Family selection and evaluation of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger based on stem analysis data at multiple sites

Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger is an important native tree species in North China with advantages of fast growth,straight trunk,and good wood properties.The multi-year and multi-site breeding research of families of the species has not been reported previously.Based on diameter at breast height(DBH),height and volume of 25 families on four experimental sites,we calculated variance components,genetic parameters,juvenile and mature trait correlations and made genotype main effect plus genotype×environment interaction effect(GGE)biplot based on the breeding values estimated using the method of best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP).Compared with height,DBH and volume had higher heritability and larger variation coefficients,making them the more suitable traits for family selection and evaluation.Based on these,GGE biplots containing 20 combinations of site×age were drawn using data at 13 to 17 years when the interactions between family and location were strong.Test sites classifications based on DBH,and volume were inconsistent,with two categories for DBH and one for volume.The Guyuan site was the most suitable with strong discriminating ability,high representativeness and stability among tree ages.Integrating the ranking results of DBH and volume,families 66,76,82 and 111 were high-yielding and stable,families 78 and96 were high-yielding with above average stability,families72 and 79 were high-yielding with below average stability,whereas stability of family 100 was inconsistent between DBH and volume.Early selection based on DBH was convenient and reliable,and can be made at seven years.This study provides support for the selection of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii families in Hebei province and an example for the application of stem analysis data from multiple sites in tree breeding.

Coupled interactive effects of ammonia and hydrogen additions on ethylene diffusion flames: A detailed kinetic study

In order to create effective combustion technologies and fuels with low or no carbon emissions,the research was conducted to assess the coupled interactive effects of NH_(3) and H_(2) additions on ethylene counterflow diffusion flames from a kinetic perspective.The effects of the NH_(3)/H_(2) combination on flame temperatures,major species,key radicals,important intermediate species,representative oxygenated species and NO_xwere examined.The results of the study utilizing fictitious inert NH_(3) and/or H_(2) revealed the chemical effects of the two components.It was found that the NH_(3)/H_(2) coupled effects had a more effective inhibitory effect on soot precursors than the effects of corresponding sum of single NH_(3) or H_(2) addition.The production of soot precursors was promoted by the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and H_(2),but the coupled dilution and thermal effects were observed to have a greater impact,resulting in a decrease of the mole fractions of soot precursors.As for the interaction of NH_(3) and H_(2) effects,the presence of H_(2) decreased the chemical effects of NH_(3) on the augmentation of C_(2)H_(2),A1,A2,and CH_(3)CHO mole fractions.The NH_(3) addition alleviated the H_(2) chemical effects on increasing C_(2)H_(2),C_(3)H_(3),A1 and A2 concentrations.Conversely,the NH_(3)chemical effects on C_(3)H_(3),OH and CH_(3)CHO were enhanced when H_(2) was added.The presence of NH_(3) augmented the chemical effects of H_(2) on the growth of OH mole fraction.Moreover,the H_(2) chemical effects hindered the production of NO and NO_(2) in the presence of NH_(3).

QTL Mapping and Q×E Interactions of Grain Cooking and Nutrient Qualities in Rice Under Upland and Lowland Environments

Grain cooking and nutrient qualities are the most important components of rice （Oryza sativa L.） quality. A doubled haploid （DH） population from a cross between two japonica cultivars was used to examine the phenotypic values and potential QTLs for the quality traits. The cooking and nutrient quality traits, including the amylose content （AC）, the gel consistency （CJC）, the gelatinization temperature （GT）, and the protein content （PC）, in rice grown under upland and lowland environments were evaluated. Significant differences for AC, GC, GT, and PC between upland and lowland environments were detected. The phenotypic values of all four traits were higher under upland environment than lowland environment. The value of PC under upland environment was significantly higher （by 37.9%） than that under lowland environment. This suggests that upland cultivation had large effect on both cooking and nutrient qualifies. A total of seven QTLs and twelve pairs of QTLs were detected to have significant additive and epistatic effects for the four traits. Significant Q x E interaction effects of two QTLs and two pairs of QTLs were also discovered. The general contribution of additive QTLs ranged from 1.91% to 19.77%. The Q × E interactions of QTLs QGt3 and QAc6 accounted for 8.99% and 47.86% of the phenotypic variation, respectively, whereas those of the 2 pairs of epistatic QTLs, QAc6-QAcllb and QAc8-QAc9, accounted for 32.54% and 11.82%, respectively. Five QTLs QGt6b, QGt8, QGt11, QGcl, and QPc2, which had relatively high general contribution and no Q x E interactions, were selected to facilitate the upland rice grain quality breeding.

