Microfluidics-based assay on the effects of microenvironmental geometry and aqueous flow on bacterial adhesion behaviors

Abstract A new microfluidic system with four different microchambers （a circle and three equilateral concave polygons） was designed and fabricated using poly（dimethylsiloxane） （PDMS） and the soft lithography method. Using this microfluidic device at six flow rates （5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μL/h）, the effects of microenvironmental geometry and aqueous flow on bacterial adhesion behaviors were investigated. Escherichia coli HB101 pGLO, which could produce a green fluorescent protein induced by L-arabinose, was utilized as the model bacteria. The results demonstrated that bacterial adhesion was significantly related to culture time, microenvironment geometry, and aqueous flow rates. Adhered bacterial density increased with the culture time. Initially, the adhesion occurred at the microchamber sides, and then the entire chamber was gradually covered with increased culture time. Adhesion densities in the side zones were larger than those in the center zones because of the lower shearing force in the side zone. Also, the adhesion densities in the complex chambers were larger than those in the simple chambers. At low flow rates, the orientation of adhered bacteria was random and disorderly. At high flow rates, bacterial orientation became close to the streamline and oriented toward the flow direction; All these results implied that bacterial adhesion tended to occur in complicated aqueous flow areas.The present study provided an on-chip flow system for physiological behavior of biological cells, as well as provided a strategic cue for the prevention of bacterial infection and biofilm formation.

Synthetic Process of Bio-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive Derived from Demethylated Wheat Straw Alkali Lignin and Its Curing Behavior

Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a complex three-dimensional network, commercially obtained from wasteliquid of paper pulp and bioethanol production, and could be a candidate for preparation of environment-friendlybio-based polyphenol material. In the present work, the demethylated wheat straw alkali lignin (D-Lig), preparedby demethylation of wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) using an in-situ generated Lewis acid, was used to synthesizebio-based phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive (D-LPF) applied in plywood. Effects of synthetic process’s factors,including lignin substitution for phenol, NaOH concentration and molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol, on thebonding strength and free formaldehyde content of D-LPF were investigated in detail, and the optimum syntheticprocess of D-LPF was obtained as following: Lignin substitution for phenol 60%, NaOH concentration 5.0% andmolar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol 2.0, and under the optimum reaction condition, the D-LPF presented lower free formaldehyde content (0.18%) and higher bonding strength (2.19 MPa), which was better than those ofcontaining-lignin phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive (LPF). Additionally, the curing behavior of the adhesivewas studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with gel time. It can be obtained that D-LPFresin adhesive had the shortest gel time, and fastest curing rate, compared with those of PF and L-PF resin adhesives. The curing kinetics data was fitted well by Kissinger model using non-isothermal DSC method, and theaverage activation energy value was 85.3 kJ/mol, slightly higher than that of commercial PF resin, while lowerthan that of LPF (90.2 kJ/mol). Finally, based on the analytical results of high temperature fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a possible curing mechanism of D-LPF was proposed.

STUDIES ON THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN FUNCTIONALIZED POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE 1010

The interface behavior of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) and polypropylene (PP) was studied. In order to improve their interfacial adhesion, functional PP was prepared by means of grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on PP main chains and used instead of plain PP. Several technological characterizations were performed here on their interfaces. ESCA was used to confirm that some kind of reaction occurred between end groups of PA1010 and epoxy species of PP-g-GMA. The peel test was adopted to measure interfacial adhesion. It was found that the fracture energy of interfaces between PA1010 and PP-g-GMA was dramatically increased with the content of GMA. Their interfaces were observed as being blurred by using SEM and TEM and a crack that could be seen in the case of the interfaces of the PA1010 and the plain PP disappeared.

A review on adhesion behavior of chip seal pavement and aggregate

Chip seal is widely used for preventive maintenance to mitigate pavement deterioration,but it is prone to aggregate loss during pavement service.To further promote the development and application of chip seals in road engineering in China,the research progress of the adhesion behavior of aggregate and binder in chip seals was reviewed in this paper,focusing on the adhesion mechanism of emulsified asphalt and alkaline aggregate.The Influencing factors and evaluation methodology of chip seals'aggregate adhesion behavior were also discussed.The results demonstrate that the adhesion process between emulsified asphalt and alkaline aggregate is divided into three processes including infiltration,demulsification,and cluster,which is more complicated when compared to hot asphalt.When designing a chip seal,not only the characteristics of single material should be paid attention to,but also the combination of binder and aggregate matters a lot.To form good adhesion between aggregate and asphalt binder,various influencing factors such as material selection,design method,and construction technical index should be considered comprehensively in the whole design,construction,and operation process.Three methods for evaluating adhesion behavior are summarized,including macroscopic adhesion performance tests,image analysis technology,and model prediction.It is not objective to evaluate the aggregate adhesion behavior of chip seal only by a single evaluation method.A comprehensive evaluation based on the micro-macro multi-scale method should be considered in the future.

