Asymmetric twin-field quantum key distribution with both statistical and intensity fluctuations

Twin-field quantum key distribution(TF-QKD)is a disruptive innovation which is able to overcome the rate-distance limit of QKD without trusted relays.Since the proposal of the first TF-QKD protocol,theoretical and experimental breakthroughs have been made to enhance its ability.However,there still exist some practical issues waiting for settlement.In this paper,we examine the performances of asymmetric TF-QKD protocol with unstable light sources and limited data sizes.The statistical fluctuations of the parameters are estimated employing Azuma’s inequality.Through numerical simulations,we compare the secret key rates of the asymmetric TF-QKD protocol with different data sizes and variant intensity fluctuation magnitudes.Our results demonstrate that both statistical and intensity fluctuations have significant impacts on the performance of asymmetric TF-QKD.

Improved model on asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with realistic devices

In principle,the asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution(AMDI-QKD)can surpass the key rate capacity without phase tracking and phase locking.However,practical imperfections in sources or detections would dramatically depress its performance.Here,we present an improved model on AMDI-QKD to reduce the influence of these imperfections,including intensity fluctuation,the afterpulse effect,and the dead time of detectors.Furthermore,we carry out corresponding numerical simulations.Simulation results show that,by implementing our present work,it can have more than 100 km longer secure transmission distance and one order of magnitude enhancement in the key generation rate after 320 km compared with the standard method.Moreover,our model can still break the Pirandola–Laurenza–Ottaviani–Banchi(PLOB)bound even under realistic experimental conditions.

The statistical fluctuation of a single-mode laser system driven by coloured pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts

Using the linear approximation method, this paper studies the statistical property of a single-mode laser driven by both coloured pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, and calculates the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation and intensity correlation time. It analyses the influences of the modulation signal, the net gain coefficient, the noise and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system respectively. It is found that the coloured pump noise modulated by the signal has a great suppressing action on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system; the pump noise self-correlation time and the specific frequency of modulation signal have the result that the statistical fluctuation tends to zero. Furthermore, the ＇colour＇ correlation of pump noise has much influences on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. Increasing the intensity of pump noise will augment the statistical fluctuation of the laser system, but the intensity of quantum noise and the coefficient of cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts have less influence on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. Therefore, from the conclusions of this paper the statistical property can be known and a theoretical basis for steady operation and output of the laser system can be provided.

Influence of Signal and Noise on Statistical Fluctuation of Single-Mode Laser System

On the basis of calculating the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation of a signal-mode laser system driven by both colored pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, we analyze the influence of modulation signal, noise, and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. We have found that when the amplitude of modulation signal weakens and its frequency quickens, the statistical fluctuation will reduce rapidly. The by reducing the intensity of pump noise and quantum noise. statistical fluctuation of the laser system can be restrained Moreover, with prolonging of colored cross-correlation time, the statistical fluctuation of laser system experiences a repeated changing process, that is, from decreasing to augmenting, then to decreasing, and finally to augmenting again. With the decreasing of the value of cross-correlation coe~cient, the statistical fluctuation will decrease too. When the cross-correlation form between the real part and imaginary part of quantum noise is zero correlation, the statistical fluctuation of laser system has a minimum. Compared with the influence of intensity of pump noise, the influence of intensity of quantum noise on the statistical fluctuation is smaller.

Statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations during unsteady flow for low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps

A three-dimensional transient numerical simulation was conducted to study the pressure fluctuations in low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps. The characteristics of the inner flow were investigated using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The distributions of pressure fluctuations in the impeller and the volute were recorded, and the pressure fluctuation intensity was analyzed comprehensively, at the design condition, using statistical methods. The results show that the pressure fluctuation intensity increases along the impeller streamline from the leading edge to the trailing edge. In the impeller passage, the intensity near the shroud is much higher than that near the hub at thc inlet. However, the intensity at the middle passage is almost equal to the intensity at the outlet. The pressure fluctuation intensity is the highest at the trailing edge on the pressure side and near the tongue because of the rotor-stator interaction. The distribution of pressure fluctuation intensity is symmetrical in the axial cross sections of the volute channel. However, this intensity decreases with increasing radial distance. Hence, the pressure fluctuation intensity can be reduced by modifying the geometry of the leading edge in the impeller and the tongue in the volute.

