A novel fractional uplink power control framework for self-organizing networks

Internet of things and network densification bring significant challenges to uplink management.Only depending on optimization algorithm enhancements is not enough for uplink transmission.To control intercell interference,Fractional Uplink Power Control(FUPC)should be optimized from network-wide perspective,which has to find a better traffic distribution model.Conventionally,traffic distribution is geographic-based,and ineffective due to tricky locating efforts.This paper proposes a novel uplink power management framework for Self-Organizing Networks(SON),which firstly builds up pathloss-based traffic distribution model and then makes the decision of FUPC based on the model.PathLoss-based Traffic Distribution(PLTD)aggregates traffic based on the propagation condition of traffic that is defined as the pathloss between the position generating the traffic and surrounding cells.Simulations show that the improvement in optimization efficiency of FUPC with PLTD can be up to 40%compared to conventional GeoGraphic-based Traffic Distribution(GGTD).

Application of Self-Organizing Feature Map Neural Network Based on K-means Clustering in Network Intrusion Detection

Due to the widespread use of the Internet,customer information is vulnerable to computer systems attack,which brings urgent need for the intrusion detection technology.Recently,network intrusion detection has been one of the most important technologies in network security detection.The accuracy of network intrusion detection has reached higher accuracy so far.However,these methods have very low efficiency in network intrusion detection,even the most popular SOM neural network method.In this paper,an efficient and fast network intrusion detection method was proposed.Firstly,the fundamental of the two different methods are introduced respectively.Then,the selforganizing feature map neural network based on K-means clustering(KSOM)algorithms was presented to improve the efficiency of network intrusion detection.Finally,the NSLKDD is used as network intrusion data set to demonstrate that the KSOM method can significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration than SOM method without substantially affecting the clustering results and the accuracy is much higher than Kmeans method.The Experimental results show that our method can relatively improve the accuracy of network intrusion and significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration.

Waterlogging risk assessment based on self-organizing map(SOM)artificial neural networks:a case study of an urban storm in Beijing

Due to rapid urbanization, waterlogging induced by torrential rainfall has become a global concern and a potential risk affecting urban habitant's safety. Widespread waterlogging disasters haveoccurred almost annuallyinthe urban area of Beijing, the capital of China. Based on a selforganizing map(SOM) artificial neural network(ANN), a graded waterlogging risk assessment was conducted on 56 low-lying points in Beijing, China. Social risk factors, such as Gross domestic product(GDP), population density, and traffic congestion, were utilized as input datasets in this study. The results indicate that SOM-ANNis suitable for automatically and quantitatively assessing risks associated with waterlogging. The greatest advantage of SOM-ANN in the assessment of waterlogging risk is that a priori knowledge about classification categories and assessment indicator weights is not needed. As a result, SOM-ANN can effectively overcome interference from subjective factors,producing classification results that are more objective and accurate. In this paper, the risk level of waterlogging in Beijing was divided into five grades. The points that were assigned risk grades of IV or Vwere located mainly in the districts of Chaoyang, Haidian, Xicheng, and Dongcheng.

3D Ice Shape Description Method Based on BLSOM Neural Network

When checking the ice shape calculation software,its accuracy is judged based on the proximity between the calculated ice shape and the typical test ice shape.Therefore,determining the typical test ice shape becomes the key task of the icing wind tunnel tests.In the icing wind tunnel test of the tail wing model of a large amphibious aircraft,in order to obtain accurate typical test ice shape,the Romer Absolute Scanner is used to obtain the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape on the tail wing model.Then,the batch-learning self-organizing map(BLSOM)neural network is used to obtain the 2D average ice shape along the model direction based on the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape,while its tolerance band is calculated using the probabilistic statistical method.The results show that the combination of 2D average ice shape and its tolerance band can represent the 3D characteristics of the test ice shape effectively,which can be used as the typical test ice shape for comparative analysis with the calculated ice shape.