Study of Cell Behaviors on Anodized TiO_2 Nanotube Arrays with Coexisting Multi-Size Diameters

It has been revealed that the different morphologies of anodized TiO_2 nanotubes, especially nanotube diameters, triggered different cell behaviors. However, the influence of TiO_2 nanotubes with coexisting multi-size diameters on cell behaviors is seldom reported. In this work, coexisting four-diameter TiO_2 nanotube samples, namely,one single substrate with the integration of four different nanotube diameters(60, 150, 250, and 350 nm), were prepared by repeated anodization. The boundaries between two different diameter regions show well-organized structure without obvious difference in height. The adhesion behaviors of MC3T3-E1 cells on the coexisting fourdiameter TiO_2 nanotube arrays were investigated. The results exhibit a significant difference of cell density between smaller diameters(60 and 150 nm) and larger diameters(250 and 350 nm) within 24 h incubation with the coexistence of different diameters, which is totally different from that on the single-diameter TiO_2 nanotube arrays. The coexistence of four different diameters does not change greatly the cell morphologies compared with the singlediameter nanotubes. The findings in this work are expected to offer further understanding of the interaction between cells and materials.

Advances in studies of the tribological behavior of molecular deposition films

An overview of the advances in studies on tribology of molecular deposition （MD） films is presented here to summarize the studies of nanofrictional properties, adhesion, wear and mechanical behavior, as well as the molecular dynamics simulation of nanotribological properties of the film in the last decade. Some key research topics which need to be investigate further are addressed.

Influences of Copolymer Composition upon the Behaviors of Poly(vinyl acetate-co-acrylamide)Sizing Agents

A series of poly(vinyl acetate-co-acrylamide)copolymers with different mole ratios of vinyl acetate to acrylamide units were synthesized by emulsion polymerization for investigating the influences of copolymer composition upon the performance such as apparent viscosity,film behaviors,and adhesion capacity to fibers for warp sizing operation.The mole ratios of vinyl acetate to acrylamide were varied from 0 to 4.By using an impregnated roving method,the adhesion was evaluated in terms of the maximal strength and work to break of a slightly sized roving.The film behaviors included breaking strength,breaking elongation,solution time and hygroscopic capacity.It was found that the viscosity,adhesion capability,glass transition temperature and film behaviors of the copolymeric sizing agent strongly depended on the mole ratio.Excessively increasing the amounts of vinyl acetate or acrylamide units incorporated into the copolymeric chains damages much of the performance.A favorable mole ratio of vinyl acetate or acrylamide was found to be 45∶55.Based on this mole ratio,the adhesion capability and film behaviors of the sizing agent reach their maximal values simultaneously.This demonstrates that the sizing agent should be synthesized under this copolymer composition from the viewpoint of adhesion and film behaviors.

Biophysical Regulation of Cell Behavior-Cross Talk between Substrate Stiffness and Nanotopography

The stiffness and nanotopographical characteristics of the extracellular matrix （ECM） influence numerous developmental, physiological, and pathological processes in vivo. These biophysical cues have therefore been applied to modulate almost all aspects of cell behavior, from cell adhesion and spreading to proliferation and differentiation. Delineation of the biophysical modulation of cell behavior is critical to the rational design of new biomaterials, implants, and medical devices. The effects of stiffness and topographical cues on cell behavior have previously been reviewed, respectively; however, the interwoven effects of stiffness and nanotopographical cues on cell behavior have not been well described, despite similarities in phenotypic manifestations. Herein, we first review the effects of substrate stiffness and nanotopography on cell behavior, and then focus on intracellular transmission of the biophysical signals from integrins to nucleus. Attempts are made to connect extracellular regulation of cell behavior with the biophysical cues. We then discuss the challenges in dissecting the biophysical regulation of cell behavior and in translating the mechanistic understanding of these cues to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Experimental study about the influence of adhesive stiffness to the bonding strengths of adhesives for ceramic/metal targets