Finite-key analysis of practical time-bin high-dimensional quantum key distribution with afterpulse effect

High-dimensional quantum resources provide the ability to encode several bits of information on a single photon,which can particularly increase the secret key rate rate of quantum key distribution(QKD) systems. Recently, a practical four-dimensional QKD scheme based on time-bin quantum photonic state, only with two single-photon avalanche detectors as measurement setup, has been proven to have a superior performance than the qubit-based one. In this paper, we extend the results to our proposed eight-dimensional scheme. Then, we consider two main practical factors to improve its secret key bound. Concretely, we take the afterpulse effect into account and apply a finite-key analysis with the intensity fluctuations.Our secret bounds give consideration to both the intensity fluctuations and the afterpulse effect for the high-dimensional QKD systems. Numerical simulations show the bound of eight-dimensional QKD scheme is more robust to the intensity fluctuations but more sensitive to the afterpulse effect than the four-dimensional one.

Stochastic Resonance in an Over-Damped Bias Linear System with Dichotomous Noise

The stochastic resonance in an over-damped bias linear system subject to multiplicative and additive dichotomous noise （DN） is investigated. By using the linear-response theory and the properties of the DN, the exact expressions are found for the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. It is shown that the SNR is a non-monotonic function of the correlation time of the additive DN, and it varies non-monotonically with the bias of the external field, the intensity and asymmetry of the multiplicative DN, as well as the external field frequency. Moreover, the SNR depends on the bias of the system, as well as the strength and asymmetry of the additive DN.

First—Order—Like Transition for Dispersive Optical Bistability

The first-order-like phase transition (FOLT) in the dispersive optical bistability is investigated when the fluctuation in the incident light field is considered as colored noise. A unified colored-noise approximation is applied to obtain the steady state distribution (SSD) when either the intensity or phase fluctuations of the incident field are included in the system. For intensity fluctuations only, the curve of SSD is changed from single extreme to two extremes, and then to three extremes. The colored nature of the noise can reduce the fluctuation in the system. However, for phase fluctuations only, the FOLT is mainly induced by the colored nature of the noise. The curve of SSD is changed from single extreme to three extremes directly. There is no FOLT existing for white noise.

Construction of polysulfides defense system for greatly improving the long cycle life of metal sulfide anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacity and abundant source.Nevertheless,significant challenges,including large volume change,sluggish Na^(+)transport kinetics and polysulfides intermediates,have greatly affect their long cycle stability.Unfortunately,the majority of current studies only focus on the first two aspects,but lack of sufficient attention and insights into the effect of polysulfides intermediates.Here,a porous of CoS_(x)(P-CoS_(x))electrode material is fabricated as an example to investigate the influence of polysulfides on its cycling performance.The results show that polysulfides cause a slight loss of reversible capacity during the battery cycling,while the failure of the battery is due to its significant fluctuations in reversible capacity after extensive cycles.Detailed analyses demonstrate that the intense fluctuation in capacity originates from the faster growth of dendrites caused by the reaction of sodium polysulfides with sodium foil and/or the reaction of elemental sulfur with sodium foil to penetrate the separator,resulting in a local short circuit.To suppress these undesirable side reaction,N,S co-doped porous carbon tubes(N,S-PC)rich in C–S and C–N bonds have been added to adsorb polysulfides and alleviate their reaction with sodium foil.As a result,the capacity of the P-CoS_(x) electrode with N,S-PC(P-CoS_(x)/N,S-PC)remains stable without significant fluctuations for 1000 cycles,which is much better than that of the pure P-CoS_(x) electrode(intense fluctuation in capacity after 320 cycles).Our work offers insights into the crucial influence of polysulfides on the cycle performance of the P-CoS_(x) anode and provides a feasible strategy to prolong the cycle life of metal sulfide anode for SIBs.

