National Protection Zone for Rapeseed Production and Industrial Cluster of Rape in Hubei Province

Hubei Province is the main winter rapeseed producing area in China,and has the national advantage and characteristic industrial cluster of rape.The protection zone for the production of important agricultural products of rapeseed in Hubei Province also ranks first as that in Hunan Province.This paper studied the winter rape industry,the important agricultural product production protection zone of rapeseed,the provincial double-low high-quality rape protection zone and the industrial cluster of rape in Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province,and analyzed the main problems existing in the development of rapeseed production protection zone and industrial cluster of rape.Finally,it came up with strategies including promoting national rape varieties,overcoming the problem of rape"agricultural chip",promoting the"rice+rape"rotation model,and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights of brand marks.

The New Military Revolution and International Security

The fourth wave science and technology revolution is quickly ushering in a worldwide military revolution.The major powers such as the United States,Russia and China are all striving to catch up with the wave by accelerating their own research on new military technology and the deployment of new military equipment.This presents significant changes to the international security system:the existing disarmament and arms control system is on the brink of collapse,strategic competition among the big powers has intensified,and the risk of global turbulence is on the rise.The future of international security and its mechanism depends both on the method and direction of the technology revolution,and on the ability of the big powers to put aside their differences and avoid conflict in the major arenas of competition.In this process,China should seek to play a bigger and more constructive role.This would not only be conducive to world peace and development,but is also the only way for China to secure a seat in the future international system.

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element(Pb) in soil plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR) were studied. The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25 mg/kg, and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation, i.e. brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones, and the highest horizontal variation; however, mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration, and the lowest horizontal variation; the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke), respectively, and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order, but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones, the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest, but Betula ermanii forest zone the lowest. Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%; the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant; parent material and parent rock, pH values, soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc. are the main factors influencing variations of Pb content in soil plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.

The Impact of the Establishment of National High-tech Zones on Total Factor Productivity of Chinese Enterprises

The National High-tech Zone(NHTZs)is an important strategic platform for cultivating high-tech industries and realizing high-quality economic development in China.Based on the combined data from 2006 to 2014 of the industrial enterprise database,the customs database,and the China Development Zones Audit and Announcement Catalogue(abbreviated asthe Catalogue),this paper systematically investigates the influence of the construction of NHTZs on enterprise’s total factor productivity(TFP).Results show that NHTZs have a positive impact on the TFP of enterprises in the zone,and this conclusion is still valid after considering endogeneity problems.Furthermore,the above productivity effects of NHTZs are heterogeneous in terms of enterprise ownership,external environment and establishment time,and NHTZs have greater stimulation effects on enterprise productivity after comparing with other types of functional zones.An investigation of the specific mechanisms at play shows that NHTZs promote the TFP of enterprises in the zone through the release of preferential policies,strengthening the“technology spillover effects”of imported intermediate goods,enhancing enterprise’s innovation ability and attracting talent.In addition,based on the decomposition of industry productivity,this paper also investigates the impact of NHTZs on changes in industry productivity and finds that NHTZs promote the overall productivity of specific industries mainly by stimulating the productivity improvement of incumbent enterprises and expanding the market share of high-productivity enterprises.Moreover,the preferential policies of NHTZs do not significantly stimulate high-productivity enterprises to enter the zones,nor do they cause low-productivity enterprises to exit.This research is helpful in objectively evaluating the economic effects of the NHTZs in China and in providing a theoretical basis for its further adjustment.

Assessing Forest Cover Distribution, Species Diversity, and Richness of the Buffer Zone for Strategic Forest Management Planning for Nimule National Park, South Sudan

Natural forest ecosystems play an essential role in the conservation of biodiversity of many plants and animals by providing them with habitat and suitable environments. Studies have shown that biodiversity-protected areas reduce the loss and degradation of natural habitats to various wild species of plants. This study examined the forest resources in five subzones by conducting tree/shrub species inventory to be able to develop an effective forest management plan for the Buffer Zone Forest Reserve for the sustainable conservation of flora and fauna of Nimule National Park. This is with the view to identify the main tree and shrub species;assess the composition, distribution, and abundance of various tree/shrub species;to determine the species diversity as well as the richness of these areas in terms of growth and performance where DBH and heights of trees/shrubs in the circular sample plots were measured. The results revealed the overall mean DBH and H of 13.83 cm and 6.61 m respectively. The highest number of trees was obtained in subzone B followed by D, while the least were found in subzone A. The overall mean tree/shrub density was 0.83 tons/ha. The mean total basal area and volume per hectare were 3252.74 m2/ha and 46,540.82 m3/ha respectively. The overall species abundance and distribution indicate Combretum spp, Cedrella spp., Grewia mollis, Acacia Sieberiana, Ziziphus abysinica, and Acacia seyal were the most dominant species, with over 12 species richness at the deposition side of the River Nile, 13 species at the western side of the Nile, the Administration site shows only 7 species, the lowland of Mt. Gordon show over 14 different species, whereas over 10 species were found on the top of Mt. Gordon. The overall mean diversity indices and evenness of H’, D, and E depicted 2.507, 0.871, and 0.840 respectively. These results yielded are relatively moderate. Therefore, conservation efforts are very necessary to improve and maintain the quality of vegetation cover.

