Reinforcement Learning-Based Handover Scheme with Neighbor Beacon Frame Transmission

Mobility support to change the connection from one access point(AP)to the next(i.e.,handover)becomes one of the important issues in IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks(WLANs).During handover,the channel scanning procedure,which aims to collect neighbor AP(NAP)information on all available channels,accounts for most of the delay time.To reduce the channel scanning procedure,a neighbor beacon frame transmission scheme(N-BTS)was proposed for a seamless handover.N-BTS can provide a seamless handover by removing the channel scanning procedure.However,N-BTS always requires operating overhead even if there are few mobile stations(MSs)for the handover.Therefore,this paper proposes a reinforcement learning-based handover scheme with neighbor beacon frame transmission(MAN-BTS)to properly consider the use of N-BTS.The optimization equation is defined to maximize the expected reward tofind the optimal policy and is solved using Q-learning.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the comparison schemes in terms of the expected reward.

OTFS-Based Efficient Handover Authentication Scheme with Privacy-Preserving for High Mobility Scenarios

Handover authentication in high mobility scenarios is characterized by frequent and shortterm parallel execution.Moreover,the penetration loss and Doppler frequency shift caused by high speed also lead to the deterioration of network link quality.Therefore,high mobility scenarios require handover schemes with less handover overhead.However,some existing schemes that meet this requirement cannot provide strong security guarantees,while some schemes that can provide strong security guarantees have large handover overheads.To solve this dilemma,we propose a privacy-preserving handover authentication scheme that can provide strong security guarantees with less computational cost.Based on Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)link and Key Encapsulation Mechanism(KEM),we establish the shared key between protocol entities in the initial authentication phase,thereby reducing the overhead in the handover phase.Our proposed scheme can achieve mutual authentication and key agreement among the user equipment,relay node,and authentication server.We demonstrate that our proposed scheme can achieve user anonymity,unlinkability,perfect forward secrecy,and resistance to various attacks through security analysis including the Tamarin.The performance evaluation results show that our scheme has a small computational cost compared with other schemes and can also provide a strong guarantee of security properties.

Dynamic MmWave Channel Reconstruction of MIMO OTA Testing for Handover Scenarios

The evaluation of handover performance is essential for ensuring seamless user experience under innovative application scenarios in the fifth generation(5G)and beyond era,including autonomous driving,mobile augmented and virtual reality.However,due to the hardware constrains of a sectored multiprobe anechoic chamber(SMPAC),switching among multiple channel models is of low precision with a high cost in traditional over-the-air(OTA)test solutions.In this paper,we present an efficient and repeatable emulation strategy to reconstruct dynamic millimeter-wave(mm Wave)channels in laboratories for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)mobile devices.Firstly,we propose a novel evaluation metric,called average power angular spectrum similarity percentage(APSP),which minimizes the unexpected impact induced by the indefinite condition of adaptive antenna arrays in mm Wave terminals during handover process.Moreover,we propose a partitioned probe configuration strategy by designing a beam directivitybased switching circuit,which enables quick changes of probe configurations in SMPAC.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms,thus providing a guideline for the reconstruction of the dynamic channel in different scenarios with resource limitation.

An Intelligent Admission Control Scheme for Dynamic Slice Handover Policy in 5G Network Slicing

5G use cases,for example enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB),massive machine-type communications(mMTC),and an ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC),need a network architecture capable of sustaining stringent latency and bandwidth requirements;thus,it should be extremely flexible and dynamic.Slicing enables service providers to develop various network slice architectures.As users travel from one coverage region to another area,the callmust be routed to a slice thatmeets the same or different expectations.This research aims to develop and evaluate an algorithm to make handover decisions appearing in 5G sliced networks.Rules of thumb which indicates the accuracy regarding the training data classification schemes within machine learning should be considered for validation and selection of the appropriate machine learning strategies.Therefore,this study discusses the network model’s design and implementation of self-optimization Fuzzy Qlearning of the decision-making algorithm for slice handover.The algorithm’s performance is assessed by means of connection-level metrics considering the Quality of Service(QoS),specifically the probability of the new call to be blocked and the probability of a handoff call being dropped.Hence,within the network model,the call admission control(AC)method is modeled by leveraging supervised learning algorithm as prior knowledge of additional capacity.Moreover,to mitigate high complexity,the integration of fuzzy logic as well as Fuzzy Q-Learning is used to discretize state and the corresponding action spaces.The results generated from our proposal surpass the traditional methods without the use of supervised learning and fuzzy-Q learning.

