An intelligent automatic correlation method of oilbearing strata based on pattern constraints:An example of accretionary stratigraphy of Shishen 100 block in Shinan Oilfield of Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Aiming at the problem that the data-driven automatic correlation methods which are difficult to adapt to the automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata with large changes in lateral sedimentary facies and strata thickness,an intelligent automatic correlation method of oil-bearing strata based on pattern constraints is formed.We propose to introduce knowledge-driven in automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata,constraining the correlation process by stratigraphic sedimentary patterns and improving the similarity measuring machine and conditional constraint dynamic time warping algorithm to automate the correlation of marker layers and the interfaces of each stratum.The application in Shishen 100 block in the Shinan Oilfield of the Bohai Bay Basin shows that the coincidence rate of the marker layers identified by this method is over 95.00%,and the average coincidence rate of identified oil-bearing strata reaches 90.02% compared to artificial correlation results,which is about 17 percentage points higher than that of the existing automatic correlation methods.The accuracy of the automatic correlation of oil-bearing strata has been effectively improved.

Devonian Frasnian-Famennian Transitional Milankovitch Cycles and High-Resolution Stratigraphic Correlation

Four hierarchical cyclothems, superbundlesets, bundlesets, bundles and laminae, have been identified from the Devonian Frasnian-Famennian carbonate strata in Guangxi, South China. Their hierarchical structures, ratio relationships and sequence in conodont zones are continuous and stable and can be traced across different facies zones and sedimentary basins. Our data show that hierarchically organized superbundlesets, bundlesets, bundles and laminae correspond to the long eccentricity, eccentricity, obliquity or precession and sub-Milankovitch cycles respectively. Their periods were 400,000, 100,000, 33,333, 16,667 and 8,000–17,000 a, respectively. The ratios of long eccentricity to eccentricity, eccentricity to obliquity, and eccentricity to precession in the Devonian are 1:4, 1:3 and 1:6 respectively. Using these hierarchical Milankovitch cyclothems, chronostratigraphical division and correlation can be realized at a resolution of 100 ka or 10 ka at the Frasnian-Famennian transition. The time intervals of the Upper rhenana Zone, linguiformis Zone, and the Lower, Middle and Upper triangularis Zone are 0.6, 0.8, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.3 Ma, respectively. Sea-level changes of the Frasnian-Famennian transition were not coherent and synchronous at the resolution of 100 ka or 10 ka in the basin-slope carbonate sequences of Guangxi, South China.

Carbon Isotope Features of the Sugetbrak Section in the Aksu-Wushi Area, Northwest China: Implications for the Precambrian/Cambrian Stratigraphic Correlations

The upper Qigeblaq Formation （Fm） dolostones and the Yurtus Fm phosphatic cherts, black shales, limestones, and dolostones are widely distributed in the Precambrian/Cambrian transitional succession of the Aksu-Wushi area. Negative δ13C excursion above the Yurtus Fm/ Qigeblaq Fm boundary was determined in this study. The pronounced negative carbon isotope excursion occurs in the phosphatic chert layers at the bottom of the Cambrian Yurtus Fm, below which the first appearance of the Asteridium- Heh＇osphaeridium-Comasphaeridium （AHC） acritarch assemblage zone. The δ13C curve of the lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Aksu-Wushi area was found to be correlated with the early Cambrian δ13C curves of the Zhujiaqing Fm （Daibu Member）, the lower part of the Yanjiahe Fm on the Yangtze Platform in China, the lower Tal Fm in India, the Sukharikha Fm in Siberia, and the upper part of the Tsagaan Oloom Fm in Mongolia through biostigraphy. The lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Tarim Basin is at the Nemakit-Daldynian stage, and the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary of the Aksu-Wushi area may be located in the phosphatic chert unit which just below the first appearance AHC acritarch assemblage zone. The negative δ13C excursion （N1） across the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary in the studied section may have resulted from oceanic overturning and sea level rise.

Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Volcanic Event Deposits and Stratigraphic Correlation in Shandong Province and Its Adjacent Regions

Deposits of 10 volcanic events of 6 stages have been discovered by the authors after detailed field and lab studies of the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in Shandong Province and its adjacent regions. They show certain temporal-spatial distribution characteristics. Volcanic fragments were probably derived from two different volcanic sources north and south of the North China Platform, while the magma of the two volcanic sources was probably derived from the lower crust. A new stratigraphic correlation scheme is put forward for the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in this region on the basis of previous biostratigraphic work with the regionally widespread volcanic event layers as the marker bed for the isochronous stratigraphic correlation on a super-regional scale and in conjunction with the maximum transgressive event layers.

