Frost heaving force considering synchronous damage to tunnel lining and surrounding rocks under freeze—thaw cycles

In areas with seasonal freezing,when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior,the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However,the current calculation of the frost heaving force fails to consider the synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,as per the elastic calculation model of the frost heaving force and model of steady-state heat transfer of circular tunnels,this study introduces the frost heaving rate of lining and surrounding rocks.First,the analytical solution of frost heaving force is obtained for simultaneous frost heaving of lining and surrounding rocks under any steady-state temperature field.Then,based on the fracture theory and meso-damage mechanics,the damage variables of lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles are extracted,representing their elastic modulus and porosity.Finally,the formula of frost heaving force for synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks at any steady-state temperature field is obtained.The calculation results demonstrate that the lower the temperature inside the lining,the greater the frost heaving force.With the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles,frost heaving force tends to gradually increase initially,reaching a peak value at 85 freeze-thaw cycles,decreasing to 80%of the peak value at 140 cycles before reaching a constant value.The lining participates in frost heaving,increasing the frost heaving force.The initial increase rate of frost heaving force is 15.7%.Changing the fitting coefficients s1 and s2 of the lining and surrounding rocks can effectively control the magnitude of the frost heaving force in the tunnels.

Failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock at deep large section chamber intersection in the Wanfu Coal Mine

In order to solve the problem of large deformation at the intersection of deep large section soft rock roadway,this paper takes the intersection of kilometer-deep roadway in the Wanfu Coal Mine as an engineering example and applies Negative Poisson’s Ratio(NPR)steel anchor cable in roadway support for the first time.By combining numerical simulation indoor test,theoretical analysis and field test,the deformation mechanism of surrounding rock at the intersection of deep-buried roadway was analyzed,and the control strategy with micro NPR steel anchor cable as the core was put forward.Through numerical simulation,the numerical analysis model of roadway intersection with different intersection angles and excavation sequence was constructed,and the impact of two key variables of rake angle and excavation sequence on the stability of surrounding rock at roadway intersection was studied.The optimal dip angle is 90°and the optimal excavation sequence was determined as pump house-pump house passage-substation.The mechanical properties of the micro-NPR steel anchor cable were studied through the static tensile test in the laboratory.The results showed that the micro-NPR steel anchor cable showed high constant resistance,uniform tensile,no yield platform,and no obvious necking phenomenon during breaking.Through theoretical derivation,it was calculated that the vertical stress of roadway intersection is 45 MPa,and the bearing capacity of superposed arch composed of micro NPR steel anchor cable is 1257 kN,which is enough to guarantee the overall stability of intersection.Support application test and monitoring were carried out on site,and it was verified that the combined support strategy of short and long micro NPR steel anchor cable has a good control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock at intersection,which provides a new support material and support means for the safety and stabilization control of surrounding rock at intersection.

Analysis for interaction of supports and surrounding rock of gateways in longwall minging

Gateway supporting in long wall mining has been a problem that restricts the mine production and safety, the paper sets up an interaction model between support and surrounding rock (rock mass structure) and probes the elementary theory about ground pressure behaviors of gateway. Based on the analysis of supporting theories, some new viewpoints about gateways supporting and ground pressure controlling are put forward.

Load laws of composite lining in mountain tunnel model tests and numerical simulation validation

Currently,model tests are increasingly being used to simulate the construction of mountain tunnels,but the support structure of the model tests does not show the composite lining,and the force laws of the composite lining are not yet clear.In this research,the force variation of composite lining under three cases in model tests of deep-buried tunnels were carried out with the surrounding rock grade and installation time as the variation factors.The test results reveal that:(1)The suitable method to reduce the contact load between the secondary lining and primary support is to enhance the primary support in the soft and weak surrounding rock.Correspondingly,for ClassⅢsurrounding rock and better quality of surrounding rock,the primary support can lag behind the excavation face a certain distance.(2)The axial forces of the bolts tend to rise with concentration of 0.4 kN-0.7 kN after the secondary lining was installed.(3)With or without two to three excavation cycles delayed,the load sharing ratio of the secondary lining of the Class III surrounding rock is less than 10%.Finally,the numerical simulation verifies the feasibility of the model tests.

