Numerical Prediction of Tip Vortex Cavitation for Marine Propellers in Non-uniform Wake

Tip vortex cavitation is the first type of cavita- tion to take place around most marine propellers. But the numerical prediction of tip vortex cavitation is one of the challenges for propeller wake because of turbulence dis- sipation during the numerical simulation. Several parame- ters of computational mesh and numerical algorithm are tested by mean of the predicted length of tip vortex cav- tiation to validate a developed method. The predicted length of tip vortex cavtiation is on the increase about 0.4 propeller diameters using the developed numerical method. The predicted length of tip vortex cavtiation by RNG k - e model is about 3 times of that by SST k - ~o model. Therefore, based on the validation of the present approach, the cavitating flows generated by two rotating propellers under a non-uniform inflow are calculated further. The distributions of axial velocity, total pressure and vapor volume fraction in the transversal planes across tip vortex region are shown to be useful in analyzing the feature of the cavitating flow. The strongest kemel of tip vortex cavitation is not at the position most close to blade tip but slightly far away from the region. During the growth of tip vortex cavitation extension, it appears short and thick, and then it becomes long and thin. The pressure fluctuations at the positions inside tip vortex region also validates the conclusion. A key finding of the study is that the grids constructed especially for tip vortex flows by usingseparated computational domain is capable of decreasing the turbulence dissipation and correctly capturing the fea- ture of propeller tip vortex cavitation under uniform and non-uniform inflows. The turbulence model and advanced grids is important to predict tip vortex cavitation.

Computational and Empirical Investigation of Propeller Tip Vortex Cavitation Noise

In this study,non-cavitating and cavitating flow around the benchmark DTMB 4119 model propeller are solved using both viscous and potential based solvers.Cavitating and non-cavitating propeller radiated noises are then predicted by using a hybrid method in which RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)and FWH(Ffowcs Williams Hawkings)equations are solved together in open water conditions.Sheet cavitation on the propeller blades is modelled by using a VOF(Volume of Fiuld)method equipped with Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model.Nevertheless,tip vortex cavitation noise is estimated by using two different semi-empirical techniques,namely Tip Vortex Index(TVI,based on potential flow theory)and Tip Vortex Contribution(TVC).As the reference distance between noise source and receiver is not defined in open water case for TVI technique,one of the outputs of this study is to propose a reference distance for TVI technique by coupling two semi-empirical techniques and ITTC distance normalization.At the defined distance,the starting point of the tip vortex cavitation is determined for different advance ratios and cavitation numbers using potential flow solver.Also,it is examined that whether the hybrid method and potential flow solver give the same noise results at the inception point of tip vortex cavitation.Results show that TVI method based on potential flow theory is reliable and can practically be used to replace the hybrid method(RANS with FWH approach)when tip vortex cavitation starts.

Numerical Study of the Transition Between Reentrant Jet and Twin Vortex Flow Regimes in Ventilated Cavitation

Contrary to natural cavitation,ventilated cavitation is controllable and is not harmful.It is particularly used to reduce the drag of the hydraulic vehicles.The ventilated cavitation is characterized by various gas regimes.The mechanisms of ventilated cavitation are investigated in the present work with CFD based on a 2D solver.The attention is especially focused on the transition between the reentrant jet and twin vortex regimes.The results confirmthat the product of ventilated cavitation number and Froude number is lower than 1(σcFr<1)in the twin vortex regime,while it is higher than 1(σcFr>1)in the reentrant jet regime,as reported in the literature.Further analysis shows that ventilated cavitation is significantly influenced by the natural cavitation number.

Experimental Investigation of Inter-Blade Vortices in a Model Francis Turbine

The inter-blade vortex in a Francis turbine becomes one of the main hydraulic factors that are likely to cause blade erosion at deep part load operating con- ditions. However, the causes and the mechanism of inter- blade vortex are still under investigation according to present researches. Thus the causes of inter-blade vortex and the effect of different hydraulic parameters on the inter-blade vortex are investigated experimentally. The whole life cycle of the inter-blade vortex is observed by a high speed camera. The test results illustrate the whole life cycle of the inter-blade vortex from generation to separation and even to fading. It is observed that the inter- blade vortex becomes stronger with the decreasing of flow and head, which leads to pressure fluctuation. Meanwhile, the pressure fluctuations in the vane-less area and the draft tube section become stronger when inter-blade vortices exist in the blade channel. The turbine will be damaged if operating in the inter-blade vortex zone, so its operating range must be far away from that zone. This paper reveals the main cause of the inter-blade vortex which is the larger incidence angle between the inflow angle and theblade angle on the leading edge of the runner at deep part load operating conditions.

