designed and synthesized via one-pot polymerization.With the assistance of electrostatic interaction provided by the imidazolium cations of IL and the reversible DCB of boronic ester,as-prepared ionic/DCB gel showed good stretchable properties and high ionic conductivity at ambient conditions.In addition,the electrostatic interaction between imidazolium cations and sulfonate anions and the reversible DCB led to enhanced chain mobility and thereby excellent self-healing properties.Particularly,sulfonate anions in ionic/DCB gel could alleviate the migration of electronegative polysulfide and promote the transportation of electropositive lithium ion in lithium-sulfur battery system.Therefore,this work provides a new insight to promote the current research on self-healing gels,hopefully expanding their applications in electronic devices.

A Superhydrophobic Hydrogel for Self-Healing and Robust Strain Sensor with Liquid Impalement Resistance

The superhydrophobic strain sensor is a fantastic direction,which could protect the strain sensor in harsh environment.Nevertheless,the self-healing superhydrophobic strain sensor has not been reported.In this research,we developed a superhydrophobic strain sensor,which demonstrated excellent self-healing,mechanical robustness,and liquid impalement resistance simultaneously.The key innovation is to partially embed hydrophobic graphene and carbon nanotubes into the hydrogel matrix.The hodrogel substrate endows the sample with self-healing property.The graphene,carbon nanotubes and hydrogel together lead to an accurate and real-time monitoring of human motion.Furthermore,the prepared sample demonstrated super-robust superhydrophobicity,which retained superhydrophobicity after many kinds of damage(such as 1000%stretch,10000 stretching-releasing cycles,hand-rub,tape-peeling,and high-speed drop/jet impact).

Self-healable gels in electrochemical energy storage devices

In the green energy and carbon-neutral technology,electrochemical energy storage devices have received continuously increasing attention recently.However,due to the unavoidable volume expansion/shrinkage of key materials or irreversible mechanical damages during application,the stability of energy storage and delivery as well as the lifetime of these devices are severely shortened,leading to serious performance degradation or even safety issues.Therefore,the utilization of self-healable gels into electrochemical energy storage devices,such as electrodes,binders,and electrolytes,is proven as an effective method to realize long-term stable operation of these devices via the self-repairing of mechanical and electrochemical characteristics.Herein,this review first summarizes the feature and fabrication of different gels,paying special attention to hydrogels,organohydrogels,and ionogels.Then,basic concepts and figure of merit of self-healable gels are analyzed with a detailed discussion at the healing mechanisms,from reversible dynamic bonds to physical molecular diffusion,and to external healing trigger.Then we introduce all the important parts of electrochemical energy storage devices,which could be replaced by healable gels to enhance the durability,including electrodes,binders,and electrolytes.Finally,the critical challenges and future perspectives regarding the future development of healable gels based high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices or electronics are provided.

Modeling the Damage and Self-healing Behaviors of Plasticized PVC Gels

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride(PVC)gel is a type of electroactive polymers,which has potentials to be applied as soft actuators.However,few studies have been performed to investigate the mechanical responses of PVC gels in cyclic loading conditions.In this work,we combined experiments and theory to characterize the mechanical responses of two plasticized PVC gels.The gels were subjected to different types of loading-unloading-reloading cycles.The experimental results showed that the plasticized PVC gels exhibited stress softening response(the Mullins effect)in the cyclic tests.Meanwhile,the gels regained some strength after annealing at room temperature for several hours,indicating the self-healing ability of gels.We further extended the eight-chain model with incorporation of the chain dissociation and reassociation mechanism.The developed constitutive model is able to reproduce the Mullins effect and the recovery of the Mullins effect observed in the experiments.Our results clearly show that understanding the complex mechanical response is crucial for the applications of plasticized PVC gels.

智能凝胶尾追微膨胀水泥套损井化学堵漏技术

针对大水层套损井治理采用的机械卡漏和传统化学堵漏技术存在着有效期短的问题,研制出一种智能凝胶尾追微膨胀水泥化学堵漏技术。该技术采用2段塞堵漏工艺,前段塞为ZND-2智能凝胶段塞,作用是排走地层水;后段塞在低水环境下形成良好的胶结界面,同时具有良好的抗压强度;即使经过一段时间后胶结界面变差或者形成小裂纹,前段的凝胶段塞由于具有很高的黏度,也可以填充、滞留裂纹,阻断地层水达到套管或进入井筒。实验研究结果表明,0.7%ZND-2智能凝胶具有好的提黏性能、剪切稀释性能和触变性能,对裂缝、裂缝-孔隙岩心的排水率在90%以上,并有明显的提高压力梯度作用,可作为前段塞;评价的微膨胀水泥浆具有良好的注入性和流动性能,24 h抗压强度达20 MPa以上,胶结强度在4.28 MPa以上,可作为后段塞。介绍了在安塞油田某套损井的试验应用情况,该井的成功堵漏证明,该堵漏技术的适应性和现场操作性强,并具有堵剂用量少的特点。

