Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

Critical Success Factors Influencing the Implementation of Sustainable Energy System in Uganda: A Case of Inter-University Council of East Africa Energy Project at the Head Quarters in Kampala, Uganda

The widespread usage of clean and sustainable energy sources is leading to a significant transformation of the world’s energy systems. Over-reliance on only the national grid energy system has made institutions fail to sustain energy systems. The council is only connected to the national grid electricity supply system, with diesel generators as the only alternative, which is unhealthy and unsafe. Surprisingly, even with such alternatives, power shortages have persisted despite government efforts to provide a solution to the shortages by installing numerous off-grid systems. Due to such a situation, the council would construct a sustainable energy system as a remedy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish critical success factors influencing the implementation of a sustainable energy system at the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) Head Quarters, Kampala-Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design was used;a sample size of 84 participants was selected. Questionnaire survey and interview methods were utilized. The study found that the most significant (p < 0.05) critical factors in the implementation of sustainable energy in institutions are;the use of innovative technologies and infrastructure, the use of efficient zero emissions for heating and cooling, integration of renewable energy use in the existing buildings, building and renovating in an energy-efficient way, integrating regional energy systems, improving energy efficiency in the buildings, enhanced zero emission power technologies, energy efficient equipment in place and stakeholder empowerment in energy management. This study concludes that institutions like;the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) need to clearly state policies and actions of energy management. The roles and responsibilities of each member have to be clearly stated while capturing the activities involved in energy conservation, energy security and energy efficiency.

The Inter-Annual Variability of Rainfall Onset and Its Implication on Crop Planting in Selected East Africa Countries

The inter-annual variability of rainfall onset and crop replanting in East Africa (EA) was assessed using daily estimated rainfall data from climate hazard group infrared precipitation (CHIRPS Ver2.0) and monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) indices [Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El-Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at NINO3.4 region] from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The data covered a period of 40 years from1981 to 2020. The methods of cumulative of daily mean rainfall, percentage of onset date departure (PODD), Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test, student t-test, and correlation were applied in the analysis. The results showed that early onset with dry spell (WDS) consideration frequently occurs in Uganda between the first and second dekads of September, while late rainfall onset WDS occurs in the first and second dekads of December over central and Northern Kenya as well as in the Northeastern highlands, parts of the northern coast and unimodal regions in Tanzania. Rainfall onset with no dry spell (WnDS) portrayed an average of 10 days before the occurrence of true onset WDS, with maximum onset departure days (ODD) above 30 days across the Rift Valley area in Kenya and the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. The high chance of minimum ODD is seen over entire Uganda and the area around Lake Victoria. However, few regions, such as Nakuru (Kenya) Gulu and Kibale (Uganda), and Gitega (Burundi), revealed a slight positive linear trend while others showed negative trend. Significant positive patterns for correlation between onset WDS and SST indices (IOD and NINO 3.4) were discovered in Northern and Northeastern Kenya, as well as areas along the Indian Ocean (over Tanzania’s Northern Coast). Inter-annual relationship between onset dates WDS and IOD (NINO3.4) indices exhibits a high correlation coefficient r = 0.23 (r = 0.48) in Uganda and r = 0.44 (r = 0.36) in Kenya. On the other hand, a negative correlation was revealed over Burundi and Tanzania (over a unimodal region). A high percentage of PODD was observed, ranging from 40% to 70% over the Rift Valley in Kenya and at the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. However, a strong PODD above 70% was observed over Tanga and the Northern Pwani Region in Tanzania. These findings will help farmers to understand the appropriate time for crop planting, as well as help other socio-economic activities that strongly depend on rainfall.

