Interactions between wind and water erosion change sediment yield and particle distribution under simulated conditions

Wind and water erosion are among the most important causes of soil loss, and understanding their interactions is important for estimating soil quality and environmental impacts in regions where both types of erosion occur. We used a wind tunnel and simulated rainfall to study sediment yield, particle-size distribution and the fractal dimension of the sediment particles under wind and water erosion. The experiment was conducted with wind ero- sion firstly and water erosion thereafter, under three wind speeds （0, 11 and 14 m/s） and three rainfall intensities （60, 80 and 100 ram/h）. The results showed that the sediment yield was positively correlated with wind speed and rain- fall intensity （P〈0.01）. Wind erosion exacerbated water erosion and increased sediment yield by 7.25%-38.97% relative to the absence of wind erosion. Wind erosion changed the sediment particle distribution by influencing the micro-topography of the sloping land surface. The clay, silt and sand contents of eroded sediment were also posi- tively correlated with wind speed and rainfall intensity （P〈0.01）. Wind erosion increased clay and silt contents by 0.35%-19.60% and 5.80%-21.10%, respectively, and decreased sand content by 2.40%-8.33%, relative to the absence of wind erosion. The effect of wind erosion on sediment particles became weaker with increasing rainfall intensities, which was consistent with the variation in sediment yield. However, particle-size distribution was not closely correlated with sediment yield （P〉0.05）. The fractal dimension of the sediment particles was significantly different under different intensities of water erosion （P〈0.05）, but no significant difference was found under wind and water erosion. The findings reported in this study implicated that both water and wind erosion should be controlled to reduce their intensifying effects, and the controlling of wind erosion could significantly reduce water erosion in this wind-water erosion crisscross region.

A review of the research on complex erosion by wind and water

Complex erosion by wind and water, which is also called aeolian-fluvial interactions, is an important erosion process and landscape in arid and semiarid regions. The effectiveness of links between wind and water process, spatial environmental transitions and temporal environmental change are the three main driving forces determining the geomorphologic significance of aeolian-fluvial interactions. As a complex interrelating and intercoupling system, complex erosion by wind and water has spatial- temporal variation features. The process of complex erosion by wind and water can be divided into palaeoenvironmental process and contemporary process. Early work in drylands has often been attributed to one of two schools advocating either an ＇aeolianist＇ or a ＇fluvialist＇ perspective, so it was not until the 1930s that the research on complex erosion by wind and water had been conducted. There are two obstacles restricting the research of complex erosion by wind and water. Firstly, how to transform in different temporal and spatial scales is still unsettled; and secondly, the research methodology is still immature. In the future, the mechanism and control of erosion, the complex soil erodibility in wind and water erosion will be the focus of research on complex erosion by wind and water.

An experimental study on the influences of water erosion on wind erosion in arid and semi-arid regions

Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes(5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.

Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

An experimental study on the influences of wind erosion on water erosion

In semi-arid regions, complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions has led to a massive soil loss and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism is the first step toward prevention of the erosion. However, the mutual influences between wind erosion and water erosion have not been fully understood. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators and simulated two rounds of alternations between wind erosion and water erosion（i.e., 1^（st） wind erosion–1^（st） water erosion and 2^（nd） wind erosion–2^（nd） water erosion） on three slopes（5°, 10°, and 15°） with six wind speeds（0, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 20 m/s） and five rainfall intensities（0, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mm/h）. The objective was to analyze the influences of wind erosion on succeeding water erosion. Results showed that the effects of wind erosion on water erosion were not the same in the two rounds of tests. In the 1^（st） round of tests, wind erosion first restrained and then intensified water erosion mostly because the blocking effect of wind-sculpted micro-topography on surface flow was weakened with the increase in slope. In the 2^（nd） round of tests, wind erosion intensified water erosion on beds with no rills at gentle slopes and low rainfall intensities or with large-size rills at steep slopes and high rainfall intensities. Wind erosion restrained water erosion on beds with small rills at moderate slopes and moderate rainfall intensities. The effects were mainly related to the fine grain layer, rills and slope of the original bed in the 2^（nd） round of tests. The findings can deepen our understanding of complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions and provide scientific references to regional soil and water conservation.