Dynamics of cavitation–structure interaction

Cavitation–structure interaction has become one of the major issues for most engineering applications. The present work reviews recent progress made toward developing experimental and numerical investigation for unsteady turbulent cavitating flow and cavitation–structure interaction. The goal of our overall efforts is to（1） summarize the progress made in the experimental and numerical modeling and approaches for unsteady cavitating flow and cavitation–structure interaction,（2） discuss the global multiphase structures for different cavitation regimes, with special emphasis on the unsteady development of cloud cavitation and corresponding cavitating flow-induced vibrations,with a high-speed visualization system and a structural vibration measurement system, as well as a simultaneous sampling system,（3） improve the understanding of the hydroelastic response in cavitating flows via combined physical and numerical analysis, with particular emphasis on the interaction between unsteady cavitation development and structural deformations. Issues including unsteady cavitating flow structures and cavitation–structure interaction mechanism are discussed.

A cavitation model for computations of unsteady cavitating flows

A local vortical cavitation（LVC） model for the computation of unsteady cavitation is proposed.The model is derived from the Rayleigh–Plesset equations,and takes into account the relations between the cavitation bubble radius and local vortical effects.Calculations of unsteady cloud cavitating fows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil are performed to assess the predictive capability of the LVC model using well-documented experimental data.Compared with the conventional Zwart＇s model,better agreement is observed between the predictions of the LVC model and experimental data,including measurements of time-averaged fl w structures,instantaneous cavity shapes and the frequency of the cloud cavity shedding process.Based on the predictions of the LVC model,it is demonstrated that the evaporation process largely concentrates in the core region of the leading edge vorticity in accordance with the growth in the attached cavity,and the condensation process concentrates in the core region of the trailing edge vorticity,which corresponds to the spread of the rear component of the attached cavity.When the attached cavity breaks up and moves downstream,the condensation area fully transports to the wake region,which is in accordance with the dissipation of the detached cavity.Furthermore,using vorticity transport equations,we also fin that the periodic formation,breakup,and shedding of the sheet/cloud cavities,along with the associated baroclinic torque,are important mechanisms for vorticity production and modification When the attached cavity grows,the liquid–vapour interface that moves towards the trailing edge enhances the vorticity in the attached cav-ity closure region.As the re-entrant jet moves upstream,the wavy/bubbly cavity interface enhances the vorticity near the trailing edge.At the end of the cycle,the break-up of the stable attached cavity is the main reason for the vorticity enhancement near the suction surface.

Experimental Study on Influences of Surface Materials on Cavitation Flow Around Hydrofoils

In order to resist on the cavitation erosion, many researchers try to change the solidity and tenacity of the coatings, but ignore the influence of surface characteristics of materials on cavitation flow and the interaction with each other. In this paper, high speed visualization system is used to observe the cavitation flow patterns in different stage. After comparing the characteristics of cavitation flow around hydrofoils made of aluminum (Foil A), stainless steel (Foil B) and the hydrofoil painted with epoxy coating (Foil C), the study shows that material has a significant effect on the cavitation flow. Firstly, when the incipient cavitation occurs, cavitation number of Foil A is highest among three hydrofoils, generating horseshoe vortex randomly. For Foil B and Foil C, it shows in the form of free bubbles. When the sheet cavitation occurs, Foil A has the highest cavitation number and shortest period, which is contrary to Foil C. And cavity consists of lots of small finger-like cavities. For Foil B and Foil C, it both constitutes with many bubbles. Compared with the high-density and small-scale cavities over surface of Foil C, the cavity of Foil B has larger scale and less density, which causes a minimal scope of influence of the re-entrant jet and strong randomness. When the cloud cavitation occurs, Foil C has the lowest cavitation number and shortest period. Secondly, compared with aluminum, both of stainless steel and epoxy coating restrains the occurrence and development of cavitation, and stainless steel and epoxy coating performs better than aluminum. For inception and sheet cavitation, stainless steel performs better than epoxy coating and aluminum. For cloud cavitation, epoxy coating performs better than stainless steel and aluminum. The objective of this paper is applied experimental method to investigate the effect of surface materials on cavitation around Clark-Y hydrofoils.