Time-dependent safety of lining structures of circular tunnels in weak rock strata

Following tunnel excavation and lining completion,fractured surrounding rock deforms gradually over time;this results in a time-dependent evolution of the pressure applied to the lining structure by the surrounding rock.Thus,the safety of the tunnel lining in weak strata is strongly correlated with time.In this study,we developed an analytical method for determining the time-dependent pressure in the surrounding rock and lining structure of a circular tunnel under a hydrostatic stress field.Under the proposed method,the stress–strain relationship of the fractured surrounding rock is assumed to conform to that of the Burgers viscoelastic component,and the lining structure is assumed to be an elastomer.Based on these assumptions,the viscoelastic deformation of the surrounding rock,the elastic deformation of the lining structure,and the coordinated deformation between the surrounding rock and lining structure were derived.The proposed analytical method,which employs a time-dependent safety coefficient,was subsequently used to estimate the durability of the lining structure of the Foling Tunnel in China.The derived attenuation curve of the safety coefficient with respect to time can assist engineers in predicting the remaining viable life of the lining structure.Unlike existing analytical methods,the method derived in this study considers the time dependency of the interaction between the surrounding rock and tunnel lining;hence,it is more suitable for the evaluation of lining lifetime.

Geological conditions and key rock mechanics issues in the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In terms of special geological conditions of the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the classification method for surrounding rocks is discussed by combining with the construction method of tunnel boring machine （TBM）. The classification standard of surrounding rocks is put forward on the basis of physical simulations and engineering practices. Damage, deformation and evolution of surrounding rocks induced by TBM excavation are discussed. Meanwhile, the long-term deformation mechanisms and stability of surrounding rocks are also studied. On this basis, a three-dimensional constitutive model for interbedded sandstone slate and a fiat shell-joint element-foundation system for calculating internal forces of segment lining are established. The deformation features of surrounding rocks of deep and steep interbedded sandstone slate and their influences on internal forces of segment lining are presented. Finally, the design methods of segment lining constructed in deep and steep flysch are proposed.

Numerical simulation study on the relationship between mining heights and shield resistance in longwall panel

A numerical model based on a Continuum-based Distinct Element Method(CDEM) was used to carry out a dynamic simulation of the interaction between shield and rock strata movement in longwall mining. In Northern China, the Ordos coal field geological conditions and operational characteristics were used as a case example. The CDEM was constructed on Ordos coal field shield's operation characteristics and geological conditions. Numerical modelling was carried out to investigate the effects of different mining heights on the caving process, movement characteristics, equilibrium and stability conditions of overburden as the interaction between shield and surrounding rocks. With the numerical model, the internal factors for changes in shield resistance under different mining heights was found. The quantitative relationship between mining heights and shield resistance was also obtained by the numerical simulation.

Effect of rock joints on lined rock caverns subjected to high internal gaspressure

The storage of hydrogen gas in lined rock caverns(LRCs)may enable the implementation of the firstlarge-scale fossil-free steelmaking process in Sweden,but filling such storage causes joints in the rockmass to open,concentrating strains in the lining.The structural interaction between the LRC componentsmust be able to reduce the strain concentration in the sealing steel lining;however,this interaction iscomplex and difficult to predict with analytical methods.In this paper,the strain concentration in LRCsfrom the opening of rock joints is studied using finite element(FE)analyses,where the large-and small-scale deformation behaviors of the LRC are coupled.The model also includes concrete crack initiation anddevelopment with increasing gas pressure and rock joint width.The interaction between the jointed rockmass and the reinforced concrete,the sliding layer,and the steel lining is demonstrated.The results showthat the rock mass quality and the spacing of the rock joints have the greatest influence on the straindistributions in the steel lining.The largest effect of rock joints on the maximum strains in the steellining was observed for geological conditions of“good”quality rock masses.