Characteristics and Development Modes of Standardization forChina's National High-Tech Zones:A Review

Indigenous innovation focused on the development of technical standards has become the core of China's innovation policy,since China released the "Outline of the National Program for Longand Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)" in 2006.Meanwhile,standardization issues are greatly emphasized by high-tech zones which serve as the major carriers of national economic growth as well as innovation clusters in the context of fast-growing international standardization.By means of the effective guide of the government,the standardization of high-tech zones in China now presents a wide range of operating modes.Specifically,they can be divided predominantly into the government promotion mode,the alliance collaboration mode,the research-standard-industry linkage mode,and the talent training mode,in terms of the main body of work and influence factors.

Multilevel Protection of Human Rights in the Inter-American System: Existence of this Protection at International and National Levels

This paper seeks to demonstrate that in the Inter-American human rights system, there is a form of multilevel human rights protection. To do so, a number of institutions where this protection is present are reviewed. In addition, regulatory and practical bases having made this form of protection possible are outlined. Lastly, the issue of the relationship produced at the level of the judiciary from this multilevel discussion between national and international systems is discussed.

Tectonic Evolution of the Meso-Tethys in the Western Segment of Bangonghu-Nujiang Suture Zone: Insights from Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Lagkor Tso Ophiolite

The subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang Meso-Tethys and the collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks were important events in the growth of the Tibetan crust. However, the timing of collision initiation and closure timing, as well as nature and structure of the Bangonghu ocean basin, are still poorly constrained. The Lagkor Tso ophiolite, located in the south of Gerze County, Tibet, is one of the most completed ophiolites preserved in the southern side of the Bangonghu- Nujiang suture zone. This study discussed the tectonic evolution of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone as revealed by the Lagkor Tso ophiolite investigated by field investigations, petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and tectonic analysis methods. We present new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and 39Ar/4~Ar ages for the Lagkor Tso ophiolite, in addition to geochemical and platinum-group element （PGE） data presented for the Lagkor Tso ophiolite in Tibet. It is suggested that the ancient Lagkor Tso oceanic basin split in Middle Jurassic （161.2 ± 2.7 Ma - 165.4 ± 3.5 Ma）, and experienced a second tectonic emplacement during the Early Cretaceous （137.90 ± 6.39 Ma）. The Lagkor Tso ophiolite likely developed in an independent suture zone. The Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean subducted southwards, and the dehydration of the subducting oceanic crust materials caused partial melting of the continental mantle wedge, which formed the second-order expanding center of the obduction dish. This led to inter-arc expansion, followed by the formation of inter-arc and back-arc basins with island arc features, which are represented by ophiolites around the Shiquanhe-Lagkor Tso -Yongzhu region. The tectonic environment presently can be considered to be similar to that of the current Western Pacific, in which a large number of island arc-ocean basin systems are developed.

Interannual Variability of Rainfall over the West Africa Sahel

Interannual variability of the precipitation over West Africa Sahel is analyzed based on 32 years (1979-2010) from monthly and daily database of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). In this region, we found that there is a link between the West Africa Monsoon (WAM) and the daily means of the precipitation in the summer, unseasonal rains can occur in the transition seasons and even in the heart of the dry season. Rainfall is the most important element for agro-pastoral activities in this region. The 850-hPa wind and wind divergence structure show a maximum convection over Mountain region (Fouta-Djalon and Mont-Cameroon) which corresponds to the high precipitation and OLR observed in these regions. The trend and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of the precipitation are presented, including the mid-July variability of the precipitation. The dominant EOF of GPCP precipitation accounts for around 25.3% of the variance with slightly large amplitude in the north while relatively small in the equatorial band respectively. The second and third EOF which accounts for 20.5% and 14%, describes a longitudinal contrast with a zonal gradient.