Exploration of the mechanism of cavitation vortex rope and vortex development in the draft tube of tubular turbine units

Draft tube vortex rope is considered a special cavitation flow phenomenon in tubular turbine units.Cavitation vortex rope is one of the most detrimental factors affecting the safety of hydraulic turbines.In this study,ANSYS CFX software was utilized to numerically simulate the internal cavitation flow of a hydraulic turbine draft tube.The evolution of the cavitation vortex core was characterized by vortex line distribution and vorticity transport equation.The shape and number of blades influenced the revolving direction and distribution characteristics of the vortex close to the runner cone,which formed a counterclockwise-clockwise-counterclockwise distribution pattern.Simultaneously,there were many secondary flows in the draft tube.Mutual cancellation and dissipation between the flows was one of the reasons for reduction in vorticity.When the cross-sectional shape of the draft tube was changed,the vorticity was distributed from the center of the vortex rope to all parts of the cross-sectional draft tube,with extreme values at the center and at the walls.The vortex stretching and dilatation terms played a major role in the change in vorticity,with the baroclinic torque having an effect at the center of the vortex rope,this study is helpful to understand the flow of water in the draft tube and guide the design and optimization of the draft tube in engineering application.

运行负载扰动条件下水轮机流态演化和空化性能研究

空化现象是流体在能量转换过程中特有的一种不稳定水力现象,严重时可导致水力机械过流部件因空蚀损伤而造成惨重损失。为探究不同负载条件下混流式水轮机内部空化现象与涡流流动特征之间的关联,针对不同负荷工况下水轮机展开全流道三维空化流数值计算。结果表明:机组内的空化现象主要存在于流动特征较为复杂的转轮和尾水管流域,空化剧烈程度随机组负荷减小而增强,最小负荷工况相较额定工况,转轮流域空泡体积峰值增长约32倍;104%超负荷工况和额定工况下,尾水管涡带形态呈轴向直涡状旋流结构纺锤体涡带。机组负荷减小至93%和80%时,涡带结构主导了尾水管流域的流动特征,受涡带结构对周围流体的“排挤”作用和偏心螺旋型运动作用,流动状态的轴对称性被打破,使得涡核周围高速区流体的强度和位置也随着涡带的时域变迁而改变。涡核中心产生空化现象,涡带形态演化为空腔螺旋涡带;机组负荷继续减小,尾水管内流体周向旋转的牵连速度分量逐渐极致占优,受限于尾水管内流量不够充沛,导致尾水管涡带形态难以保持稳定运转,在64%和47%低负荷工况下,巨大空腔挤占尾水管空间并压迫管壁流体,涡带结构破碎形成空腔拧漩流涡带;低负荷工况下,尾水管流域空泡体积波动呈频率为0.075倍~0.225倍转轮转频的低频脉动,其波动频率随负荷降低而减小,尾水管内空泡体积的波动可能诱使尾水管壁出现低频压力脉动成分。

空化诱导的离心泵叶轮区流动特性与压力脉动分析

空化是一种复杂的多相流现象,空化发展中液体和蒸汽之间瞬态相变的产生,导致多尺度旋涡运动。瞬态空化动力学与空化涡结构的演化密切相关。采用对比结合Q准则、Omega判别法两种涡识别方法,探究设计流量Qd为0.321 m3/s下不同空化程度时离心泵叶轮区的空泡、涡旋特性及其对压力脉动的影响。基于Schnerr-Sauer空化模型对立式单级单吸蜗壳式离心泵在空化初始阶段、空化发展阶段、空化状态转变阶段、空化恶化阶段4个不同空化程度时的全流道流场进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,空化情况下叶轮区域流动复杂,空泡形态与旋涡的生成变化相互影响,二者共同影响叶轮域内压力脉动的变化。Omega方法能够精准捕捉到叶轮进口的回流涡、叶轮流道内通道涡和叶轮尾缘处的尾迹涡;空化初期,受通道内大面积通道涡及蜗壳隔舌动静干涉的影响,出现各叶片上空泡大小不同的情况;空化严重时受空泡脱落影响出现气液混合的高速涡团,导致低频压力脉动信号增加,空泡移动至高压区溃灭释放的能量导致出口压力脉动显著升高。