A modified RUSLE model to simulate soil erosion under different ecological restoration types in the loess hilly area

Soil erosion is mainly affected by the rainfall characteristics and land cover conditions,and soil erosion modelling is important for evaluating land degradation status.The revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)have been widely used to simulate soil loss rate.Previous studies usually considered the general rainfall characteristics and direct effect of runoff with the event rainfall erosivity factor(R_(e))to produce event soil loss(A_(e)),whereas the fluctuation of rainfall intensity within the natural rainfall profile has rarely been considered.In this study,the relative amplitude of rainfall intensity(R_(am))was proposed to generalize the features of rainfall intensity fluctuation under natural rainfall,and it was incorporated in a new R_(e)(R_(e)=R_(am)EI_(30))to develop the RUSLE model considering the fluctuation of rainfall intensity(RUSLE-F).The simulation performance of RUSLE-F model was compared with RUSLE-M1 model(R_(e)=EI_(30))and RUSLE-M2 model(R_(e)=Q_(R)EI_(30))using observations in field plots of grassland,orchard and shrubland during 2011–2016 in a loess hilly catchment of China.The results indicated that the relationship between A_(e) and R_(am)EI_(30) was well described by a power function with higher R2 values(0.82–0.96)compared to Q_(R)EI_(30)(0.80–0.88)and EI_(30)(0.24–0.28).The RUSLE-F model much improved the accuracy in simulating A_(e) with higher NSE(0.55–0.79 vs−0.11∼0.54)and lower RMSE(0.82–1.67 vs 1.04–2.49)than RUSLE-M1 model.Furthermore,the RUSLE-F model had better simulation performance than RUSLE-M2 model under grassland and orchard,and more importantly the rainfall data in the RUSLE-F model can be easily obtained compared to the measurements or estimations of runoff data required by the RUSLE-M2 model.This study highlighted the paramount importance of rainfall intensity fluctuation in event soil loss prediction,and the RUSLE-F model contributed to the further development of USLE/RUSLE family of models.

Pressure fluctuation characteristics in the pressurization unit of a multiphase pump

The tip clearance induces the tip leakage vortex(TLV),which has a great impact on the pressure fluctuation characteristics of the multiphase pump.To investigate the effect of the tip clearance on the pressure fluctuations,based on the Reynolds time-averaged Navier-Stokes equation and the shear stress transfer(SST)k-ωturbulence model,the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pump is numerically simulated for different tip clearances in the water and gas-liquid two-phase cases by using the ANSYS CFX software and the results are verified with experimental data.It is shown the greater pressure fluctuation intensity corresponds with the TLV both in the water and gas-liquid two-phase cases.In the meantime,the location of the maximum pressure fluctuation intensity is related to the tip clearance size.In addition,for different tip clearances,the pressure fluctuation intensity with the rotor and stator interaction(RSI)is relatively larger.The difference is that when R_(tc)=1.5 mm,the pressure fluctuation intensity near the impeller middle point is also relatively larger.On the whole,the pressure fluctuation intensity in the gas-liquid two-phase case is larger than that in the water case.Furthermore,the gas causes the frequency of the high-amplitude pressure fluctuation in the impeller and the diffuser to be shifted from 7 f_(n)(f_(n) denotes impeller rotational frequency)and 3 f_(n) to the low-frequency region,respectively.The pressure fluctuations at the blade-passing frequency(BPF)and the multiple BPFs gradually disappear.Meanwhile,the amplitude at the dominant frequency in the gas-liquid two-phase case is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that in the water case,and the peak-to-peak value of the pressure fluctuation is also much smaller.