Fuzzy Logic Based Handover Authentication in 5g Telecommunication Heterogeneous Networks

Under various deployment circumstances,fifth-generation(5G)telecommunications delivers improved network compound management with fast communication channels.Due to the introduction of the Internet of Things(IoT)in data management,the majority of the ultra-dense network models in 5G networks frequently have decreased spectral efficiency,weak handover management,and vulnerabilities.The majority of traditional handover authentication models are seriously threatened,making them vulnerable to a variety of security attacks.The authentication of networked devices is the most important issue.Therefore,a model that incorporates the handover mechanism and authentication model must be created.This article uses a fuzzy logic model to create a handover and key management system that focuses on cloud handover management and authentication performance.In order to decrease delays in 5G networks,the fuzzy logic is built with multiple criteria that aim to reduce the number of executed handovers and target cell selection.The simulation is run to evaluate the model’s performance in terms of latency,spatial complexity,and other metrics related to authentication attack validation.

Handover研究综述

随着无线网络技术的快速发展,怎样使用户正在进行的网络服务在用户移动过程中不被中断,使正在进行的服务能够在基站之间平滑过渡一直受到人们的广泛关注。设计一种高效、稳定的服务切换算法成为当前服务切换领域研究的热点问题。本文详细地介绍了现有部分服务切换算法和协议,以及相应算法的优点和缺点,并对服务切换算法进行了分类。文中对服务切换领域当前研究的现状进行了说明,并在讨论中介绍了今后的研究方向。

A Handover Strategy in the LEO Satellite-Based Constellation Networks with ISLs

A new handover strategy named minimal-hops handover(MHH) strategy for the lowearth orbit(LEO) satellite constellations networks equipped with inter-satellite links(ISLs) is proposed.MHH strategy,which is based on the hops of the end-to-end connection paths and makes good use of theregularity of the constellation network topology,can appropriately combine the handover procedure withrouting and efficiently solve the inter-satellite handover issue.Moreover,MHH strategy can providequality of services(QoS) guarantees to some extent.The system performances of the MHH strategy,suchas time propagation delay and handover frequency,are evaluated and compared with that of otherprevious strategies.The simulation results show that MHH strategy performs better than other previoushandover strategies.

Position-assisted fast handover schemes for LTE-advanced network under high mobility scenarios

Two position-assisted fast handover schemes, scheme A and scheme B, for LTE-A system under very high mobility scenarios, are proposed, together with their performance evaluation. Scheme A is designed to reduce handover delay by making handover preparation before handover starts. Scheme B aims at reducing unnecessary handovers and improving handover success rate, by calculating the geographically best target handover cell, which makes it easier for mobile terminals to access the target cell. A system level simulation is conducted to evaluate the performance of these two schemes. It is shown that, scheme A could reduce inter-site handover delay by about 50 ms, while scheme B could cut down nearly 50% of all handovers when time-to-trigger （TTT） is 0 ms. Besides, as TTT gets larger, Scheme B has much better success rate.

A Trajectory Prediction Based Intelligent Handover Control Method in UAV Cellular Networks

The airborne base station(ABS) can provide wireless coverage to the ground in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) cellular networks.When mobile users move among adjacent ABSs,the measurement information reported by a single mobile user is used to trigger the handover mechanism.This handover mechanism lacks the consideration of movement state of mobile users and the location relationship between mobile users,which may lead to handover misjudgments and even communication interrupts.In this paper,we propose an intelligent handover control method in UAV cellular networks.Firstly,we introduce a deep learning model to predict the user trajectories.This prediction model learns the movement behavior of mobile users from the measurement information and analyzes the positional relations between mobile users such as avoiding collision and accommodating fellow pedestrians.Secondly,we propose a handover decision method,which can calculate the users' corresponding receiving power based on the predicted location and the characteristic of air-to-ground channel,to make handover decisions accurately.Finally,we use realistic data sets with thousands of non-linear trajectories to verify the basic functions and performance of our proposed intelligent handover controlmethod.The simulation results show that the handover success rate of the proposed method is 8% higher than existing methods.

A software-defined networking approach for handover management with real-time video in WLANs

To achieve high performance and reliability in video streaming over wireless local area networks （WLANs）, one must jointly consider both optimized association to access points （APs） and handover management based on dynamic scanning of alternate APs. In this article, we propose a new architecture within the software-defined networking （SDN） framework, which allows stations to be connected to several APs simultaneously and to switch fast between them. We evaluate our system in a real-time testbed and demonstrate that our SDN-based handover mechanism significantly reduces the number and duration of video freeze events and allows for smaller playout buffers.