深部软岩巷道围岩与锚喷U型钢支护结构相互作用研究

收敛-约束法(特性曲线法)是将理论解析、现场实测、工程经验相结合的一种地下工程结构设计方法,是目前分析围岩-支护相互作用关系及开展支护优化设计的常用方法。基于收敛-约束法的基本原理,总结给出了经典的支护特征与支护结构变形方程,理论计算获得了喷射混凝土、锚杆(索)、U型钢支架等支护结构的支护特征曲线,分析了支护结构的几何尺寸(直径、长度)、间排距、材料强度等参数对支护压力的影响特征;随着喷射混凝土厚度及强度等级的增加,喷射混凝土提供的支护刚度和支护压力逐渐增大;随着锚杆(索)直径、长度、杆体材料强度的增加及间排距的减小,锚杆的支护压力显著增加;U型钢支架的排距越小及材料强度越大,其提供的支护压力越大。采用FLAC^(3D)内嵌的莫尔库伦应变软化本构模型,建立了考虑岩石峰后应变软化与扩容特性的深部软岩巷道数值分析模型,计算获得了不同应力状态下巷道纵剖面变形曲线、围岩特征曲线,分析了锚喷、锚杆(索)喷、锚喷U型钢等3种联合支护技术对深部巷道围岩大变形控制的适用性,验证了锚喷U型钢联合支护技术应用于深部巷道支护工程的可行性。考虑岩石峰后应变软化与扩容特性的应变软化本构模型和经典的莫尔库伦本构模型的数值模拟结果相差较大,采用莫尔库伦本构模型的数值模拟结果保守,支护结构提供的支护压力无法满足深部巷道稳定性控制要求,支护后巷道围岩变形较大甚至会发生冒顶、片帮等安全事故。

基于不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化分析

基于不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化既能实现安全要求又可以降低工程投资。结合某电站引水隧洞,采用有限元分析法对隧洞在不同围岩特性下的受力情况进行数值模拟,计算分析在不同衬砌厚度下的应力、配筋及裂缝宽度情况,综合考虑安全性和经济性对结果进行分析比较,提出了针对不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化方案。研究结果表明,隧洞衬砌在运行期的应力情况是影响衬砌配筋的关键因素,不同围岩特性下衬砌厚度的选择应充分考虑隧洞衬砌应力、所需配筋及裂缝宽度因素影响,当衬砌达到一定厚度后,所需配筋及裂缝宽度趋于稳定。

考虑衬砌减薄及脱空的公路隧道地震易损性研究

衬砌背后脱空、衬砌厚度不足是我国运营隧道的典型质量缺陷,这些缺陷的存在会直接影响隧道结构的抗震性能,加剧隧道的地震损伤。近年来,基于质量缺陷对隧道抗震性能影响的研究多采用确定性方法,缺少考虑地震波随机性的定量评估。依托云南某两车道运营公路隧道,采用增量动力分析(increment dynamic analysis,IDA)方法开展了考虑衬砌减薄及脱空组合缺陷的一系列隧道地震响应时程分析。根据隧道地震易损性分析理论,建立了组合缺陷影响下的公路隧道地震易损性曲线,分析了组合缺陷程度、缺陷位置、围岩等级和地震波入射方向等因素对隧道地震易损性的影响。结果表明:衬砌减薄及脱空组合缺陷程度、缺陷位置、围岩级别和地震波入射方向均对隧道地震易损性有重要影响。组合缺陷的存在增大了隧道结构的易损性,随组合缺陷程度的增大,衬砌地震损伤概率呈非线性增加。质量缺陷对隧道易损性的影响程度随发生部位不同而异,拱肩缺陷对隧道易损性的影响大于拱顶缺陷。围岩等级越差,隧道易损性受组合缺陷的影响就越大。隧道在横向地震作用下的易损性大于竖向地震作用下的易损性,且易损性受地震波方向的影响随缺陷位置的不同而异。缺陷位于拱肩部位时,隧道结构易损性受竖向地震动的影响更大,而缺陷位于拱顶时受横向地震动的影响更大。

