This paper contains the example of sectoral APS systems,for which the problem algorithmic space coincides with the relevant operational environment with great accuracy.The method of scheduling for technological proces...This paper contains the example of sectoral APS systems,for which the problem algorithmic space coincides with the relevant operational environment with great accuracy.The method of scheduling for technological processes with looping is described,based on the simultaneous application of two criteria:the value of relative direct costs and the average utility of order fulfillment.The influence of buffers on the work of shops is considered.The proposed method provides an automatic grouping of the same type of jobs on all machines involved while taking into account the required duration of jobs.A package of application programs has been developed that allows planning for an average number of orders.The result of the program is a set of non-dominant(not improved)options that are offered to the user for making a final decision.展开更多
Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） fe...Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.展开更多
文摘This paper contains the example of sectoral APS systems,for which the problem algorithmic space coincides with the relevant operational environment with great accuracy.The method of scheduling for technological processes with looping is described,based on the simultaneous application of two criteria:the value of relative direct costs and the average utility of order fulfillment.The influence of buffers on the work of shops is considered.The proposed method provides an automatic grouping of the same type of jobs on all machines involved while taking into account the required duration of jobs.A package of application programs has been developed that allows planning for an average number of orders.The result of the program is a set of non-dominant(not improved)options that are offered to the user for making a final decision.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Project (973) of China (No. 2004CB418507)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20377040)+1 种基金the Pilot Project of Knowledge Innovative Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-435)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. CXIOG-A05-02).
文摘Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.