Analysis of Genetic Effects of Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interaction on Quantitative Traits:Genetic Model for Diploid Plants

A genetic model was proposed for simultaneously analyzing genetic effects of nuclear, cytoplasm, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction （NCI） as well as their genotype by environment （GE） interaction for quantitative traits of diploid plants. In the model, the NCI effects were further partitioned into additive and dominance nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction components. Mixed linear model approaches were used for statistical analysis. On the basis of diallel cross designs, Monte Carlo simulations showed that the genetic model was robust for estimating variance components under several situations without specific effects. Random genetic effects were predicted by an adjusted unbiased prediction （AUP） method. Data on four quantitative traits （boll number, lint percentage, fiber length, and micronaire） in Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） were analyzed as a worked example to show the effectiveness of the model.

Interaction effects of flotation reagents for SAG mill reject of copper sulphide ore using response surface methodology

Flotation reagents have a complex behaviour in the beneficiation of base minerals in clayey ores.Interaction effects of reagents on the efficiency of copper flotation for a highly clayey low-grade sulphide ore were investigated using a central composite design.Preliminary results showed that sodium-isopropyl-xanthate(SIPX)and O-isopropyl-N-ethyl-thionocarbamate(IPETC)were found to be the most efficient collectors in the presence of lime as the pH regulator.The effects of dosage of collectors(SIPX and IPETC)and the dosage of methyl-isobutyl-carbonyl(MIBC)as frother on the separation efficiency were evaluated at different pH levels.Based on the analysis of variance(ANOVA),the interaction effects of the collector−pH and collector−frother were significant for the separation efficiency.At the low level of collector dosage,increasing pH from 9 to 11 enhanced copper separation efficiency from 81%to 86%for IPETC and from 77%to 86%for SIPX.Results of ANOVA showed that the maximum copper separation efficiency(88.7%)was obtained at the dosages of 8.6 g/t SIPX,7 g/t IPETC and 20 g/t MIBC at pH 11.Finally,it was concluded that a mixture of SIPX and IPETC collectors was more suitable to treat highly clayey sulphide ores.

Effects of salinity, light and temperature on growth rates of two species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta)

Effects of temperature, salinity and light intensity on growth rates of Gracilaria lichenoides and G. tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia were tested. Eight to ten levels of each factor were first tested separately. The best growth rate was obtained under the conditions of 32℃, 30 and 240 μmol/（m^2·s） for G. lichenoides, and 24℃, 20 and 200 μmol/（m^2·s） for G. tenuistipitata, respectively. Then a uniform design was used to evaluate the optimal combinations of the three factors. The best conditions for the highest daily specific growth rates （% increase in wet weight） are determined to be 31.30℃, 32.10, and 287.23 lamol/（m^2·s） for G. lichenoides （16.26%/d）, and 25.38℃, 21.10, and 229.07 lamol/（m^2·s） for G tenuistipitata （14.83%/d）, respectively.

INTERACTION MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE THERMAL AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES

The present article provides supplementary information of previous works of analytic models for predicting conductivity enhancements of carbon nanotube composites. The models, though fairly simple, are able to take account of the effects of conductivity anisotropy, nonstraightness, and aspect ratio of the CNT additives on the conductivity enhancement of the composite and to give predictions agreeing well with existing experimental data. The omitted detailed derivation of this model is demonstrated in the present article with a more systematical analysis, which may help with further development in this direction. Furthermore, the effects of various orientation distributions of CNTs are reported here for the first time. The information may be useful in design or fabrication technology of CNT composites for better or specified conductivities.