微波等离子体引发接枝凝胶型智能棉针织品

用Ar微波等离子体引发接枝聚合法,将2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)接枝聚合到棉针织物上,使PAMPS凝胶与纺织品相结合。通过正交设计及数理统计方法对接枝工艺进行了筛选和优化;用红外光谱法证明了AMPS被接枝到了棉针织物上;对接枝前后织物的表面状态、静水压、透湿性、顶破强力等性能进行了探讨。结果表明,棉针织物接枝PAMPS后,湿态织物静水压大幅度增加,织物对湿环境具有智能响应性;同时干态织物透湿性和顶破强力有所下降。

智能纤维及其纺织品的开发状况与展望

介绍了几种智能纤维及纺织品的研究和开发状况,包括调温纺织品、形状记忆纺织品、积极保暖功能智能纺织品、智能抗菌纺织品、陶瓷智能T恤衫、智能变色纺织品、pH响应性凝胶纤维、电子智能纺织品等,阐述了其发展前景及趋势。

碳纳米管在智能材料中的研究进展

碳纳米管独特的力学、电学、热学及光学性质使其在智能材料领域有着广泛的应用。综述了碳纳米管在形状记忆材料、电致变色材料、压电及电致变形材料、人工肌肉、智能凝胶等领域中的最新进展。重点介绍了碳纳米管作为热学增强组分、导电增强组分在智能材料中的应用,以及碳纳米管对智能材料响应特性的影响,并说明了其在智能材料实际应用中所存在的问题,最后展望了碳纳米管在智能材料中的发展方向。

快速响应智能水凝胶的研究进展

能响应外界刺激的智能水凝胶由于其特有的响应性,具有广泛的应用前景。做为药物控制释放载体的智能水凝胶,通常由于差的机械性能和慢的响应速度限制了它的实际应用。近年来,许多研究工作者围绕提高智能水凝胶的响应速度作出了大量的工作。综述了近年来提高智能水凝胶响应速度的研究进展。

智能材料研究进展

综述了形状记忆合金、电致变色窗户、压电材料、刺激响应聚合物凝胶以及智能粘合剂等方面的研究进展。重点介绍如何将传感、执行功能引入这些材料。

pH/盐双敏感型聚离子液体凝胶的制备及对环丙沙星的控制释放

以不同烷基侧链的N-乙烯基咪唑类离子液体为单体,设计合成了3种具有pH/盐双敏感性的交联网状孔洞结构的聚咪唑类离子液体凝胶(PC_(n)vimBr,n=2,4,6)。在微观结构、溶胀特性和刺激响应行为研究基础上,探讨了侧链微增长对聚离子液体凝胶结构与性能的调节控制,并根据凝胶的构效关系情况进行相应药物的体外控制释放研究,研究表明,PC_(n)vimBr凝胶具有良好的pH/盐刺激双响应性以及溶胀可逆性。在pH=7.4的弱碱性环境下,三种聚离子液体凝胶均具有较强的敏感性及溶胀可逆性,其中PC_(2)vimBr凝胶的pH响应性最为敏感,其平衡溶胀率高达1422.3%。同时,以NaCl盐溶液为模拟模型,相对而言,PC_(2)vimBr凝胶在弱碱性条件下具有良好的盐敏感性。此外,结合人体肠道呈弱碱性特点,以肠道杀菌药物环丙沙星(CIP)为载药模型,在pH=7.4时药物控制释放的体外模拟实验研究发现,PC_(2)vimBr凝胶10 h内的累积释放率为67.78%,是PC_(4)vimBr、PC_(6)vimBr凝胶的1.42和3.38倍,这与pH/盐刺激双响应性的研究结果一致。因此,烷基侧链微增长对凝胶结构具有较强的调控作用,pH/盐双敏感性的PC_(2)vimBr凝胶在肠道杀菌药物的控制释放具有潜在的应用价值。

高效低成本改善注水区块开发效果配套技术

稀油老区注水开采区块进入中后期,油井含水升高,严重影响开发效果。为此进行了以井组、区块为整体的大剂量深部调剖、调驱工作,调整吸水剖面,但受堵剂成本和注入设备等因素的影响,限制了其应用规模。在不改变调堵效果前提下,采用弱凝胶降低堵剂成本,使堵剂费用控制在80元/m3以内,可实现大剂量应用。同时针对泵注设备不能满足现场大剂量注入的现状,开发引进了地面智能泵注系统,实现了现场连续不间断配注施工,施工参数均通过智能控制,可自动记录压力、流量、总流量的变化情况,操作简单,降低了劳动强度,节约了大量运输费用。现场应用表明,该技术可达到高效低成本改善稀油注水区块开发效果的目的。

智能负压创伤治疗泵治疗糖尿病足溃疡的临床研究

目的:评估智能负压创伤治疗泵治疗糖尿病足溃疡的临床疗效。方法:选取自2012年6月至2014年2月收治的60例糖尿病合并足部溃疡患者,按数字随机法随机分为两组,每组30例。治疗组采用智能负压创伤治疗泵进行治疗,对照组则采用表皮生长因子凝胶治疗,比较两种方法的疗效。结果:治疗1周与2周后治疗组溃疡面积缩小程度与经皮氧分压增长幅度均明显优于对照组,两组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同时,治疗组较对照组相比,平均愈合时间显著缩短,完全愈合率明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:智能负压创伤泵可促进溃疡组织的肉芽生长、缩短创面修复时间、避免患者频繁换药,是治疗糖尿病足溃疡的有效手段。