Proposing Adjustments to the Dry Season Inter-Reservoir Operation Rules of the Red River System to Improve Water Use Efficiency of the Reservoirs

The Red-Thai Binh River system is an important water resource to the Northern Delta, serving the development of agriculture, people’s livelihood and other economic sectors through its upstream reservoirs and a system of water abstraction works along the rivers. However, due to the impact of climate change and pressure from socio-economic development, the operation of the reservoir system according to Decision No. 740/QD-TTg was issued on June 17, 2019 by the Prime Minister of Government promulgating the Red-Thai Binh River system inter-reservoir operation rules (Operation rules 740) has some shortcomings that need adjustments for higher water use efficiency, meeting downstream water demand and power generation benefits. Through the results of water balance calculation and analysis of economic benefits from water use scenarios, this research proposed adjustment to the inter-reservoir operation during dry season in the Red River system. The result showed that an average water level of 1.0 - 1.7 m should be maintained at Hanoi during the increased release period.

Research progress on inter-monthly winter temperature variation in East Asia and climate prediction

近年来,东亚冬季气温的月际间变化十分显著,冬季不同月份或不同阶段之间极端冷暖事件的转折或交替频发.由于月际间变化常常被季节平均掩盖,东亚冬季气候预测面临众多的挑战.因此,亟需研究东亚冬季气温月际间变化的特征和机理,明确其可预测性和预测来源,进而研制考虑月际变化的东亚冬季气温的有效预测方法和预测模型.本文回顾了过去5年对东亚冬季气温月际间变化的主要特征,物理过程,机制,可预测性和预测的研究进展,同时考虑了多个与气温相联系统的变化,包括冬季风,西伯利亚高压,平流层极涡.本文也进一步讨论了未来的研究前景.

A Technical Note: Inter-Observer and Inter-Modality Variability of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Ultrasound (US) in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Kidney Cancer

Introduction: To investigate the inter-observer and inter-modality variabilities of two imaging guided equipments—cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and ultrasound (US) in kidney stereotactic body radiotherapy. Methods: A renal metastasis case implanted with three gold anchor fiducial markers was firstly scanned by US to acquire a 3-dimension US image and followed by 4-dimension CBCT in every fraction. Seven observers retrospectively registered the pre-treatment images with the corresponding reference images based on the gold markers. Registration uncertainty of the observers between two imaging modalities was evaluated. Results: The uncertainties over whole treatment course in CBCT were 0.88 mm, 1.94 mm and 0.86 mm in lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions respectively;while 0.8 mm, 0.97 mm and 1.36 mm were found in US. Conclusion: The greatest uncertainty was found in longitudinal direction in CBCT due to the fact that the respiration motion is the most rigorous in cranial-caudal direction. In US, since the probe was hold almost in upright position, the strong echo in vertical direction was attributed to the greatest uncertainty for such direction.

改进型INTER-MIG桨尾涡结构的PIV试验与模拟

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术和计算流体力学(CFD)对改进型INTER-MIG桨釜内尾涡结构进行研究,将数值模拟结果与PIV试验进行了比较,分析了几种湍流模型的差异;利用2D-PIV对尾涡结构进行涡量分析,并探讨桨叶直径对尾涡的影响,以及尾涡与湍动能之间的关系.结果表明:LES对尾涡的预测优于Reynolds平均法;改进型INTER-MIG桨在运动过程中产生运动轨迹不对称的上下尾涡,桨叶下尾涡先于上尾涡形成,下尾涡最大涡量高于上尾涡;在尾涡形成到发展至最大的过程中,桨叶直径对下尾涡的径向位移影响较大,在桨叶直径D/T=0.57时,桨叶下尾涡沿径向方向运动最快,湍动能最大;当尾涡开始衰减后,桨叶直径越大,尾涡耗散的速度越快;湍动能最大值介于两尾涡之间,且伴随着尾涡的发展而增大,随其衰弱而减小.研究结果表明改进型INTER-MIG桨釜内的搅拌机理,可以为该桨叶釜内的工程应用和优化设计提供有价值的参考.