The aim of the investigations presented here was to understand how the stiffness of the adhesive affects the failure of ceramic tiles adhered to metallic backings. The working hypothesis was that varying the adhesive stiffness could have the same effect on the ballistic performance as a variation of the adhesive thickness.Two different projectile/target combinations were utilized for ballistic tests in order to generate extremely different loading conditions. With targets consisting of 6 mm aluminum oxide ceramic and 6 mm aluminum backing, complete penetration occurred in each test with 7.62 mm tungsten carbide core AP ammunition at an impact velocity of 940 m/s. In contrast, with ceramic tiles of 20 mm thickness on 13 mm steel backing,no penetration of the ceramic occurred at the impact of a 7.62 mm ball round at 840 m/s.Four different types of adhesive(high-strength till high-flexible) were tested in both configurations. The elongation of the adhesive layer, the deformation of the metallic backing and the failure of the ceramics were observed by means of a high-speed camera during the projectile/target interaction.The results of the ballistic tests showed that a higher fracture strain caused a larger deformation of the backing compared to adhesives, which exhibit a high tensile strength and low fracture strains.The experimental results indicate that the damage behavior of the ceramic/metal composites depends on the absolute elongation of the adhesive layer. This can be controlled either by the thickness or the stiffness of the bonding layer.

胶粘剂在湿热环境下的老化行为规律及环境损伤机理

本工作选取硅橡胶胶粘剂、环氧树脂胶粘剂这两类典型胶粘剂作为研究对象,开展实验室湿热加速试验,从胶粘剂材料及胶接界面等角度研究其老化行为规律及环境损伤机理。结果表明,在试验初期上述两类胶粘剂均发生后固化反应,这导致样品的拉伸剪切强度和初始热分解温度有所上升。随着老化持续进行,样品的拉伸剪切强度和初始热分解温度逐渐下降。硅橡胶胶粘剂的界面破坏形式由内聚破坏占主导的混合破坏向界面破坏转变,而环氧树脂胶粘剂的界面破坏形式由界面破坏占主导的混合破坏向界面破坏转变。分析其可能的环境损伤机理,认为侧基氧化、Si-O结构环化解聚、水解和交联反应等可能存在于硅橡胶胶粘剂湿热老化过程中。就环氧树脂胶粘剂而言,其老化可能主要源于主链中C-N键等处链段降解,以及羟基、与N相连的亚甲基处发生氧化反应等。

曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖习性及其产卵场修复的研究

采用对比分析方法,观察了曼氏无针乌贼的繁殖习性,比较了不同产卵附着物的附卵效果,选择典型产卵场(中街山列岛海区)进行附着物的调查。结果表明,曼氏无针乌贼有较高等复杂的性行为,有显著的求偶、争偶及雌雄搏斗现象,乌贼交配对其它乌贼交配有诱导作用;乌贼对附卵基有严格选择,没有充足适宜的附卵基,不仅使乌贼产卵时间延迟、数量减少,而且易被水流冲散、沉入底部致受精卵大量死亡,是影响乌贼繁衍的重要因素;附卵基附卵效果依次为聚乙烯(PE)绳、聚丙烯(PP)绳、钢筋、竹子、木头,颜色依次为黑色、蓝色、红色、黄色,形状依次为圆柱体、正三棱柱体、正长方体、扁长方体,粗度以直径0.25—0.50cm为宜,此外附卵基间应有适当空隙;目前,中街山列岛海区柳珊瑚(Plexaauraa sp.)生物量为0.15—0.64棵/m2,平均生物量为0.32棵/m2,资源数量趋于恢复,但远不能适应乌贼资源修复需要。增殖放流试验表明,修复乌贼资源的可能性很大,但在加大增殖放流工作的同时,必须尽快开展产卵场生态环境修复尤其是产卵附着物修复工作。

THE STUDY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF Torrentophryne aspinia

Torrentophryne aspinia is a new kind of toads discovered in China recently, it lives in the forest floor in West Yunnan, the most important things for this kind of species is that they have a kind of torrent-adapted tadpoles which have abdominal suckers and can adhere to the surfaces of rocks in moving waters. In this article, we described the forming procedures of abdominal sucker and some breeding behaviors, habitats and habits. After comparing with those of other toads, it is confirmed that Torrentophryne should be a new valid genus, it is derived from ancestor toads because of adaptation to the torrent habitats, by the forming of torrent -adapted organ-abdominal sucker in the early development.