The Role of China's High-Tech Zones in Its Regional Economic Development

National high-tech industrial development zones represent a major strategy of the Chinese government in developing high-tech industries and spurring regional economic growth. The effect of this policy is yet to be proven. Based on the panel data of 283 Chinese cities between 1984 and 2012, this paper investigates the effect of high-tech zones on regional economic development. Empirical results suggest that first, national hightech zones have remarkably enhanced regional GDP and per capita GDP growth, and this conclusion still holds true after multiple rounds of robustness test; second, the economic effect of national high-tech zones is subject to diminishing marginal return and compared with higher-tier cities, lower-tier cities benefited more from the creation of national hightech zones. This paper concludes that national high-tech zones where special policies are experimented and offered not only drive economic development but, if properly distributed across regions, may help reduce regional economic disparities as well. The results of this study provide important implications for the future distribution of national high-tech zones and the creation of other relevant policies.

The distribution and inter-annual variation of water masses on the Bering Sea shelf in summer

On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannual variation of water masses on the central Bering Sea shelf and the northern Bering Sea shelf are analyzed. The results indicate that there are both connection and difference between two regions in hydrological features. On the central Bering Sea shelf, there are mainly four types of water masses distribute orderly from the slope to the coast of Alaska： Bering Slope Current Water（BSCW）, MW（Mixed Water）, Bering Shelf Water（BSW） and Alaska Coastal Water（ACW）. In summer, BSW can be divided into Bering Shelf Surface Water（BSW_S） and Bering Shelf Cold Water（BSW_C）. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait,it contains Anadyr Water（AW）, BSW and ACW from west to east. But the spatial-temporal features are also remarkable in each region. On the central shelf, the BSCW is saltiest and occupies the west of 177°W, which has the highest salinity in 2014. The BSW_C is the coldest water mass and warmest in 2014; the ACW is freshest and mainly occupies the east of 170°W, which has the highest temperature and salinity in 2012. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, the AW is saltiest with temperature decreasing sharply compared with BSCW on the central shelf. In the process of moving northward to the Bering Strait, the AW demonstrates a trend of eastward expansion. The ACW is freshest but saltier than the ACW on the central shelf,which is usually located above the BSW and is saltiest in 2014. The BSW distributes between the AW and the ACW and coldest in 2012, but the cold water of the BSW_C on the central shelf, whose temperature less than 0°C, does not exist on the northern shelf. Although there are so many changes, the respond to a climate change is synchronized in the both regions, which can be divided into the warm years（2003 and 2014） and cold years（2008, 2010 and 2012）. The year of 2014 may be a new beginning of warm period.

Economic Development Strategies and Optimization of High-tech Development Zones from the Perspective of"Four-transform and Three-famous":Taking Nanchang High-tech Development Zone as an Example

In recent years,high-tech development zones(hi-tech zones)have always occupied a very important position in the strategy of promoting China's innovative development.The combination of the"four-transform and three-famous"coordinated economic development strategy pioneered by Zhejiang Province in 2015 and the coordinated economic development of high-tech zones is particularly important for modern China at a critical time for innovative economic development.In this article,based on the research on the coordination mechanism of economic activities and development of Nanchang High-tech Zone,the development course of high-tech zones in China is elaborated,the early economic models in high-tech zones of Nanchang and China are analyzed,the existing problems in the structure of economic development of high-tech zones are analyzed in depth,the main driving factors for promoting the economic development of high-tech zones are studied from the aspects of capital,space,industry,economic model,etc.,and corresponding development strategies for high-tech development zones in China are proposed.

Exploring China＇s （Shanghai） Pilot Free Trade Zone ra——the ＂Negative List＂ Mode

China （Shanghai） pilot free trade zone （FTZ）formally approved by the state council on August 22, 2013, was officially opened on September 29. It is the important measures to comprehensiw＇,ly deepen reforms and open still wider to the outside world in China. Exploring ＂pre-establistnnent national treatment＂ and ＂negative list＂ management mode is a feature of the free trade zone of Shanghai, which is adapt to economic globalization, to win the international competition o fthe initiative a qualitative leap.

国家数字经济创新发展试验区设立的创新效应:基于供给侧与需求侧双重视角

将国家数字经济创新发展试验区作为一项准自然实验,以2016—2021年A股上市公司为研究对象,采用双重差分法考察试验区设立的创新效应。结果表明:第一,试验区设立能促进企业创新,各试点政策的创新效应从大到小依次为:创新型城市建设、国家数字经济创新发展试验区、智慧城市创建、国家级大数据综合试验区、宽带中国示范城市;第二,试验区设立通过降低交易成本、集聚人才资源、促进知识产权保护、推动数字化转型,进而激励企业创新;第三,试验区设立对企业创新的促进作用在非国有企业、高新技术企业、在位企业中更显著,且相比于渐进式创新,试验区设立对突破式创新的影响更显著。此外,试验区设立对毗邻城市企业创新有正向扩散效应,对经济发展水平相似城市的企业创新有负向虹吸效应。