基于覆岩破断特征的极薄煤层工作面支架工作阻力确定

延安子长矿区极薄煤层分布广泛,因赋存煤炭为稀缺配焦煤,回采价值较高,但该矿区未有过开采极薄煤层的先例,开采过程中面临支架选型不合理的问题,且国内在该方面的研究成果较少,因此,以禾草沟二号煤矿极薄煤层综采工作面为背景,通过数值模拟、理论分析等研究了极薄煤层综采工作面顶板覆岩结构破断特征及其演化过程,建立了采场顶板岩梁断裂前后力学解析模型,获得了极薄煤层综采工作面直接顶周期破断距,确定了合理支架工作阻力。结果表明:极薄煤层工作面开采初期顶板垮落后会较快的对上覆岩层形成支撑,至顶板极限跨距后,直接顶与基本顶周期破断,且基本顶破断位置位于直接顶破断线前方,两者间存在离层空间,共同回转下沉;工作面液压支架主要受直接顶回转载荷作用,其作用载荷为3 980.89 kN,确定支架选型为ZZ4000/6.5/13D四柱支撑掩护式液压支架;现场应用后,可以有效发挥支架支护性能,满足采场围岩控制要求。研究成果为国内极薄煤层开采工作面支架选型提供了一定的参考。

富水黄土隧道围岩软化对结构受力影响研究

以银百高速榆林子隧道为依托工程,通过有限元软件ABAQUS温度场模块摸拟隧道施工围岩软化过程,研究了富水黄土隧道围岩在不同软化阶段和软化范围工况下,隧道围岩、初期支护、仰拱填充层的位移和应力的变化规律。结果显示:拱顶沉降和仰拱填充层隆起随软化范围的扩大而增大,而隧底隆起减小,仰拱填充层隆起在软化范围3 m时趋于稳定;围岩软化对仰拱填充层中心影响最大,而仰拱填充层拱脚处几乎不受影响;围岩软化后在初期支护拱脚位置产生最大拉应力,拱墙和拱顶应力变化不明显;塑性区以内是围岩软化的主要影响范围,需特别关注塑性区内的地下水赋存状态。

黄土隧道台阶法施工过程围岩压力的实测与影响因素分析

以甘肃省内某一黄土隧道工程为研究对象,进行实测,分析了台阶法施工过程围岩压力的变化特征。采用智能压力传感器,分别连续采集隧道下台阶、仰拱、二次衬砌施工前后7 d的围岩压力数据;同时,采用数据处理软件,分析了隧道施工各工序对隧道围岩压力的影响。分析发现:隧道二次衬砌施工对隧道围岩压力影响最大,其次是下台阶施工,而仰拱施工对围岩压力的影响最小;隧道下台阶施工对隧道拱腰部位围岩压力的影响最大;隧道二次衬砌施工后,围岩压力呈先下降后升高的趋势。

围岩蠕变作用下偏压隧道衬砌结构稳定性分析

为了研究围岩蠕变作用下不同偏压角度对隧道衬砌结构的影响,本文采用FLAC3D有限元软件建立三维隧道模型,基于Burgers蠕变模型对不同偏压角度隧道进行了模拟,分析了围岩蠕变作用对偏压隧道衬砌结构的稳定性影响。研究结果表明:隧道建成后的30年间,隧道衬砌结构受到围岩蠕变作用比较明显,随着偏压角度的增加,左拱腰收敛水平有加速增加的趋势,隧道衬砌应力分布的非对称性逐渐加剧。

正文煤矿采空区下回采巷道支护应用分析

为解决正文煤矿近距离煤层下方回采巷道围岩支护难题,以11107回采工作面为工程背景,综合运用理论计算、现场实测等方法,对回采巷道支护及应用进行了探讨;分析表明,9#煤层开采引起底板损伤破坏深度为4.69m,以层间岩层厚度是否大于5m为条件将其巷道围岩分为损伤间隔层、块裂间隔层两种类型,并采用不同的支护方案;应用表明,在掘巷阶段取得较好的围岩控制效果。

Analytical solution of a circular lined tunnel with alterable mechanical property under hydrostatic stress and internal pressure

The influence of the interaction between surrounding rock and lining on the long-term behaviour of a tunnel in service is significant.In this paper,we proposed a mechanical model of the circular lined tunnel with the alterable mechanical property under hydrostatic stress and radially inner surface pressure of the lining.The alterable mechanical properties of the surrounding rock and the lining are embodied by the changing of their elasticity modulus with service time and radial direction of the tunnel,respectively.The proposed mechanical model is successfully validated by comparison with the existing theoretical models and the numerical simulation,respectively.The influences of the main parameters of the proposed mechanical model,such as the radial power-law indexes and the time-varying coefficients of the surrounding rock and the lining,as well as the radially inner surface pressure of the lining,on the interface displacement and pressure between surrounding rock and lining are investigated.The research results can provide some valuable references for timely diagnosis and correct evaluation of the long-term behaviours of a tunnel in service.