A self-organizing shortest path finding strategy on complex networks

The shortcomings of traditional methods to find the shortest path are revealed, and a strategy of finding the self- organizing shortest path based on thermal flux diffusion on complex networks is presented. In our method, the shortest paths between the source node and the other nodes are found to be self-organized by comparing node temperatures. The computation complexity of the method scales linearly with the number of edges on underlying networks. The effects of the method on several networks, including a regular network proposed by Ravasz and Barabasi which is called the RB network, a real network, a random network proposed by Ravasz and Barabasi which is called the ER network and a scale-free network, are also demonstrated. Analytic and simulation results show that the method has a higher accuracy and lower computational complexity than the conventional methods.

Self-Organizing Genetic Algorithm Based Method for Constructing Bayesian Networks from Databases

The typical characteristic of the topology of Bayesian networks (BNs) is the interdependence among different nodes (variables), which makes it impossible to optimize one variable independently of others, and the learning of BNs structures by general genetic algorithms is liable to converge to local extremum. To resolve efficiently this problem, a self-organizing genetic algorithm (SGA) based method for constructing BNs from databases is presented. This method makes use of a self-organizing mechanism to develop a genetic algorithm that extended the crossover operator from one to two, providing mutual competition between them, even adjusting the numbers of parents in recombination (crossover/recomposition) schemes. With the K2 algorithm, this method also optimizes the genetic operators, and utilizes adequately the domain knowledge. As a result, with this method it is able to find a global optimum of the topology of BNs, avoiding premature convergence to local extremum. The experimental results proved to be and the convergence of the SGA was discussed.

A Self-Organizing Memory Neural Network for Aerosol Concentration Prediction

Haze-fog,which is an atmospheric aerosol caused by natural or man-made factors,seriously affects the physical and mental health of human beings.PM2.5(a particulate matter whose diameter is smaller than or equal to 2.5 microns)is the chief culprit causing aerosol.To forecast the condition of PM2.5,this paper adopts the related the meteorological data and air pollutes data to predict the concentration of PM2.5.Since the meteorological data and air pollutes data are typical time series data,it is reasonable to adopt a machine learning method called Single Hidden-Layer Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network(SSHL-LSTMNN)containing memory capability to implement the prediction.However,the number of neurons in the hidden layer is difficult to decide unless manual testing is operated.In order to decide the best structure of the neural network and improve the accuracy of prediction,this paper employs a self-organizing algorithm,which uses Information Processing Capability(IPC)to adjust the number of the hidden neurons automatically during a learning phase.In a word,to predict PM2.5 concentration accurately,this paper proposes the SSHL-LSTMNN to predict PM2.5 concentration.In the experiment,not only the hourly precise prediction but also the daily longer-term prediction is taken into account.At last,the experimental results reflect that SSHL-LSTMNN performs the best.

Research on the credit classification of practicing qualification personnel in construction market based on self-organizing neural network

Combining with the characters of the practicing qualification personnel in construction market,evaluation method based on the self-organizing neural network is brought out to analyze the credit classification of the practicing qualification personnel. And the impact factors on the credit classification of the practicing qualification personnel,such as the number of neurons,the training steps,the dimension of neurons and the field of winning neurons are studied. Then a self-organizing competitive neural network is built. At last,a case study is conducted by taking practicing qualification personnel as an example. The research result reveals that the method can efficiently evaluate the credit of the practicing qualification personnel;thus,it could provide scientific advice to the construction enterprise to prevent relevant discreditable behaviors of some practicing qualification personnel.

Enhanced Self-Organizing Map Neural Network for DNA Sequence Classification

The artificial neural networks (ANNs), among different soft computing methodologies are widely used to meet the challenges thrown by the main objectives of data mining classification techniques, due to their robust, powerful, distributed, fault tolerant computing and capability to learn in a data-rich environment. ANNs has been used in several fields, showing high performance as classifiers. The problem of dealing with non numerical data is one major obstacle prevents using them with various data sets and several domains. Another problem is their complex structure and how hands to interprets. Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is type of neural systems that can be easily interpreted, but still can’t be used with non numerical data directly. This paper presents an enhanced SOM structure to cope with non numerical data. It used DNA sequences as the training dataset. Results show very good performance compared to other classifiers. For better evaluation both micro-array structure and their sequential representation as proteins were targeted as dataset accuracy is measured accordingly.