Effects of water and nitrogen addition on vegetation carbon pools in a semi-arid temperate steppe

Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen（N） deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon（C） pools to simulated precipitation and N deposition increases through field experiments in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. The treatments included NH4NO3 addition at concentrations of 0（CK）, 5（LN, low nitrogen）, 10（middle nitrogen, MN）, and 20（HN,high nitrogen）（g m^（-2）a^（-1）） with and without water. After three consecutive years of treatment, from 2010 to 2012,water addition did not significantly change the size of the total vegetation C pools, but it significantly decreased the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.05） relative to controls. By contrast, N addition significantly increased the total vegetation C pools. The C pools in the LN, MN and HN treatments increased by 22, 39 and 44 %, respectively. MN produced the largest effect among the N concentrations,although differences between N-added treatments were not significant（P ？ 0.05）. N addition significantly reduced the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.03）. However, there were no significant interactive effects of water and N addition on the vegetation C pools.

One compound approach combining factor-analytic model with AMMI and GGE biplot to improve multi-environment trials analysis

To improve multi-environmental trial(MET)analysis,a compound method—which combines factor analytic(FA)model with additive main effect and multiplicative interaction(AMMI)and genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction(GGE)biplot—was conducted in this study.The diameter at breast height of 36 open-pollinated(OP)families of Pinus taeda at six sites in South China was used as a raw dataset.The best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP)data of all individual trees in each site was obtained by fitting the spatial effects with the FA method from raw data.The raw data and BLUP data were analyzed and compared by using the AMMI and GGE biplot.BLUP results showed that the six sites were heterogeneous and spatial variation could be effectively fitted by spatial analysis with the FA method.AMMI analysis identified that two datasets had highly significant effects on the site,family,and their interactions,while BLUP data had a smaller residual error,but higher variation explaining ability and more credible stability than raw data.GGE biplot results revealed that raw data and BLUP data had different results in mega-environment delineation,test-environment evaluation,and genotype evaluation.In addition,BLUP data results were more reasonable due to the stronger analytical ability of the first two principal components.Our study suggests that the compound method combing the FA method with the AMMI and GGE biplot could improve the analysis result of MET data in Pinus teada as it was more reliable than direct AMMI and GGE biplot analysis on raw data.

On Possible S-Wave Bound States for an N-↑N System Within a Constituent Quark Model

We try to apply a constituent quark model (a variety chiral constituent quark model) and the resonating group approach for the multi-quark problems to compute the effective potential between the NN- in S-wave (the quarks in the nucleons N and N-, and the two nucleons relatively as well, are in S wave) so as to see the possibility if there may be a tight bound state of six quarks as indicated by a strong enhancement at threshold of pp- in J/ψ and B decays. The effective potential which we obtain in terms of the model and approach shows if the experimental enhancement is really caused by a tight S-wave bound state of six quarks, then the quantum number of the bound state is very likely to be I = 1, JPC= 0-+.

Soil conservation assessment via climate change and vegetation growth scenarios in the Nile River basin