聚醚胺对高弹性-高伸长率环氧树脂胶粘剂力学性能影响的研究

用聚醚胺(D230,D400,T403)和聚醚胺(D2000)作为混合固化剂,用浇铸成型法制备了系列环氧树脂结构胶粘剂。目的是通过配方设计、简化工艺研制出系列具有高弹性-高伸长率的环氧树脂胶粘剂。并与普通改性脂肪胺(593#)和聚醚胺(D2000)作为混合固化剂,聚醚多元醇(HF220)作为改性剂的环氧树脂体系进行了比较。实验用SEM法对树脂浇铸体断面微观形貌进行了观察,用动态DMTA法对树脂玻璃化转变温度(Tg)进行了测定,并对固化物的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、以及断面形貌进行了测定,考察了聚醚胺相对分子质量、结构、官能度对拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和应力-应变的影响。动态力学分析法(DMTA)结果显示:体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随着聚醚胺(D2000)加入量的增加而降低,当m(D400)∶m(D2000)=35∶100,Tg为16.63℃,达到最低,说明材料在低温也具有较好的柔弹性。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察,证明聚醚胺对环氧树脂具有优异的相容性,对环氧树脂起到了增柔-弹性化的作用。

汽车风挡玻璃用密封胶的结构与性能研究

研究了三种汽车风挡玻璃用单组分PU(聚氨酯)密封胶和SPU(硅烷改性聚氨酯)密封胶。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)法分析了三种密封胶的结构和相对分子质量,并对其固化行为、粘接性能和力学性能等进行了研究。结果表明:相对湿度越大(或固化温度越高),则三种密封胶的表干时间越短且固化速率越大;在三种密封胶的储存过程中,其表干时间和固化速率变化不大,稳定性较好;SPU密封胶与基材的粘接性能优于PU密封胶;PU密封胶的拉伸强度(≥8.2 MPa)和撕裂强度(19 N/mm)均优于SPU密封胶的拉伸强度(5.8 MPa)和撕裂强度(13 N/mm)。

相容剂对长玻纤增强尼龙66树脂力学性能和流变行为的影响

采用自行研制的熔体浸渍包覆长玻纤装置,制备了长玻纤增强尼龙66（LGF-PA66）复合材料。研究了相容剂乙烯-辛烯共聚物接枝马来酸酐（POE-g-MAH）、三元乙丙橡胶接枝马来酸酐（EPDM-g-MAH）对LGF-PA66力学性能和流学行为的影响。结果发现：当相容剂质量分数为2.5%时,复合材料的拉伸强度最大,缺口冲击强度在相容剂质量分数为0%~10.0%范围内近似线性的增加,不同相容剂对力学性能的影响相似。运用了拉伸强度模型和缺口冲击强度模型对实验结果进行了解释。相容剂用量的增加导致了平衡扭矩线性的提高,但对实际加工并没有带来太大的影响。

一种适用于钢丝(筋)网水泥加固RC结构的纤维增强复合砂浆和界面剂

通过对一种用聚合物纤维增强的复合砂浆进行了抗压、抗拉性能试验研究,对粘结面上涂刷有一种由水泥基复合的双组分无机界面剂的被连接试件进行了弯曲抗拉试验及剪切试验研究。破坏面的微观结构观测分析和宏观性能试验结果分析以及用于RC结构的加固实践均表明,这种砂浆配合其界面剂的使用很适合于目前用钢丝(筋)网水泥砂浆加固RC结构的工程应用。

在空间环境因素作用下胶接材料的损伤行为

简要概述了空间胶接材料体系 ,阐述了在空间因素作用下胶接材料的损伤行为 。

低取代度羧甲基淀粉对纤维粘附性能

通过改变一氯乙酸对淀粉的投料比 ,制备了一系列具有不同变性程度的低取代度羧甲基淀粉。然后以比粘附强度和断裂伸长为量化指标 ,通过轻浆粗纱法研究了淀粉羧甲基化变性、变性程度及纤维类型对纤维粘附性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,上述三种因素都对其比粘附强度有显著影响 ,当取代度为0 .0 17时 ,比粘附强度最大。此外 ,还研究了 CMS- PVA共混物对涤

聚氨酯／环氧树脂互穿网络聚合物相行为与粘接剪切性能的研究

制备了一系列聚氨酯／环氧树脂互穿聚合物网络ＰＵ／ＥＰＩＰＮｓ。由ＤＳＣ、ＴＭＡ和ＤＤＶ研究表明，ＩＰＮｓ在高温区存在单一的玻璃化转变温度Ｔｇ，ＩＰＮｓ的相行为与其粘接剪切强度相关。

缓蚀膜电化学行为与微观粘附力特征

采用传统电化学测试技术及原子力显微镜(AFM)力曲线分析法对十二烷基硫醇/金电极以及十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)/铝电极表面缓蚀吸附膜的吸附行为进行了研究.结果表明,随缓蚀剂浓度改变,电极电化学行为与缓蚀膜的微观粘附力特征呈现出关联性的变化趋势,表明AFM力曲线技术可成功应用于缓蚀膜吸附行为的研究.