Impact of Self-Organizing Networks Deployment on Wireless Service Provider Businesses in China

Decoupling of revenues with network traffic and extreme penetration of expenses in wireless network leads to the critical situation for wireless service providers (WSP), as more wireless network is complex due to its heterogeneity in the context of planning, software & hardware installation, radio parameters setting, drive testing, optimization, healing and maintenance. These operations are time-consuming, labor & budget-intensive and error-prone if activated manually. Hence new approaches have to be designed and applied to meet those demands in a cost-effective way, Self-organizing networks (SON), is a promising approach to handle manual tasks with autonomous manners. More specifically the self-directed functions (self-planning, self-deployment, self-configuration, self-optimization and self-healing) are aid to reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX), implementation expenditure (IMPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). In this study, first we investigate the aforementioned impact factors of cost combined with self-functions. Then, we analyze the relative cost benefits causing from deploying the SON functions, using the economical method to have more precise results concerning those potential benefits. At last, the result shows that there is a significant difference in expenses and revenues of WSP with and without SON after enabling self-functions in wireless network.

Algorithm for Solving Traveling Salesman Problem Based on Self-Organizing Mapping Network

Traveling salesman problem(TSP)is a classic non-deterministic polynomial-hard optimization prob-lem.Based on the characteristics of self-organizing mapping(SOM)network,this paper proposes an improved SOM network from the perspectives of network update strategy,initialization method,and parameter selection.This paper compares the performance of the proposed algorithms with the performance of existing SOM network algorithms on the TSP and compares them with several heuristic algorithms.Simulations show that compared with existing SOM networks,the improved SOM network proposed in this paper improves the convergence rate and algorithm accuracy.Compared with iterated local search and heuristic algorithms,the improved SOM net-work algorithms proposed in this paper have the advantage of fast calculation speed on medium-scale TSP.

Self-Organized Public-Key Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on a Bidirectional Trust Model

In traditional networks , the authentication is performed by certificate authoritys（CA）,which can＇t be built in distributed mobile Ad Hoc Networks however. In this pa per, we propose a fully self-organized public key management based on bidirectional trust model without any centralized authority that allows users to generate their public-private key pairs, to issue certificates, and the trust relation spreads rationally according to the truly human relations. In contrast with the traditional self-organized public-key management, the average certificates paths get more short, the authentication passing rate gets more high and the most important is that the bidirectional trust based model satisfys the trust re quirement of hosts better.

A Fairness Resource Allocation Algorithm for Coverage and Capacity Optimization in Wireless Self-Organized Network

To achieve the higher resource efficiency, Coverage and Capacity Optimization(CCO) as an important role of the network self-healing and self-optimization, has become a focus topic in wireless Self-Organized Network(SON). In this paper, a novel CCO scheme is proposed to maximize utility function of the integrated coverage and capacity. It starts with the analysis on the throughput proportional fairness(PF) algorithm and then proposes the novel Coverage and Capacity Proportional Fairness(CCPF) allocation algorithm along with a proof of the algorithms convergence. This proposed algorithm is applied in a coverage capacity optimization scheme which can guarantee the reasonable network capacity by the coverage range accommodation. Next, we simulate the proposed CCO scheme based on telecom operators' real network data and compare with three typical resource allocation algorithms: round robin(RR), proportional fairness(PF) and max C/I. In comparison of the PF algorithm, the numerical results show that our algorithm increases the average throughput by 1.54 and 1.96 times with constructed theoretical data and derived real network data respectively.

Self-Organized Optimization of Transport on Complex Networks

We propose a self-organized optimization mechanism to improve the transport capacity of complex gradient networks. We find that, regardless of network topology, the congestion pressure can be strongly reduced by the self-organized optimization mechanism. Furthermore, the random scale-free topology is more efficient to reduce congestion compared with the random Poisson topology under the optimization mechanism. The reason is that the optimization mechanism introduces the correlations between the gradient field and the local topology of the substrate network. Due to the correlations, the cutoff degree of the gradient network is strongly reduced and the number of the nodes exerting their maximal transport capacity consumedly increases. Our work presents evidence supporting the idea that scale-free networks can efficiently improve their transport capacity by self- organized mechanism under gradient-driven transport mode.