Soil conservation by vegetation can mitigate soil erosion hazard and prevent reductions in food productivity.However,previous research applies little consideration to the interaction between vegetation and climate change in the estimation of future soil conservation change.Therefore,based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE),Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs,specifically RCP4.5 and RCP8.5),and the vegetation index and precipitation datasets,we built a multivariate regression equation that considers changes in vegetation growth under climate change scenarios in the context of soil conservation.Using the Nile River basin as a case study,via our established methods,we modelled and projected the impact of vegetation and climate change on future soil conservation between 2020 and 2100,where three main results were obtained:(1)under the scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2020 to 2100,soil conservation in the Nile Basin will first increase and then decrease,with its highest value in the years 2060,at 117.72(t ha^(-1)y^(-1)),and 2070,at 134.39(t ha^(-1)y^(-1)).(2)Soil conservation under RCP4.5 is lower than that under the RCP8.5 scenario,with a maximum difference of 27(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))in 2040 and a minimum difference of 0.2(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))in 2100.(3)The vegetation and climate change models in 2100 had soil conservation values of 110.77(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))under RCP4.5 and 38.70(t ha^(-1)y^(-1))under RCP8.5.In conclusion,although vegetation growth can increase soil conservation in the Nile River basin,the change in precipitation can offset the soil conservation enhanced by vegetation growth.

Effects of the Dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content on the soil disintegration characteristics of gully erosion

Benggang erosion is caused by a special type of gully erosion in southern China that seriously endangers the local ecology and environment.In this study,typical Benggang collapsing-wall soils were used as the study area to investigate the effects of different initial moisture contents and dicranopteris linearis root weight densities,as well as their interactions on disintegration in orthogonal test method.The results showed that the rate of soil disintegration decreased as a linear function of the initial moisture content.The soil disintegration rate tended to rise and then fall as the root weight density increased,reflecting an optimum root weight density of 0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3.The incorporation of dicranopteris linearis roots was most effective for soil consolidation in the shallow layers of soil.In addition,the disintegration rate of the collapsing-wall soils increases as the soil layer deepened.The dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content had an interactive effect that was more pronounced in deeper soils.However,the combined effect of these processes was always dominated by the initial moisture content.Moderate initial soil moisture content(0.20-0.24 g/g)and the addition of a high root density in dicranopteris linearis(0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3)were the optimal combinations that reduced the disintegration rate.In conclusion,maintaining a suitable natural moisture content in collapsing-wall soils and taking measures that use plants to consolidate soil can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Benggang erosion.The results of this study provided further insight into the factors that influence soil disintegration and offered a scientific basis for soil erosion management in the southern China.

QTL mapping for leaf area in maize (Zea mays L.) under multienvironments

Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis in green plants. Leaf area plays a vital role in dry matter accumulation and grain yield in maize （Zea mays L.）. Thus, investigating the genetic basis of leaf area will aid efforts to breed maize with high yield. In this study, a total of 150 F7 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） derived from a cross between the maize lines Xu 178 and K12 were used to evaluate three ear-leaves area （TELA） under multi-environments. Inclusive composite interval map- ping （ICIM） was used to identify quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for TELA under a single environment and estimated breeding value （EBV）. A total of eight QTLs were detected under a single environmental condition, and four QTLs were identified for EBV which also can be detected in single environment. This indicated that the EBV-detected QTLs have high genetic stability. A major QTL （qTELA_2-9） located in chromosome bin 2.04/2.05 could be detected in four environments and has a high phenotypic contribution rate （ranging from 10.79 to 16.51%） that making it a good target for molecular breeding. In addition, joint analysis was used to reveal the genetic basis of leaf area in six environments. In total, six QTLxenvironment interactions and nine epistatic interactions were identified. Our results reveal that the genetic basis of the leaf area is not only mainly determined by additive effects, but also affected by epistatic effects environmental interaction effects.

FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE J_2-INTEGRAL IN BIMATERIAL SOLIDS

The J_2-integral induced from the interface of bimaterial solids(J_2^(interface))is stud- ied by numerical method.First,the effect on the J_2-integral induced from the interface is very significant in bimaterial solids,which is inherently related to that induced from the subinterface cracks.Moreover,it can be concluded that either the first or the second component of the J_k- vector is always equal to zero when the contour encloses both the cracks and the whole interface in bimaterial solids.Secondly,it can also be concluded that the interface does produce significant effect on the J_2-integral induced from the subinterface cracks(J_2^(sub))in bimaterial solids.This effect depends on the geometry of the crack arrangement,which is corresponding to the different interaction effect among the cracks and the interface.Moreover,the interface effect on the J_2^(sub) can be neglected when the distance from the crack center to the interface is large enough,which reveals that the bimaterial solids can be regarded as homogenous solids in fracture analysis when the subinterface crack is far enough from the interface.Three examples are given in this paper.