Stratigraphical Time——Correlation and Mass Extinction Event Near Permian——Triassic Boundary in South China

Shaw's method used to correlate 40 sections across the Permo-Triassic boundary in South China is applied in the paper. Two steps are adopted to get an Integral Composite Section (ICS) by synthesizing these data : First , South China is divided into five areas and composite section developed for each area . Then the second step . the Changxing composite section is regarded as a composite standard (CSRS) while the ICS is produced by matching the CSRS with composite sections of the other areas. Three biozones in the Changxingian and two biozones in the Griesbachian can be discerned on the basis of computing Z values in the ICS. These biozones are marked by the Z values which quantitatively represent their time ranges ; therefore , they may increase accuracy of stratigraphic time correlation . The mass extinction at the end of the Permian is an abrupt event that is supported by the relative rate of extinction near the P/T boundary . About 90% of invertebrate species died out by the end of the Permian . The duration of the mass extinction is rather short ,approximately 0.018Ma .

Hierarchical delineation and multivariate statistical discrimination of chemozones of the Cauvery Basin,south India:Implications on spatio-temporal scales of stratigraphic correlation

Success in locating oil pools in the Cauvery Basin,south India had been found to be based on the ability to delineate precisely the stratigraphic traps resulting from frequent sea level changes.However,recognition and delineation of them in terms of depositional units through conventional stratigraphic methods have been elusive owing to the limitations of such methods and lack of unified stratigraphic markers that could be traced at regional and basinal scale.This paper attempts to recognize depositional units in terms of chemozones,chronologic and lithostratigraphic units by assigning distinct geochemical signatures.Geochemical signatures were assigned through hierarchical delineation and discriminant function analysis.It is observed that individual depositional units could be recognized statistically with whole-rock geochemical composition.The strata under study show two second order chemozones comprising six major chemozones that in turn correspond to third order sea level cycles and minor chemozones at the scale of fourth order and/or further shorter sea level cycles.The geochemical signatures showed 100% distinctness between sample populations categorized according to chronostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy.The durations of these stratigraphic units range from 18 million years to less than a million years and indicate distinct geochemical compositional change at different time slices.By implication and also due to the close correspondence between sea level variations reported from this basin and global sea level cycles,it is suggested that recognition and correlation of individual depositional units with distal counterparts could be made accurately.Implication of these results is that stratigraphic units,at varying scales either temporally or spatially,could be assigned with unique geochemical signature,with which accurate prediction and correlation of similar units elsewhere is possible with measurable accuracy.

Stratigraphic Correlation And Division of the Salite Strata

1 Introduction Stratigraphic correlation is the most important basic work in oil and gas exploration and development,Scientific and reasonable stratigraphic correlation is the premise of developing fine reservoir description,and it is

Stratigraphic Correlation of Middle TriassicSequences among Different Paleogeographic Sedimentary Facies in South China

Affected by the Indosinian movement, the sediments in the main part of South China, Yangtze platform, started to transform from marine to continental during the Middle Triassic. In the meantime, a noticeable paleogeographic and sedimentary facies differentiation occurred in the marginal regions of the platforms and produced completely different lithologic and paleontologic sequences in various paleogeographic gradients and sedimentary facies areas, which brought about the difficulties for the stratigraphic correlation based on the traditional stratigraphies. This paper proposes to use some characteristic environmental events as the markers of the stratigraphic correlation across various paleogeographic sedimentary facies, considering that some distinctive regional environmental events should have affected at the same time on the entire basin or the connected sedimentary regions and produced some closely related sedimentary records in the stratigraphic sequences though the affected intensity and recorded pattern might be different among the regions. The change of violent relative sea level (generally water depth) and the alteration of tectonic activity summarized from the dynamic mechanism of sedimentation are the best markers of environmental events for stratigraphic correlation. Based on the analysis and recognition of some significant environmental events at the typical stratigraphic sequences from various paleogeographic sedimentary facies and combined with the consideration of the variations in expressed form and strength of the events among different paleogeographic gradients and sedimentary facies, the stratigraphic sequences from different sedimentary facies can be easily correlated directly. Furthermore, the evolutionary history of the whole sedimentary basin can be clearly established.