COOPERATIVE DIRECTIONAL INTER-CELL HANDOVER SCHEME IN HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

A novel Cooperative Directional inter-cell Handover Scheme(CDHS) for High Altitude Platform(HAP) communications systems is proposed,in which the handover target cell and the two cells adjacent to this handover target cell work cooperatively to exploit the traffic fluctuation to improve handover performance.Users in the overlap area of the overloaded handover target cell will be forced to handover directionally before their optimal handover boundary in order to free up resources for the handover calls which would otherwise be dropped due to the shortage of resources and queue time out.Simulation results show that the handover call dropping probability is greatly reduced(at least 60%) compared with the general queue handover scheme,with little performance reduction to the call blocking probability,and the Not in the Best Cell(NBC) average time is only increased moderately.Moreover,an optimal cell radius can be achieved for a specific platform speed by minimizing the unified system performance,which is the linear combination of the handover call dropping probability and the NBC average time.

A Velocity-Adaptive Handover Scheme for Mobile WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX is a wireless networking system based on the IEEE 802.16e standard. In order to support mobile, some kinds of handover schemes must be adopted, and the hard handover is defined as mandatory. Since the data transmission should be paused during the hard handover process, it causes handover delay in mobile communication. The handover delay makes severe degradation in system performance when implemented in real-time applications such as IPTV and VoIP. The existing draft standard considers only the received signal strength when deciding handover initiation. However, the velocity factor also has an important influence on handover initiation and can not be neglected. To deal with these problems, this article proposes a velocity-adaptive handover scheme. This scheme adopts dynamic handover threshold according to different velocity to skip some unnecessary handover stages, reduces handover delay and enhances the network resource utilization. The simulation result and performance analysis validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Handover initiation performance of a new multi-cell cellular configuration with a developed base-station multi-beam antenna

A new multi-cell cellular configuration networks is provided for analysis of handover initiation probability, which is based on multi-beam base-station antenna splitting in the elevation-radiating plane. The sum of the received signal power in the mobile station, including both desired and interference signal power, has been introduced into the handover initiation algorithm. Along with the idea, we present three models of handover initiation algorithm with the shadowing process of Gaussian distribution. The formulation of handover initiation probability of those algorithms is also analyzed. The validity of the presented models has been checked through the comparison with simulation results. The results present the performance characteristics of handover initiation vary with cluster number and base-station antenna elevation angle.

Research on handover algorithm to reduce the blocking probability in LEO satellite network

Based on the characteristics of guaranteed handover （GH） algorithm, the finite capacity in one system makes the blocking probability （PB） of GH algorithm increase rapidly in the case of high traffic losd. So, when large amounts of multimedia services are transmitted via a single low earth orbit （LEO） satellite system, the PB of it is much higher. In order to solve the problem, a novel handover scheme defined by multi-tier optimal layer selection is proposed. The scheme sufficiently takes into account the characteristics of double-tier satellite network, which is constituted by LEO satellites combined with medium earth orbit （MEO） satellites, and the multimedia transmitted by such network, so it can augment this systematic capacity and effectively reduces the traffic loed in the LEO which performs GH algorithm. The detailed processes are also presented. The simulation and numerical results show that the approach integrated with GH algorithm achieves a significant improvement in the PB and practicality, as compared to the single LEO layer network.

Effect of different inter-satellite range on measurement precision of Earth’s gravitational field from GRACE

The precision of Earth＇s gravitational field from GRACE up to degree and order 120 was studied for different inter-satellite ranges using the improved energy conservation principle. Our simulated result shows that： For long wavelength （L≤20） at degree 20, the cumulative geoid-height error gradually decreased with increasing range, from 0. 052 cm for 110 km to 1. 156 times and 1. 209 times as large for 220 km and 330 kin, respectively. For medium-wavelength （ 100 ≤ L ≤ 120） at degree 120, the cumulative geoid-height error de- creased from 13. 052 cm for 110 km, to 1. 327 times and 1. 970 times as large for the ranges of 220 km and 330 km, respectively; By adopting an optimal range of 220 ± 50 km, we can suppress considerably the loss of precision in the measurement of the Earth＇ s long-wavelength and medium-wavelength gravitational field.

Data-Driven Heuristic Assisted Memetic Algorithm for Efficient Inter-Satellite Link Scheduling in the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Inter-satellite link(ISL)scheduling is required by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)to guarantee the system ranging and communication performance.In the BDS,a great number of ISL scheduling instances must be addressed every day,which will certainly spend a lot of time via normal metaheuristics and hardly meet the quick-response requirements that often occur in real-world applications.To address the dual requirements of normal and quick-response ISL schedulings,a data-driven heuristic assisted memetic algorithm(DHMA)is proposed in this paper,which includes a high-performance memetic algorithm(MA)and a data-driven heuristic.In normal situations,the high-performance MA that hybridizes parallelism,competition,and evolution strategies is performed for high-quality ISL scheduling solutions over time.When in quick-response situations,the data-driven heuristic is performed to quickly schedule high-probability ISLs according to a prediction model,which is trained from the high-quality MA solutions.The main idea of the DHMA is to address normal and quick-response schedulings separately,while high-quality normal scheduling data are trained for quick-response use.In addition,this paper also presents an easy-to-understand ISL scheduling model and its NP-completeness.A seven-day experimental study with 10080 one-minute ISL scheduling instances shows the efficient performance of the DHMA in addressing the ISL scheduling in normal(in 84 hours)and quick-response(in 0.62 hour)situations,which can well meet the dual scheduling requirements in real-world BDS applications.