A Hydrodynamic Model for Dimpled Mechanical Gas Seal Considering Interaction Effect

The mechanical gas seal of aero engine has to face the problems of high wear rate and short lifetime.Surface texture has shown beneficial effects over the tribological characteristics.Here,a hydrodynamic model for dimpled annular area of mechanical gas seal considering the″interaction effect″between adjacent dimples is developed based on the Reynolds equation.Different multi-row columns are chosen and the dimensionless pressure in radial and circumferential directions is calculated.The results indicate that the″interaction effect″is more obvious in the circumferential direction than in the radial direction,even when the area and depth of the dimples are same.Moreover,for the 5×5column,the dimensionless average pressure considering the″interaction effect″increases by45.41% compared with the 1×5column.Further analysis demonstrates that the model with the 5×5column can be more reasonable with the consideration of reducing the calculation error caused by boundary conditions to investigate the hydrodynamic effect for dimpled mechanical gas seal.

Detection and Analysis of High Temperature Sensitivity of TGMS Lines in Rice Using AMMI Model

With the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) analysis model, thedetermination of the sensitivity to temperature among different TGMS (thermo-sensitivegenic male sterile) lines was performed. To assess the genetic differences due to hightemperature stress at the fertility-sensitive stage (10-20d before heading), sevengenotypes (six TGMS lines and the control Pei-Ai64S) were grown from May 4 at sevendifferent stages with 10d intervals. The temperatures at the fertility-sensitive stagesinvolved twelve levels from<20 to>℃ under the regime natural conditions in Hangzhou,China. There was considerable variation in pollen fertility among genotypes in responseto high temperature. Five genotypes identified as TGMS lines as their percentages offertile pollens were lower than or close to that of the control except for the unstableline RTS19 (V6). When the temperatures at the fertility-sensitive stage were at Ⅰ-Ⅳ,Ⅴ-Ⅵ and Ⅶ-Ⅻ, the percentages of fertile pollens varied in the ranges of 46.46-48.49%,19.62-22.79% and 3.49-5.87%, respectively. The critical temperatures of sterility andfertility in the five TGMS lines were 25.1 and 23.0℃, respectively. Considering theamounts and directions of main effect and their IPCA (interaction principal componentsanalysis), we can classify the lines and temperature levels into different groups, anddescribe the characteristics of genotypetemperature interaction, offering the informationand tools for the development and utility of thermo-sensitive male sterile lines.Several TGMS rice lines with their reproductive sensitivity to high temperature that canbe screened using the AMMI model may add valuable germplasm to the breeding program ofhybrid rice.

Effects of the Interaction between Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Hepatoma Cells

To gain a better understanding of the anticancer effects of hydroxyapatite （HAP） nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro, the effects of the interaction of HAP nanoparticles with hepatoma cells were explored. HAP nanoparticles were prepared by homogeneous precipitation and characterized by laser particle analysis and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. HAP nanoparticles were observed to be uniformly distributed, with rod-like shapes and diameters in the range of 42.1-87.1 nm. Overnight attached, suspended, and proliferating Bel-7402 cells were incubated with HAP nanoparticles. Inverted microscopy observation revealed that HAP nanoparticles with a cell membrane showed good adsorption. TEM demonstrated that HAP nanoparticles were present on the surface of cells, continuously taken up by cells through endocytosis, and transported in vesicles close to the nucleus. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the concentrations of intracellular Ca2＋ labeled with Fluo-3 calcium fluorescent probe were significantly enhanced. In addition, inverted microscopy observation revealed that suspended cells treated with HAP nanoparticles did not adhere to the culture bottle, resulting in cell death. After the overnight attached cells were treated with HAP nanoparticles for 96 h with increasing doses of HAP nanoparticles, inverted microscopy observation revealed that cell proliferation was slowed and ceU-ceU adhesion was weakened. Feulgen staining and image analysis indicated that the nuclear DNA content of the cells was markedly reduced, and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region （AgNOR） staining and image analysis indicated that the number of AgNORs was significantly decreased. Therefore, hepatoma cells brought about the adsorption, uptake, transport and degradation of HAP nanoparticles. In addition, HAP nanoparticles affected hepatoma cells with regard to cell-cell adhesion, cell and extracellular matrix adhesion, and DNA and protein synthesis; thus inhibiting cell proliferation. This understanding of the effects of interaction between HAP nanoparticles and hepatoma cells is useful for further study of the anticancer mechanisms of HAP nanoparticles.

Panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a selective review

In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues of cross-sectional dependence, and introduces the concepts of weak and strong cross-sectional dependence. Then, the main attention is primarily paid to spatial and factor approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence for both linear and nonlinear （nonparametric and semiparametric） panel data models. Finally, we conclude with some speculations on future research directions.

Interaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with drug in aqueous/electrolyte solution:A combined conductometric and molecular dynamics method study

Interaction between beta-lactum antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride(CFH)and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)was performed conductometrically in aqueous as well as in the occurrence of different salts(NaCl,KCl as well as NH_4Cl)over the temperature range of 298.15–323.15 K at the regular interval of 5 K.CFH drug has been suggested for the treatment of bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections and acute sinusitis.A clear critical micelle concentration(CMC)was obtained for pure CTAB as well as(CFH+CTAB)mixed systems.The decrease in CMC values of CTAB caused by the addition of CFH reveals the existence of the interaction between the components and therefore it is the indication of micelle formation at lower concentration of CTAB and their CMC values further decrease in attendance of salts.A nonlinear behavior in the CMC versus T plot was observed in all the cases.The ΔG_m^0 values are found to be negative in present study systems demonstrated the stability of the solution.The values of ΔH_m^0 and ΔS_m^0 reveal the existence of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between CFH and CTAB.The thermodynamic properties of transfer for the micellization were also evaluated and discussed in detail.Molecular dynamic simulation disclosed that environment of water and salts have impact on the hydrophobic interaction between CFH and CTAB.In water and salts,CTAB adopts spherical micelle in which charged hydrophilic groups are interacted with waters whereas hydrophobic tails form the core of the micelle.This hydrophobic core region is highly conserved and protected.In addition,micelle formation is more favorable in aqueous Na Cl solution than other solutions.

Analysis on Interaction Effects Between Variety and Site of Silage Maize Regional Test in Guizhou Province

Taking the yield in the second group of Guizhou silage maize regional test in 2019 as data information, 8 experimental sites and 12 silage maize varieties as experimental objects, the interaction effect between gene and environment was analyzed by using AMMI model. The results showed that the average fresh weight yield of each variety was 3 199.5~3 976.6 kg/667m^(2), among them, 5 varieties had an increase in the yield. Variety variation accounted for 10.51% of the total variation;experimental site variation accounted for 63.22% of the total variation;interaction effect variation between gene and environment accounted for 26.28% of the total variation;IPCA1 and IPCA2 variation accounted for 50.7% and 31.2% of the interaction variation, respectively;IPCA3 variation accounted for 7.25% of the interaction variation. g_4, g_8, g_9, g_10, g_11 and g_12 had better adaptability to e_1, e_2, e_6 and e_7;while g_1, g_2, g_3, g_5, g_6 and g_7 had better adaptability to e_3, e_4, e_5 and e_8. In consideration of yield, g_1(Huinongqing 2) and g_9(Xinyu 666) were silage maize varieties with high and stable yield;g_3(Hemuyu 905), g_8(Wuhuayu 3) and g_11(Liangdu 191) had general stability, and their yield was higher than that of the control;g_12(Jinduyu 999) had the worst stability and low yield.