搅拌釜内双层改进型INTER-MIG桨流场实验研究

为得到双层INTER-MIG桨搅拌釜内流场特征,文章采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对直径为430 mm的双层改进型INTER-MIG桨搅拌槽内流场进行了实验研究。分析了搅拌转速、相位角及轴向位置对搅拌槽内流场分布的影响。结果表明:整个流场表现出较强轴流特性,底桨右端形成一个漩涡;转速增加引起桨叶附近湍动增强,但整体流型变化不大;当r/R<0.48时,桨叶间轴流效果显著,有利于釜底流体向上抬升,增强整体混合效果;当r/R>0.48时,桨叶右端在近壁面处会形成上下2股流动流体,有助于形成局部区域循环。实验结果可为工业搅拌过程提供工艺参考。

On the Limitary Subjectivity of the Translator——from the perspective of an inter-subjective system

Throughout the past years, the important role of translators has always been overlooked. The invisibility was even taken as one of the standards of a good translator. However, great change happens, especially after the"culture turn"in translation study and the role of the translators has been laid emphasis on. This kind of sharp change has led to two extreme thoughts on this issue: scholars choose either total invisibility or complete subjectivity. This paper puts forward an inter-subjective system, in which the subjectivity should be emphasized only with constraints. The other subjects in the inter-subjective system contribute to the restriction of the subjectivity of the translator during the translation process.By writing this paper, the author wishes to present a comprehensive and balanced way of understanding translators' subjectivity. Therefore, no matter analyzing the translation process or evaluating translation products, people will be more objective towards the role of translators.

Contrastive Rhetoric and Inter-language Theory

A learner’s stages of L2 development are connected by his or her L1 and culture.It is,accordingly,of paramount importance to understand the second language learners’culture and learning process and better assist them through this process in the way of teaching them English.Similarly,inter-language theory(IL)and contrastive rhetoric are affected by factors,such as learner’s L1,learning experiences,and culture.This paper talks about these two theory’s characteristics,constructs,and importance,so language instructors may better understand the L2 learning phenomena and think out better methods to help language learners improve their language skills.

一种改进的Inter-Apriori算法

建立了一种基于定位和权值事务项集的挖掘算法,该算法只需扫描一遍事务数据库.利用垂直型布尔矩阵来存储交易数据,通过"与"运算与权值来计算计算支持度,利用定位搜索和合并事务矩阵相同列来剪枝,从而减少了算法在挖掘过程中使用的存储空间和计算时间.实验结果表明,改进算法在性能上得到了的明显提高.

双层改进型Inter-Mig桨对带内盘管搅拌釜内流场性能影响

在内径D=500mm的带内盘管搅拌釜内,对装备双层改进型Inter-Mig桨的搅拌釜内流场进行了研究。通过实验对比不同转速下的搅拌轴功率,得到功率准数Np与雷诺数Re的关系,确定可以将搅拌轴扭矩作为数值模拟的收敛判据来验证模拟值的可靠性。通过数值模拟考察不同桨叶间距和离底高度对带内盘管搅拌釜内流场速度及湍动分布的影响。实验及数值模拟结果表明,搅拌轴扭矩可以作为验证双层改进型Inter-Mig桨数值模拟的收敛判据,使用内盘管可以降低湍流临界点的雷诺数,内盘管的设置对下层浆叶离底高度的影响不明显,而对浆叶层间距的影响显著,起到了导流的作用。

基于Inter-Flow网络编码的多Sink无线传感器网络Anycast路由

以最大化时间驱动型传感器网络的生命周期为目标,基于Inter-Flow网络编码,提出了多Sink环境下编码感知的交叉路径任播路由协议CodeMesh.首先分析多跳无线网络下单播流间编码条件,提出并证明了多Sink任播网络模型下的编码规则;进而提出多流编码簇的概念,以及确定编码簇个数和优化编码簇成员的方法;定义了统一量化编码和非编码路径代价,并综合链路质量、负载平衡和编码收益的路由度量;最后设计了兼具反应式源路由和主动式路由特点的任播编码路由协议.CodeMesh充分利用Sink节点丰富的计算和通信资源,将路由优化与重构、路由更新与维护与周期性数据收集过程相结合,大大降低了路由开销.部署于实验床平台的实验结果表明,CodeMesh能够有效寻找到具有最多编码机会的路径,从而减少数据传输次数,提高网络传输效率,同时平衡节点负载和能耗,延长整个网络的生存时间.