The Discovery of the Bivalve Fossil Arguniella from the Lower Cretaceous Shangkuli Formation in Northern Greater Khingan Mountains, China: Implications for Stratigraphic Correlation

Objective Typical Early Cretaceous non-marine bivalve fossils from Eastern Asia are represented by the Arguniella-Sphaerium assemblage,and they were important members of the Jehol Biota.Historically,the genus Arguniella in western Liaoning had been mistakenly identified as the Jurassic Ferganoconcha,re-identified as Arguniella with。

Early Cambrian carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Tarim Basin and a correlation with the Yangtze Platform

Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy has been used worldwide for stratigraphic correlation.In this study,δ13Ccarb values are estimated for the Early Cambrian Sugaitebulake section in the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China.As a result,one positive and two negative carbon isotope excursions in the studied section were iden-tified.The δ13Ccarb values reached the maximum negative excursion(N1:-12.39‰) at the basal of the Yuertusi For-mation,and then increased to P1.After P1,δ13Ccarb values sharply decreased to about-7.06‰(N2) in the studied section.The pattern of δ13Ccarb in the Early Cambrian is comparable to the synchronous records of other sections,such as the Laolin section,the Xiaotan section and the Anjiahe section of the Yangtze Platform.It is concluded that the Early Cambrian Yuertusi Formation from the Tarim Basin is within the Nemakit-Daldynian stage,and the lower strata of the Yuertusi Formation may belong to the Zhujiaqing Formation(Meishucun Formation) of the Yangtze Platform.The Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary of the Tarim Block should be located in cherts and phosphorites suc-cessions at the basal of the Yuertusi Formation.The δ13Ccarb negative excursion N1 is just across the PC/C boundary,and may be related to certain biomass extinction due to anoxic sedimentary environment,transgression and/or the oceanic overturn.The second δ13Ccarb negative excursion N2 may account for the sea-level falling in the Early Cam-brian.

Discovery of Pseudofrenelopsis gansuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Wangqing,Jilin Province,and Its Significance in Correlation of Cretaceous Red Beds in China

New data from abundant vegetative shoots and cuticular analysis are provided for the Cretaceous cheirolepidiaceous conifer Pseudofrenelopsis gansuensis Deng, Yang et Lu. The material was found from a new locality of the Lower Cretaceous strata in the Luozigou Basin, Wangqing, Jilin Province, northeastern China. Pseudofrenelopsis is a common plant in the Dalazi Formation of the Yanji Basin about 150 km from Wangqing, but there exists different species, Pseudofrenelopsis dalatzensis only. Both P. dalatzensis and P. gansuensis have been recorded from the Lower Cretaceous of Jiuquan, Gansu Province, but they are in different stratigraphic horizons. The Lower Cretaceous plant-bearing strata in Luozigou have used to correlate with the Dalazi Formation of the Yanji Basin. The discovery of P. gansuensis, which is lower in horizon than P. dalatzensis in Jiuquan, may indicate that they are also different in horizon in Jilin. Cheirolepidiaceous conifers are among the few fossils of red beds of the Early Cretaceous in China. The present discovery of Pseudofrenelopsis gansuensis provides important evidence for classification, correlation and determination of geological ages of the Early Cretaceous non-marine red deposits of the two separate basins in remote areas of North China.

Stratigraphic Framework of the Cryogenian in China

The Cryogenian is a critical period in the history of the Earth. It is marked by multiple extreme climate changes that caused alternating global glacial and interglacial intervals. These dramatically changed the sedimentary system, and metal ores and source rocks distributed widely during this period. Therefore, studying the Cryogenian stratigraphic framework and sedimentary basins is important to improve the stratigraphic resolution for metal mineral and hydrocarbon prospecting and exploration in China. This review paper firstly divides three tectonic-stratigraphic regions in China in the Cryogenian, including the tectonic-stratigraphic regions of Great South China, Xingmeng-Tarim, and North China. Secondly, geochronologic data and geological records are combined to clearly depict the Cryogenian sedimentary sequence of continental blocks and micro-continental blocks in different tectonic-stratigraphic regions. The results were used to propose a new comparison scheme of stratigraphy for the Cryogenian in China. Finally, according to differences of sedimentary evolution and tectonic evolvement, sedimentary basins and their lithofacies paleogeography are identified and summarized, respectively.