旋涡空化水动力学特性研究进展与展望

涡空化作为一种在推进器叶顶涡心处产生的空化现象,在推进器原型上往往最早出现,其一旦发生将会严重影响舰艇的声隐身性能(噪声增加10 dB以上),在很大程度上限制了舰艇临界航速的进一步提升,因而长期以来一直是空化水动力学领域研究的重点与难点课题之一.本文首先简要介绍了旋涡空化流动相较于其他形式空化流动的特点,并以梢涡空化为主要对象,系统阐述了旋涡空化初生、发展的演变行为与流动机理研究,从空化三要素的角度深入讨论了其影响因素与作用机制.在此基础上,本文分别对旋涡空化流动中尺度效应、流动控制等关键问题的相关研究进展进行了回顾,较为系统地梳理了旋涡空化尺度效应的内在原因以及旋涡空化流动控制方法与控制思路.最后,本文针对目前旋涡空化研究领域关注的重点与难点问题,对旋涡空化流动研究中采用的实验测量及数值模拟技术进行了总结与展望.

空化对尾水管区域驼峰特性影响研究

为了研究水泵水轮机空化对驼峰特性的影响,采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Z-wart空化模型对全流道进行了三维定常数值模拟计算,并分析了不同工况点下尾水管在驼峰区域的水力性能和内部流动状态。研究结果表明,不同工况点下,流量大小会改变尾水管区域液流的流动方向,从而产生偏心涡带使尾水管区域出现不稳定性,造成机组振动和噪声;单相计算结果比空化计算结果更早受到剪切流的影响。来流与壁面射流相互作用产生漩涡,出现回流现象。在速度梯度变化方面,空化计算结果的速度值要比单相的值高,能量损失有所增加。

基于Omega涡识别理论的自适应空化流动模型

液体火箭发动机涡轮泵内存在多种空化类型,其发生机理有所不同,现有数值计算方法通常采用同一套模型预测所有类型空化,导致预测精度不足。为提高复杂空化流动的计算精度,提出了自适应空化流动模型。基于先进的Omega涡识别理论和ZGB空化模型建立了相变系数自适应调整方法,以涡轮泵内两种典型空化(附着空化和泄漏涡空化)为对象,利用翼型实验对模型进行了验证。首先对比了几种涡识别方法的差异,发现Omega方法对阈值不敏感且物理意义明确,适合作为相变系数的取值依据;分析了相变系数对附着空化和泄漏涡空化的影响规律及两种典型空化的形成机理。结果表明:自适应模型相比ZGB模型,对泄漏涡空化的预测精度在大间隙下提升了约181%,小间隙提升了约27%,对附着空化的预测更接近实验结果;附着空化是吸力面脱落涡形成的原因,间隙泄漏流场的涡带和剪切层空化是由间隙泄漏涡和分离涡共同作用形成的。

非定常空化涡旋结构演化及压力波机制的研究

压力波机制是空化流动机制的一种,压力波的产生和传播是空化不稳定的重要来源。基于可压缩流体求解器和分离涡模拟(detached-eddy simulation,DES)研究了三维水翼空化流动。结果表明,压力波是由先前脱落的云空泡溃灭产生的,其传播过程会导致片状空泡的收缩和水翼表面高压力脉冲。压力波的产生会强烈扰乱涡旋的运动,水翼表面上的稳定涡旋结构被卷起,并且被小尺度涡旋结构所替代。采用动力学模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)方法分析流场特征,压力波效应和附着片状空泡的演变占据了流场的主要能量。

航行体出水过程空化结构演变与溃灭载荷特性研究

高速航行体肩部附着空泡穿越自由液面过程中发生溃灭现象,将产生巨大的冲击载荷,严重影响航行体出水姿态和结构安全性。该研究采用改进型分离涡模型,建立了水下发射非定常空化特性数值模拟方法。结果表明:航行体附着空泡出水过程自上而下发生溃灭现象,在溃灭末期收缩为较小的孤立空泡,溃灭产生的高速射流冲击结构表面;在出水过程中,水面附近的“反向旋转涡对”导致附着空泡发生了快速溃灭现象,以发卡涡为代表的壁面涡旋结构发展明显受到附着空泡的抑制;空泡溃灭末期的孤立泡产生了巨大的冲击压力峰值,对航行体结构安全性将造成巨大破坏。初期航行体迎流侧空泡溃灭行为也会导致较大的压力峰值出现。