Review and prospect of soil compound erosion

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues constraining the sustainable development of human society and economies.Soil compound erosion is the result of the alternation or interaction between two or more erosion forces.In recent years,fluctuations and extreme changes in climatic factors(air temperature,precipitation,wind speed,etc.)have led to an increase in the intensity and extent of compound erosion,which is increasingly considered in soil erosion research.First,depending on the involvement of gravity,compound erosion process can be divided into compound erosion with and without gravity.We systematically summarized the research on the mechanisms and processes of alternating or interacting soil erosion forces(wind,water,and freeze-thaw)considering different combinations,combed the characteristics of compound erosion in three typical regions,namely,high-elevation areas,high-latitude areas,and dry and wet transition regions,and reviewed soil compound erosion research methods,such as station observations,simulation experiments,prediction models,and artificial neural networks.The soil erosion model of wind,water,and freeze-thaw interaction is the most significant method for quantifying and predicting compound erosion.Furthermore,it is proposed that there are several issues such as unclear internal mechanisms,lack of comprehensive prediction models,and insufficient scale conversion methods in soil compound erosion research.It is also suggested that future soil compound erosion mechanism research should prioritize the coupling of compound erosion forces and climate change.

Experimental study on the sampling efficiency of the whirl type separation sand sampler in a wind tunnel

A performance test was conducted in a wind tunnel by changing the principal configuration parameters of a sampler such as the diameter of the container, inlet width and cone height. The results show that the average sand collection rate is from 80% to 90% when any one of the configuration parameter levels is changed. However, the variation of a parameter level results in different ef-fects on the sand collection rate for each soil sample within a certain size range of sand grains. The results show that for various sand grain sized soil sample at each wind speed, the sand collection rate decreases when the diameter of the container changes from 50 mm to 40 mm, the sand collection rate increases by about 2%-3% when the inlet width changes from 10 mm to 8 mm, and the sand collection rate increases by about 3%-4% when cone height is altered from 100 mm to 125 mm. The average sand collection rate is enhanced by 2%-4% for the soil sample of different sized sand grains when the diameter of the container is 50 mm, the inlet width is 8 mm, and cone height is 125 mm.

The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment-producing processes in the middle Yellow River basin, China

Based on data from the middle Yellow River basin, a wind-water two-phase mechanism for erosion and sediment-producing processes has been found. By using this mechanism, the extremely strong erosion and sediment yield in the study area can be better explained. The operation of wind and water forces is different in different seasons within a year. During winter and spring, strong wind blows large quantities of eolian sand to gullies and river channels, which are temporally stored there. During the next summer, rainstorms cause runoff that contains much fine loessic material and acts as a powerful force to carry the previously prepared coarse material. As a result, hyperconcentrated flows occur, resulting in high-intensity erosion and sediment yield.

Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau

The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.

1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水时空变化研究及驱动因素分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区作为中国北方典型的生态脆弱区,因其独特地形和气候条件,极端降雨事件对其环境和生态系统的影响更加突出。选取水蚀风蚀交错区28个气象站点,结合RClimDex模型计算11个极端降水指数,采用线性相关分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和小波交叉法,分析了1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水事件时空分布特征,探讨了极端降水事件的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1970—2020年水蚀风蚀交错区持续干燥日数(CDD)呈下降趋势,其余10个指数呈上升趋势,反映出近50a研究区极端降水事件的频率、量级和强度不断增加。交错区年降水量增加和极端降水事件增加具有密切关系,且极端降水事件增加主要是由中雨日数(R10)和大雨日数(R20)引起。(2)1970—2020年极端降水事件在全区整体为增加趋势,交错区中部和西南部极端降水事件显著发生,陕西段极端降水量和强度呈显著增加趋势且极端化程度更显著。(3)湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT)、暴雨日数(R25)、5d最大降水量(R5d)3个极端降水指数,与影响因子厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、东亚夏季风(EASM)和太阳黑子(SN)具有不同的功率,与SN的交叉小波变换功率最大,说明影响因子中SN和极端降水指数的相关性最高,SN对极端降水事件的影响最大。