Stratigraphic framework of late Paleozoic in northeastern China

Late Paleozoic strata in northeastern China are distributed in a zonal pattern around the old-land on the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block. They are composed of active deposits in the regular distributed tectonic lithofacies zones. This indicates that the late Paleozoic strata belong to continental margin deposits. According to the strong conformability of the sedimentary strata in the same continental margin and distinct differences among the three continental margins, three stratigraphical regions of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Stratigraphical Province are recognized along the northern, southern and eastern margins of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block, named respectively as Xing＇an Stratigraphical Region, Inner Mongolia grass-Songhua River Stratigraphical Region and Baoqing-Hunchun Stra- tigraphical Region. Due to the characteristics of continental margin deposits and active sediments, the strata can be correlated on the level of formation by the methods of analysing the rock association in the same stratigraphic region. Therefore, some revisions of the lithologieal formations of the late Paleozoic strata in northeastern China have been made, and a new chart of lithostratigraphic correlation has been proposed. Furthermore, the present stratigraphic framework is setting on the International Stratigraphic Chart on the level of stage, after comprehen- sive researches to lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, especially the conodont biostratigra- phy and isotopic ages of volcanic rocks obtained in recent years.

Volcanic Event Layers——A Marker Bed of Correlation of Coal Measures

Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian volcanic event deposits from two cross sections in Nanpiao, Liaoning Province, and the Daqing Mountains, Inner Mongolia, were examined by systematic rock and mineral identification, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and trace element and rare earth element quantitative analysis. According to the results, twelve sequences of volcanic event deposits have been distinguished from bottom to top, including 34–39 volcanic event layers. As these layers each have their own distinctive petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and were derived from the same source, they provide new evidence for further ascertaining the distribution characteristics of volcanic event deposits on the northern margin of the North China plate and carrying out the stratigraphic correlation using volcanic event layers as marker beds.

Correlation methods of base-level cycle based on wavelet neural network

The authors discussed the method of wavelet neural network （WNN） for correlation of base-level cycle. A new vectored method of well log data was proposed. Through the training with the known data set, the WNN can remenber the cycle pattern characteristic of the well log curves. By the trained WNN to identify the cycle pattern in the vectored log data, the ocrrdation process among the well cycles was completed. The application indicates that it is highly efficient and reliable in base-level cycle correlation.

渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷古近系沙三下亚段旋回地层学分析及地层划分

湖相细粒沉积多具有连续性,能记录和保存显著的天文旋回信号,是进行天文旋回分析的理想地层。通过对渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷重点井沙三下亚段自然伽马数据进行MTM频谱分析和FFT进化谐波分析,建立了“浮动”天文年代标尺,并在单井上进行了天文旋回地层划分及连井地层对比,为全区搭建了地层格架。研究结果表明:(1)渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段记录了显著的天文旋回信号,匹配出最优沉积速率为9.0×103cm/Ma;由长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差周期产生的旋回地层厚度分别为42.3 m,9.0 m,2.4~4.7 m和1.3~1.9 m;(2)沙三下亚段比较稳定的记录了6个长偏心率旋回、25个短偏心率旋回,可将短偏心率曲线作为地层划分依据来进行高精度地层对比。(3)运用天文旋回理论进行岩相发育规律、岩相空间配置关系的预测,可为湖盆沉积中心页岩油气地质“甜点”的精细勘探提供依据。

论羌塘含油气盆地关键地层划分对比问题

羌塘含油气盆地勘探程度相对较低,一些关键地层的时代归属与划分对比尚存较大的争议,这制约了盆地石油地质条件评价与含油气系统分析。基于近年来在羌塘盆地获得的生物地层、年代地层、沉积层序、盆地演化等方面的最新资料,结合前人的研究基础,重点对制约含油气盆地分析的关键地层时代归属问题开展了综合分析与客观评述。取得的主要认识包括:(1)新的同位素年代学资料证实,羌塘盆地存在前寒武系变质岩结晶基底,古生界基底埋深可达7~15 km,中生界沉积超覆在古生界褶皱系之上;(2)那底岗日组时代归属为晚三叠世,而不是早—中侏罗世;(3)南羌塘古油藏白云岩属于上三叠统,古油藏白云岩很可能“异地无根”,与布曲组为构造断裂接触;(4)南羌塘毕洛错油页岩时代归属为早侏罗世;(5)雀莫错组原定义为中侏罗统,研究证实其时代归属为早—中侏罗世;(6)胜利河—长蛇山油页岩Re-Os同位素定年及生物化石资料证明其为下白垩统海相地层;(7)同位素年代学及野外露头剖面资料证实,康托组与唢呐湖组为同期异相地层。羌塘盆地地层学研究新进展为完善盆地地层划分对比方案,乃至盆地含油气系统分析与盆地资源潜力评价提供了新的依据。