A novel modeling approach for vertical handover based on dynamic k-partite graph in heterogeneous networks

The future network world will be embedded with different generations of wireless technologies,such as 3G,4G and 5G.At the same time,the development of new devices equipped with multiple interfaces is growing rapidly in recent years.As a consequence,the vertical handover protocol is developed in order to provide ubiquitous connectivity in the heterogeneous wireless environment.Indeed,by using this protocol,the users have opportunities to be connected to the Internet through a variety of wireless technologies at any time and anywhere.The main challenge of this protocol is how to select the best access network in terms of Quality of Service(QoS)for users.For that,many algorithms have been proposed and developed to deal with the issue in recent studies.However,all existing algorithms permit only the selection of one access network from the available networks during the vertical handover process.To cope with this problem,in this paper we propose a new approach based on k-partite graph.Firstly,we introduce k-partite graph theory to model the vertical handover problem.Secondly,the selection of the best path is performed by a robust and lightweight mechanism based on cost function and Dijkstra’s algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed approach can achieve better performance of QoS than the existing algorithms for FTP traffic and video streaming.

Fast Handover Pre-Authentication Protocol in 3GPP-WLAN Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

The demand of ubiquitous communications drives the development of advanced mobile technologies. Meanwhile, recent increases in mobile data usage and the emergence of new IP service applications constitute the motivation to integrate 3GPP cellular mobile systems with broadband WLANs. Since 3GPP and WLAN systems complement each other in terms of infrastructure and network coverage and bandwidth, 3GPP-WLAN Heterogeneous Mobile Networks based on the 3GPP-based Home Network (3GHN) are proposed for meeting the growing demands in high-speed data access on any mobile devices. However, heterogeneous radio access technologies and architectures lead to many interworking issues, such as network transparency, security mechanism, seamless handover, and quality of service. Among of them, security and handover are the major motives to ensure the confidentiality, reliability and continuity of services in 3GPP-WLAN Heterogeneous Mobile Networks. This paper proposes fast handover pre-authentication protocol to reduce the handover authentication latency and authentication signaling overhead during the whole handover session. The proposed protocol supports Intra-Domain Handover Pre-Authentication (Intra-HO Pre-Auth) and Inter-Domain Handover Pre-Authentication (Inter-HO Pre-Auth) for preauthenticating the Mobile User (MS) prior to performing an Inter-domain Handover (Inter-domain HO)/Intra-domain Handover (Intra-domain HO) process. Meanwhile, the reduction in retrieving new Authentication Vector sand key sets from the Home Location Register/Home Subscriber Service/Authentication Center in 3GHN achieves for minimized redundant authentication signaling transactions between 3GPP domains and WLAN domains. In addition, this paper provides simulation results which show that the proposed Intra-HO Pre-Auth achieves 49% handover authentication performance improvement compared to EAP-AKA, and the proposed Inter-HO Pre-Auth achieves 26% handover authentication performance improvement as well.

Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks

To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example.

Conflict Resolution Strategy in Handover Management for 4G and 5G Networks

Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in the number of handovers(HOs).Mobility management is an important issue that requires considerable attention in heterogeneous networks,where 5G ultra-dense small cells coexist with current fourth-generation(4G)networks.Although mobility robustness optimization(MRO)and load balancing optimization(LBO)functions have been introduced in the 3GPP standard to address HO problems,non-robust and nonoptimal algorithms for selecting appropriate HO control parameters(HCPs)still exist,and an optimal solution is subjected to compromise between LBO and MRO functions.Thus,HO decision algorithms become inefficient.This paper proposes a conflict resolution technique to address the contradiction between MRO and LBO functions.The proposed technique exploits received signal reference power(RSRP),cell load and user speed to adapt HO margin(HM)and time to trigger(TTT).Estimated HM and TTT depend on a weighting function and HO type which is represented by user status during mobility.The proposed technique is validated with other existing algorithms from the literature.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms existing algorithms overall performance metrics.The proposed technique reduces the overall average HO ping-pong probability,HO failure rate and interruption time by more than 90%,46%and 58%,respectively,compared with the other schemes overall speed scenarios and simulation time.