Harmonious Inter-decadal Changes of July–August Upper Tropospheric Temperature Across the North Atlantic, Eurasian Continent,and North Pacific

The authors have developed an integral view of the inter-decadal variability of July-August （JA） tropospheric temperature across the entire subtropical Northern Hemisphere. Using reanalysis data and complementary balloon-borne measurements, the authors identify one major mode of variability for the period 1958 2001 which exhibits a significant cooling center over East Asia and warming centers over the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The cooling （warming） signals barotropically penetrate through the troposphere, with the strongest anomalies at 200-300 hPa. The amplitude of the cooling over East Asia is stronger than that of the warming over the North Atlantic （North Pacific） by a factor of 2 （3）. This dominant mode exhibits a declining tendency for the entire period examined, particularly before 1980. After the mid-1980s, the tendency has leveled off. Variations of the harmonious change of JA upper tropospheric temperature represented by the principal component of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis exhibit significant negative （positive） correlations with SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific and the western tropical Indian Ocean （mid-latitude North Pacific）. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

Seasonality of Interannual Inter-hemispheric Oscillations over the Past Five Decades

Air mass is inter-hemispherically redistributed, leading to an interesting phenomenon known as the Inter-Hemispheric Oscillation （IHO）. In the present article, the seasonality of the interannual IHO has been examined by employing monthly mean reanalyses from NCEP/NCAR, EAR40, and JRA25 for the period of 1958–2006. It is found that the IHO indices as calculated from different reanalyses are generally consistent with each other. A distinct seesaw structure in all four seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres is observed as the IHO signature in both the surface air pressure anomalies （SAPAs） and the leading EOF component of the anomalous zonal mean quantities. When the SAPAs are positive （negative） in the northern hemisphere, they are negative （positive） in the southern hemisphere. Large values of SAPAs are usually observed in mid- and high-latitude areas in all but the solstice seasons. In boreal summer and winter, relatively stronger perturbations of IHO-related SAPA are found in the Asian monsoon region, which shows a large difference from the status in boreal spring and fall. This suggests that seasonal mean monsoon activity is globally linked via air mass redistribution globally on interannual timescales, showing a very interesting linkage between monsoons and the IHO in the global domain. In all seasons, large values of SAPA always exist over the Antarctic and the surrounding regions, implying a close relation with Antarctic oscillations.

Experimental Investigation of Inter-Blade Vortices in a Model Francis Turbine

The inter-blade vortex in a Francis turbine becomes one of the main hydraulic factors that are likely to cause blade erosion at deep part load operating con- ditions. However, the causes and the mechanism of inter- blade vortex are still under investigation according to present researches. Thus the causes of inter-blade vortex and the effect of different hydraulic parameters on the inter-blade vortex are investigated experimentally. The whole life cycle of the inter-blade vortex is observed by a high speed camera. The test results illustrate the whole life cycle of the inter-blade vortex from generation to separation and even to fading. It is observed that the inter- blade vortex becomes stronger with the decreasing of flow and head, which leads to pressure fluctuation. Meanwhile, the pressure fluctuations in the vane-less area and the draft tube section become stronger when inter-blade vortices exist in the blade channel. The turbine will be damaged if operating in the inter-blade vortex zone, so its operating range must be far away from that zone. This paper reveals the main cause of the inter-blade vortex which is the larger incidence angle between the inflow angle and theblade angle on the leading edge of the runner at deep part load operating conditions.