基于模式约束的油层单元智能自动对比方法——以渤海湾盆地史南油田史深100区块加积式地层对比为例

针对基于数据驱动的地层自动对比方法难以适应侧向沉积相变快及地层厚度差异大的油层单元自动对比这一问题,建立基于模式约束的油层单元智能自动对比方法。该方法提出在油层单元自动对比中引入知识驱动,采用地层发育模式约束油层单元自动对比过程,并将地层模式约束思想引入构建的相似性度量机及改进的条件约束动态时间规整算法,实现了对标志层及各油层单元界面的自动对比。渤海湾盆地史南油田史深100区块的应用表明:与人工对比结果相比,该方法标志层识别吻合率高于95.00%,油层单元识别平均吻合率达90.02%;与已有自动对比方法相比,油层单元识别平均吻合率提升约17个百分点,有效提高了油层单元自动对比精度。

四川广元羊木-岩洞地区震旦纪-寒武纪界线地层序列及构造-沉积演化

绵阳-长宁拉张槽的形成机制及时间尚存在巨大争议,严重制约了灯影组油气勘探的部署。为更好地对拉张槽深水地层提供时代约束,深化拉张槽构造-沉积演化认识,基于露头描述、薄片观察、碳同位素测试,对广元地区4个露头剖面开展综合地层对比和沉积环境分析。岩石学及碳同位素特征表明,研究区实测4条野外露头剖面从下到上可划分为4个岩性段(Ⅰ~Ⅳ):岩性段Ⅰ为薄层泥质灰岩夹泥质白云岩条带,对应陡山沱组三段Shuram-Wonoka负偏段地层;岩性段Ⅱ以黑色页岩为代表,可对比陡山沱组四段;岩性段Ⅲ为块状白云岩-硅质岩序列,属于灯影组同期地层;岩性段Ⅳ以薄板状硅质岩为特征,相当于麦地坪组。其中,灯影组二段早期—麦地坪期,研究区从块状白云岩逐步过渡为薄板状硅质岩,见垮塌体及滑塌揉皱,指示台地转换为斜坡-盆地沉积环境。这种加深的沉积趋势与中上扬子台地相区变浅至暴露的过程完全相反,指示断裂活动影响下快速沉降的过程。

川东南地区寒武系洗象池组碳、氧同位素特征及其意义——以贵州吼滩剖面为例

川东南地区寒武系洗象池组碳酸盐岩普遍发生白云石化,且缺乏生物化石,长期以来在地层对比与划分方面未形成统一认识。本研究在野外剖面和岩石学特征观察分析的基础上,对川东南地区中—上寒武统洗象池组41个碳酸盐岩样品进行了碳、氧同位素分析。结果显示,研究区洗象池组以泥晶—细粉晶白云岩为主,含少量残余砂屑白云岩、粗粉—细晶白云岩;样品的δ18 O值分布在-11.05‰~-8.29‰范围,平均为-9.67‰,δ13 C值介于-2.29‰~1.36‰之间,平均为-0.73‰,且δ18 O值和δ13 C值无明显正相关性,基本保留了同期海水的原生碳、氧同位素组成。分析表明,中—晚寒武世洗象池期川东南地区整体处于海相环境,其中中—晚期盐度相对早期盐度整体略微升高,海水温度分布在15.2℃~27.5℃,属于温暖或炎热的亚热带气候。SPICE(steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion)事件在吼滩剖面有很好的可对比性,可与全球其他地区进行对比,反映一次全球范围的海退事件。此外,通过对比川东南地区吼滩剖面与太和1井和渝东北地区利1井的碳同位素特征,认为渝东北地区盐度相对川东南地区较高,洗象池期盐盆地由川东南向渝东北演化,对于寻找盐类矿床和油气地质具有重要意义。