多洞并行隧道围岩稳定性与破坏模式极限分析

受交通廊道的空间限制,隧道工程逐渐出现了多洞并行的布设形式。当相邻隧道净间距较小时,建设期间可能出现相互影响,降低围岩稳定性。将该课题简化为平面应变条件下的多洞并行等间距毛洞隧道围岩稳定性问题,应用刚体平动运动单元上限法开展计算分析,获取失稳临界状态下围岩稳定系数曲线和滑移线网破坏模式的定量数据,揭示围岩稳定性与潜在破坏模式随强度参数、隧道埋深H和多洞净距S等因素间的演化规律。研究结果和已有双洞并行隧道的对比分析表明:净间距S大于转换间距Str后,二者均表现为单洞独自破坏形式,且稳定系数Ncr数值吻合较好;而净距S较小时,多洞并行隧道围岩表现为上方整体下沉条件下的中夹岩破坏,较之双洞并行情况围岩稳定性大大降低。研究结果可为多洞并行隧道围岩稳定性评价及加固方案制定等工作提供数据支撑。

初支混凝土硬化特性与围岩流变耦合作用机制

喷射混凝土作为初期支护重要组成部分广泛应用于隧道工程。深埋软岩隧道开挖时,喷射混凝土硬化特性及围岩流变效应均于时间有关,使得围岩变形及结构受力错综复杂。基于此,该文建立了考虑喷射混凝土硬化特性与围岩流变效应的耦合解析模型,阐明了流变岩体隧道“支护-围岩”动态演化机制,分析了喷射混凝土设计参数、隧道工程参数及围岩流变特性等对“支护-围岩”动态作用的影响机制,并通过具体实例探讨了不同支护类型的时效支护特性。分析表明:喷射混凝土施作初期刚度较低,在围岩流变特性及开挖空间效应下围岩变形速率大,而喷射混凝土承担荷载较不考虑其硬化特性时要小,对于流变岩体隧道宜采用早强混凝土限制围岩早期变形;围岩流变荷载与喷射混凝土刚度均随时间逐渐增大,不考虑围岩流变效应会低估喷射混凝土对围岩变形控制效果及所承担荷载水平;型钢钢架+喷混支护体系刚度较大有利于限制围岩变形,格栅钢架+喷混支护刚度较小更利于围岩应力释放;隧道支护时机的选择应综合考虑围岩流变效应、支护类型、喷混硬化特性、隧道掘进速率的影响,进一步给出了不同支护类型的支护时机-掘进速度的极限关系曲线。研究成果可为类似隧道工程支护设计、施工提供理论依据。

考虑衬砌与围岩劣化的隧道仰拱动力响应分析

研究目的:为研究考虑劣化效应时,列车荷载作用下隧道仰拱结构的振动响应问题,本文以贵南某高速铁路隧道为工程背景,建立带仰拱结构的高速铁路隧道动力响应模型,分析隧道衬砌经时劣化与围岩经时劣化对仰拱结构动力响应的影响。研究结论:(1)衬砌经年劣化时,仰拱竖向变形几乎不变,服役后期测点加速度有一定程度的变化,测点最大主应力和最小主应力随劣化时间增加而减小,减小幅度较小;(2)围岩经年劣化时,仰拱竖向变形增幅明显,服役时间0~100 a仰拱中心测点竖向变形增幅为75%,加速度变化规律与衬砌劣化时相似,服役后期有一定的变化,仰拱动应力随围岩劣化呈两阶段变化,服役前期(0~75 a)动应力随劣化时间增加而增大,且增幅明显,服役后期(75~100 a)动应力随劣化时间增大而减小;(3)与衬砌劣化相比,围岩劣化对仰拱结构变形及受力影响更为显著,服役后期(75~100 a)仰拱结构受力发生改变,需加强隧道服役后期仰拱结构及周围岩体的检查及加固;(4)本研究结果可为服役期间隧道结构维护及风险评价提供一定的理论参考。