新型改性水玻璃固沙剂制备与研究

为了解决市场上现有化学固沙剂存在的抗水性相对较差、固沙效果不理想等问题,通过在水玻璃中加入一些有机和无机改性材料,制备了一种具有高强度、耐久性和稳定性的新型复合固沙剂,研究了水玻璃浓度、不同改性剂添加量对其性能的影响。结果表明:1)按照水玻璃模数为3.0,改性剂四硼酸钠、碳酸锂、山梨醇、聚丙烯酰胺的添加量(占水玻璃质量的百分比)分别为1.5%、2.5%、0.2%、0.3%,助黏剂羧甲基纤维素钠的添加量为0.3%配置的新型改性水玻璃固沙剂,对沙土固化层的强度可达14.1 MPa;2)新型改性水玻璃固沙剂稳定性和耐久性优良,经70℃高温和-20℃低温7 d老化后,无侧限抗压强度损失率分别为11.8%和19.5%,在700℃高温条件下质量损失率仅为8.6%;3)新型改性水玻璃固沙剂的固沙效果良好,固结层在风速≤20 m/s的净风条件下表现为无风蚀或轻微风蚀,在含沙气流冲击下风蚀量较净风条件下略有增加。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同生物结皮类型对土壤有机碳及其转化的影响

[目的]黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区是典型的脆弱生态系统,该区域生物结皮广泛分布,生物结皮在土壤有机碳积累与转化发挥着关键作用,然而,生物结皮演替及微生物对土壤有机碳转化相关酶类的影响规律尚不明确。[方法]研究土壤有机碳-微生物-碳转化相关酶在生物结皮不同演替类型的变化规律,并运用SEM模型分析了三者之间的相互关系。[结果](1)生物结皮演替显著增加土壤有机碳含量和碳转化相关酶活性,且它们在结皮层(0-2 cm)中的含量均显著高于裸沙和2—5 cm土层(p<0.05);(2)结皮层细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在藓结皮中最高,其中放线菌、真菌数量在生物结皮演替呈显著增加趋势,结皮层中的细菌和真菌数量显著高于2—5 cm土层,但2—5 cm土层放线菌数量高于结皮层(藓结皮除外);(3)SEM模型表明,土壤有机碳、碳转化相关酶活性和微生物数量之间均呈现显著相关性。[结论]生物结皮的演替对土壤有机碳的积累为碳转化相关酶类和微生物提供丰富基质,促进微生物和酶活性提高,微生物对碳转化相关酶类起着重要的驱动作用,对维持生物结皮的碳平衡发挥着关键作用。

风水两相侵蚀研究现状及我国今后风水蚀的主要研究内容

土壤侵蚀的主要方式是风蚀和水蚀 ,对其研究历史较长 ,已经有了初步的认识。在我国 ,由于独特的季风气候和地理位置 ,风水两相侵蚀面积广布。风水两相侵蚀不是简单的风蚀加水蚀 ,而是一个相互作用呈周期循环的复杂体系 ,国内外关于风水两相侵蚀的研究较少。在阐述风水驱动因素的基础上 ,说明了我国一些基本的风水两相侵蚀类型 ,并对风水两相侵蚀的复杂性进行描述。今后在对这些类型研究的基础上 ,可进一步确立风水侵蚀交错带的范围及分布 ,并将其作为一个特殊的区域对待 。

农牧交错带草地植被的水土保持作用研究

在农牧交错带以小麦地为对照,研究退耕建植草地植被及天然草地植被的水土保持作用。结果表明,退耕建植草地植被可以明显减轻土壤风蚀程度,并有利于土壤在雨季对降水的蓄积;天然草地植被与农田植被相比,可以较好地减轻水蚀的发生。