基于凹槽结构的导管螺旋桨梢部流动研究

针对导管螺旋桨的梢部流动,受压气机中“机匣处理”的启发,将矩形凹槽结构应用于导管内壁,用于降低导管螺旋桨梢涡强度和抑制梢涡空化,进而有望改善导管螺旋桨的水动力和空泡性能。采用计算流体力学方法,针对19A导管和Ka4-70螺旋桨有无凹槽/不同凹槽结构进行非定常数值计算,研究凹槽结构对桨叶叶梢压力、梢涡强度、梢涡结构以及水动力性能的影响。结果表明:凹槽结构会明显改变导管螺旋桨梢部流场涡的形成,减弱梢涡强度,提高叶片梢部最小压力,并且对推进性能几乎没有影响。研究结果可为导管螺旋桨的梢涡控制以及减振降噪提供一种新的解决途径。

A review of studies of mechanism and prediction of tip vortex cavitation inception

The inception of the tip vortex cavitation（TVC） is a very important problem in cavitation researches. The study of the mechanism of the TVC inception is not only conducive to its prediction, but also helps to suppress or suspend the occurrence of cavitation. In this paper, the research progresses on the TVC inception including theoretical, experimental and numerical studies mainly in the last two decades are reviewed. It is shown that the TVC inception is affected by complicated factors, such as the water quality, the average pressure and the fluctuating pressure. In the scaling law for the determination of the TVC inception, all these factors are considered. To precisely describe the scaling law, more investigations are needed to understand the effects of the water quality and the fluctuating pressure.

喷嘴几何结构对涡线空化特性影响的数值模拟研究

为弄清喷嘴内燃油流动特性与涡线空化形态间的关系,阐明旋涡流动对涡线空化初生、发展的影响机制.本研究基于RSM湍流模型结合VOF多相流模型和修正的Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型开展了不同针阀升程与喷孔高度下喷嘴内涡线空化特性数值模拟研究.结果表明:不同针阀升程下喷嘴内均产生了强烈的涡线空化,当针阀升程较低时,小尺度相干涡团加剧了喷孔内纵向涡核心区的不稳定性,影响了涡线空化形态的连续性.随着针阀升程增大,旋流区直接贯穿两个喷孔,小尺度相干涡团被抑制,喷孔内形成了稳定的强纵向涡核结构.此外,随着喷孔高度减小,喷嘴sac腔内的强烈单涡核旋流逐渐变弱,且逐步演变为反向双涡核弱旋流.

Experimental measurement of tip vortex flow field with/without cavitation in an elliptic hydrofoil

In this paper, recent measurements of tip vortex flow with and without cavitation carried out in Cavitation Mechanism Tunnel of China Ship Scientific Research Center（CSSRC） are presented. The elliptic hydrofoil with section NACA 662-415 was adopted as test model. High-speed video（HSV） camera was used to visualize the trajectory of tip vortex core and the form of tip vortex cavitation（TVC） in different cavitation situations. Laser Doppler velocimetry（LDV） was employed to measure the tip vortex flow field in some typical sections along the vortex trajectory with the case of cavitation free. Stereo particle image velocimetry（SPIV） system was used to measure the velocity and vorticity distributions with and without cavitation. Series measurement results such as velocity and vorticity distributions, the trajectory of tip vortex core, the vortex core radius, cavity size and cavitation inception number were obtained. The results demonstrated that the minimum pressure coefficient in the vortex core obtained by flow field measurement was quite coincident with the tip vortex cavitation inception number obtained under the condition of high incoming velocity and low air content. And TVC would decrease the vortex strength comparing with the case without cavitation.

Calculation of tip vortex cavitation flows around three-dimensional hydrofoils and propellers using a nonlinear k-ε turbulence model

Simulations of tip vortex wetted flows and cavitating flows are carried out by using a RANS model. Two types of turbule- nce models, with and without the Boussinesq turbulent-viscosity hypothesis, are adopted in comparing with experimental results regarding the vorticity, the strain rate and the Reynolds shear stress distributions in the vortex region. The numerical results imply that the spatial phase shift between the mean strain rate and the Reynolds stresses can be accurately modeled by the nonlinear κ-ε turbulence model, the tip vortex cavitation region can only be predicted using the nonlinear κ-ε turbulence model. The mecha- nism of the over-dissipation due to the turbulence model is analyzed in terms of the turbulence production, which is one of the dominant source terms in the transport equations of energy.