A joint high-resolution processing method and its application for thin inter-beds

Seismic processing characterizing thickness and borders of thin inter-beds has gradually evolved fi＇om post-stack migration to pre-stack migration, and the latter considers both vertical and lateral resolutions. As the key processing methods for improving vertical and lateral resolution, conventional deconvolution and pre-stack time migration （PSTM） are not simply dominated by the estimation and compression of the wavelet because of its instability. Therefbre, considering the variations of wavelet frequency belbre, during and alter PSTM can obtain good common reflection point （CRP） gathers and imaging profiles of thin inter-beds. Based on the frequency characteristics of the wavelet before, during and after PSTM, a joint high-resolution processing method for thin inter-beds is proposed in this paper, including inverse Q filtering for high-frequency compensation before PSTM, optimum weighting Kirchhoff PSTM for preserving high-frequencies during PSTM, and wavelet harmonizer deconvolution tier consistent processing and frequency-band broadening after PSTM. An application to real data characterized by mudstone beds in the Oriente Basin proved that the joint high-resolution processing method is effective for determining the thickness and borders of thin inter-beds and is favorable for subsequent reservoir prediction and seismic inversions.

Relationship between inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 and ovarian cancer

Objective:The inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4(ITIH4)protein is involved in the development of tumors.However,the relationship between ITIH4 and ovarian cancer(OC)has not been extensively examined.This study aimed to explore the effect of ITIH4 on OC and to identify its underlying mechanism.Methods:Expressions of ITIH4 in OC tissues and cells were determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and western blots.The function of ITIH4 in the OC cell line HO8910 pm was tested via ITIH4 knockdown.The cell growth rate was measured using MTT and colony formation assays.Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell cycle progression.Cell migration and invasion abilities were observed using the transwell migration assay.Results:ITIH4 was downregulated in OC tissues and cells.ITIH4 knockdown promoted cell growth and cell cycle progression.Consistent with these results,inhibition of ITIH4 in OC cells significantly increased cell migration and invasion abilities.Cox regression analysis suggests that ITIH4 expression alone is not a good predictor of the prognosis of malignant ovarian tumors in patients.Conclusions:ITIH4 inhibits the progression of OC,suggesting that ITIH4 may be a useful biomarker for OC.This study may provide a potential novel target for the treatment of OC.

Teleconnections of Inter-Annual Streamflow Fluctuation in Slovakia with Arctic Oscillation,North Atlantic Oscillation,Southern Oscillation,and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Phenomena

The aim of the paper is to analyze a possible teleconnection of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation （QBO）, Southern Oscillation （SO）, North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO）, and Arctic Oscillation （AO） phenomena with longterm streamflow fluctuation of the Bela River （1895-2004） and Cierny Hron River （1931-2004） （central Slovakia）. Homogeneity, long-term trends, as well as inter-annual dry and wet cycles were analyzed for the entire 1895-2004 time series of the Bela River and for the 1931-2004 time series of the Cierny Hron River. Inter-annual fluctuation of the wet and dry periods was identified using spectral analysis. The most significant period is that of 3.6 years. Other significant periods are those of 2.35 years, 13.5 years, and 21 years. Since these periods were found in other rivers of the world, as well as in SO, NAO, and AO phenomena, they can be considered as relating to the general regularity of the Earth.

Genetic Diversity of Chinese and Swedish Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs)

We have compared genetic diversity of 24 Chinese weak-winter, Swedish winter and spring B. napus accessions by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). By cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on 125 polymorphism bands amplified with 20 primers, the 24 accessions were divided into three groups. Six Swedish winter lines and eight Chinese weak-winter lines were in the group I and the groupⅡwere two Chinese weak-winter lines XiangyoulS and Bao81. The third group contained eight Swedish spring lines. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCO) showed similar groupings to cluster analysis. Results from cluster analysis and PCO analysis showed very clearly that Chinese weak-winter, Swedish spring and winter accessions were distinguished from each other and Chinese weak-winter accessions in this study were genetically closer to Swedish winter accessions than to Swedish spring accessions. The Chinese weak-winter accessions had larger diversity than Swedish spring or winter accessions did. This study indicated that ISSR is a suitable and effective tool to evaluate genetic diversity among rapeseed germplasm.