风水复合侵蚀研究述评

风水复合侵蚀或风水交互作用是干旱、半干旱地区常见的侵蚀过程。这种风力与流水对同一侵蚀对象(区域)的共同作用或交替作用塑造了风蚀水蚀交错区特有的侵蚀地貌景观。作为一个相互联系、影响的复杂系统,风水复合侵蚀具有明显的时空分布特征,其侵蚀过程可以划分为古代过程与现代过程。由于以往的风蚀和水蚀研究相互独立,风水复合侵蚀的研究起步较晚。在研究中存在着尺度转化与研究方法不成熟等问题。对风水复合侵蚀的机理与防治以及土壤复合可蚀性的研究都将成为今后研究中的重点与难点。

陕西神府矿区束鸡沟流域风蚀水蚀交互作用特征研究

以神府矿区束鸡沟为典型小流域，讨论了风蚀水蚀交互作用的时空分布及其特征。风蚀水蚀交互作用在沙质坡面、坡面切沟和沙质沟道区表现最为突出，并形成了风蚀水蚀交互作用特有的侵蚀形态。文中并简要讨论了全新世以来束对外开放沟流域的侵蚀演变。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀坡向分异特征

定量分析评价水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀的坡向差异对于土壤侵蚀防治具有重要意义。通过对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域一个典型峁坡不同坡向及坡位土壤剖面中137Cs含量的分析研究,表明研究区内梁峁地形的坡向侵蚀差异明显,各坡向平均侵蚀速率大小依次是北坡>东坡>南坡>西坡,南北坡侵蚀差异与黄土丘陵区其它区域相反,分析认为,这与该区域水蚀、风蚀叠加的特殊侵蚀外营力有关,并根据南北坡侵蚀速率的差值估算出该区域风蚀所占比例至少大于18%;峁坡各坡向不同坡位侵蚀差异明显,坡面下部侵蚀最严重,坡面上部和中部次之,侵蚀速率顺坡沿程呈波动变化趋势,坡面水土保持措施减沙效果显著。

保护性耕作农田抗风蚀效应多因素回归分析

为定量评价风洞中心风速、留茬高度、植被盖度及交互作用对保护性耕作农田风蚀的影响,按均匀试验设计方案,采用野外风洞原位测试方法,完成了保护性耕作农田抗风蚀效应多因素试验。用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)理论,建立了保护性耕作农田土壤风蚀模型。分析表明:各因素对输沙率作用的主次顺序依次为:中心风速、植被盖度、留茬高度;对截留率作用的主次顺序依次为:留茬高度、植被盖度、中心风速;各因素对输沙率、截留率交互作用规律相同,由主到次为:留茬高度×植被盖度、中心风速×植被盖度、中心风速×留茬高度。结果证明,保护性耕作农田的抗风蚀机理,不仅受单因素的影响,还与中心风速、留茬高度、植被盖度间的交互作用关系密切。

酸性条件下砂岩剪切破坏特性试验研究

运用自主研发的煤岩细观剪切试验装置,选取三峡库区三叠系上统的须家河组细砂岩开展室内不同pH值溶液浸蚀后的剪切试验,并借助图像处理技术对砂岩试件在剪切载荷作用下裂纹的时间演化规律进行试验研究,探讨裂纹开裂与砂岩浸蚀程度之间的关系。研究结果表明:岩石在不同时间点剪应力与裂纹演化有明显的相关性,表面裂纹的萌生到失稳断裂是在相对较短的时间内完成的,砂岩的破裂几乎是产生于矿物颗粒边界与胶结物中的绕晶破裂,仅在极少数应力高度集中区域的颗粒上才会出现穿过颗粒的破裂;随着化学溶液酸性的增强和浸蚀时间的延长,砂岩浸蚀程度增大,抗剪强度降低,砂岩剪切破坏时的裂纹开裂宽度相应增大,裂纹开裂情况愈加复杂;化学溶液是引起岩石强度和变形衰减的一个重要原因。