Intrusion Detection Method Based on Improved Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map

Considering that growing hierarchical self-organizing map(GHSOM) ignores the influence of individual component in sample vector analysis, and its accurate rate in detecting unknown network attacks is relatively lower, an improved GHSOM method combined with mutual information is proposed. After theoretical analysis, experiments are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by accurately clustering the input data. Based on different clusters, the complex relationship within the data can be revealed effectively.

Self-Organization Approaches for Optimization in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio(CR) is regarded as a promising technology for providing a high spectral efficiency to mobile users by using heterogeneous wireless network architectures and dynamic spectrum access techniques.However,cognitive radio networks(CRNs)may also impose some challenges due to the ever increasing complexity of network architecture,the increasing complexity with configuration and management of large-scale networks,fluctuating nature of the available spectrum,diverse Quality-of-Service(QoS)requirements of various applications,and the intensifying difficulties of centralized control,etc.Spectrum management functions with self-organization features can be used to address these challenges and realize this new network paradigm.In this paper,fundamentals of CR,including spectrum sensing,spectrum management,spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing,have been surveyed,with their paradigms of self-organization being emphasized.Variant aspects of selforganization paradigms in CRNs,including critical functionalities of Media Access Control(MAC)- and network-layer operations,are surveyed and compared.Furthermore,new directions and open problems in CRNs are also identified in this survey.

Self-Organized Criticality Analysis of Earthquake Model Based on Heterogeneous Networks

The original Olami-Feder-Christensen （OFC） model, which displays a robust power-law behavior, is a quasistatic two-dimensional version of the Burridge-Knopoff spring-block model of earthquakes. In this paper, we introduce a modified OFC model based on heterogeneous network, improving the redistribution rule of the original model. It can be seen as a generalization of the originM OFC model We numerically investigate the influence of the parameters θandβ, which respectively control the intensity of the evolutive mechanism of the topological growth and the inner selection dynamics in our networks, and find that there are two distinct phases in the parameter space （θ,β）. Meanwhile, we study the influence of the control parameter a either. Increasing a, the earthquake behavior of the model transfers from local to global.

A Modified Earthquake Model of Self-Organized Criticality on Small World Networks

A modified Olami Feder-Christensen model of self-organized criticality on a square lattice with the properties of small world networks has been studied.We find that our model displays power-law behavior and the exponent τ of the model depends on φ,the density of long-range connections in our network.

Self-organization of Reconfigurable Protocol Stack for Networked Control Systems

In networked control systems （NCS）,the control performance depends on not only the control algorithm but also the communication protocol stack.The performance degradation introduced by the heterogeneous and dynamic communication environment has intensified the need for the reconfigurable protocol stack.In this paper,a novel architecture for the reconfigurable protocol stack is proposed,which is a unified specification of the protocol components and service interfaces supporting both static and dynamic reconfiguration for existing industrial communication standards.Within the architecture,a triple-level self-organization structure is designed to manage the dynamic reconfiguration procedure based on information exchanges inside and outside the protocol stack.Especially,the protocol stack can be self-adaptive to various environment and system requirements through the reconfiguration of working mode,routing and scheduling table.Finally,the study on the protocol of dynamic address management is conducted for the system of controller area network （CAN）.The results show the efficiency of our self-organizing architecture for the implementation of a reconfigurable protocol stack.

English-Chinese Neural Machine Translation Based on Self-organizing Mapping Neural Network and Deep Feature Matching

The traditional Chinese-English translation model tends to translate some source words repeatedly,while mistakenly ignoring some words.Therefore,we propose a novel English-Chinese neural machine translation based on self-organizing mapping neural network and deep feature matching.In this model,word vector,two-way LSTM,2D neural network and other deep learning models are used to extract the semantic matching features of question-answer pairs.Self-organizing mapping(SOM)is used to classify and identify the sentence feature.The attention mechanism-based neural machine translation model is taken as the baseline system.The experimental results show that this framework significantly improves the adequacy of English-Chinese machine translation and achieves better results than the traditional attention mechanism-based English-Chinese machine translation model.