国家高新区技术创新是否驱动了地方数字经济发展?--基于创新扩散机制的实证分析

基于2012—2020年《中国城市统计年鉴》《中国火炬统计年鉴》、北京大学企业大数据库、国泰安数据库等数据,实证检验了中国国家高新区的技术创新对其所在城市数字经济发展水平的促进作用,进一步检验了高新区技术创新扩散的具体作用机制。研究发现:国家高新区的技术创新与本地数字经济发展水平有显著的正向关系,而这种积极效果的产生机理,包括促进地方数字经济产品创新和提升企业利用数字技术水平。但机制检验模型的回归结果显示,国家高新区对数字技术应用规模的显著促进作用仅限于高新区内部,对外部企业利用数字技术的影响甚微,这意味着国家高新区对地方数字经济市场需求的拉动力比较有限。

全球价值链嵌入、国内市场一体化与省际收入差距

从双重分工视角出发,将全球价值链嵌入与国内市场一体化纳入同一分析框架,采用省份两两配对面板数据,考察了全球价值链嵌入对省际收入差距的影响以及国内市场一体化的调节作用。研究发现:全球价值链嵌入扩大了省际收入差距,但是当国内市场一体化达到一定程度后,可以抑制全球价值链嵌入对省际收入差距扩大的负面影响。生产率差距是全球价值链嵌入作用于省际收入差距的重要渠道,而国内市场一体化则通过促进产业转移,缓解了全球价值链嵌入对省际收入差距扩大的负面影响。全球价值链嵌入扩大了中国东部省份与中西部省份之间的收入差距,而国内市场一体化可以倒U型调节由全球价值链嵌入所导致的中国东部省份与中西部省份之间的收入差距。构建国内价值链可以正向调节由全球价值链嵌入所导致的省际收入差距。本文基于双重分工视角为新时代中国统筹两个市场和两种资源,实现区域协调发展提供了重要启示。

创新驱动政策对数字贸易国际竞争力的影响——以国家自主创新示范区试点为准自然实验

将多时点双重差分法和中介效应分析法相结合,系统研究国家自主创新示范区建设如何影响数字贸易国际竞争力。研究发现,国家自主创新示范区试点政策对我国数字贸易国际竞争力具有正向影响;国家自主创新示范区试点政策对数字贸易国际竞争力的促进作用在副省级城市、省会城市、直辖市相对更大;国家自主创新示范区试点政策对东部地区数字贸易国际竞争力的促进作用大于其他地区;科研水平在国家自主创新示范区试点政策对数字贸易国际竞争力的影响中发挥了正向中介作用;数字经济发展水平在国家自主创新示范区建设与数字贸易国际竞争力之间起到正向调节作用。应充分发挥产业结构升级对我国数字贸易国际竞争力的促进作用,大力培养数字贸易领域技能型人才和创新型人才,推动数字技术和实体经济深度融合。

依嵌而融:东部沿海城市各民族交往交流交融的多维互嵌要素研究

东部沿海城市已成为各民族交往交流交融和全方位相互嵌入的重要场域。人口要素、空间互嵌、经济互嵌和文化互嵌构成了民族交往交流交融的社会基础、场域环境、物质条件和精神依归。以天津市为例,在人口基础要素方面,民族成份齐全多元,少数民族流动人口规模增长较快等,使得各民族社会交往的人口资源增量较为丰富。在空间互嵌环境方面,民族空间交往的场域环境存具区际分布结构、民族聚居结构和社区互嵌结构的差异性。在经济互嵌条件方面,民族就业领域存在集中化现象,各民族围绕职业领域和就业分布进行民族生产交往。在文化互嵌依归方面,通过各民族文化互嵌共生,强化中华文化认同与国家认同教育,增进了民族精神交往。要坚持“并重”思维,理性看待民族就业分布集中化现象,在把握客观规律的基础上建设民族互嵌式社区,顺势而为地推动东部沿海城市各民族广泛交往、全面交流和深度交融。

国家生态文明试验区如何提升海南绿色经济效率?

利用非期望产出SBM模型测算了海南省各市县2010—2019年的绿色经济效率,并基于倍差法实证评价了国家生态文明试验区建设对海南绿色经济效率的影响及其机制。研究发现:样本期内海南各市县绿色经济效率明显提高;国家生态文明试验区显著提升了海南绿色经济效率,推动了处理组与对照组之间的差距缩小40.78%;国家生态文明试验区建设通过优化产业结构和强化环境规制提升海南绿色经济效率。上述结论对于海南以及其他省区绿色发展具有重要启示。