Radial glia interact with primary olfactory axons to regulate development of the olfactory bulb

The developing olfactory system - merging of the periph- eral and central nervous systems： The olfactory system is responsible for the sense of smell and is comprised of a complex topographic map that regenerates throughout life. In rodents each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one of N 1,300 odorant receptors with the neurons being distributed mosaically within the epithelium. The axons of the sensory neurons do not maintain near-neighbour relationships and instead project to disparate topographic targets in the olfac- tory bulb within the central nervous system. The develop- ment of the targets relies on the intermingling of the sensory axons with the interneurons, glia and second order neurons of the olfactory bulb. Thus the formation of the olfactory system involves the coordinated integration of the axons of the peripheral olfactory sensory neurons with the cells of the olfactory bulb.

ORA59 and EIN3 interaction couples jasmonate-ethylene synergistic action to antagonistic salicylic acid regulation of PDF expression

Hormonal crosstalk is central for tailoring plant responses to the nature of challenges encountered. The role of antagonism between the two major defense hormones, salicylic acid （SA） and jasmonic acid （JA）, and modulation of this interplay by ethylene （ET） in favor of JA signaling pathway in plant stress responses is well recognized, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show the opposing function of two transcription factors, ethylene insensitive3 （EIN3） and EIN3-Like1 （EIL1）, in SA-mediated suppression and JA- mediated activation of PLANT DEFENSINI.2 （PDFI.2）. This functional duality is mediated via their effect on protein, not transcript levels of the PDF1.2 transcriptional activator octadecanoid-responsive Arabidopsis59 （ORA59）. Specifically, JA induces ORA59 protein levels independently of EIN3/EIL1, whereas SA reduces the protein levels dependently of EIN3/EIL1. Co-infiltration assays revealed nuclear co-localization of ORA59 and EIN3, and split- luciferase together with yeast-two-hybrid assays established their physical interaction. The functional ramification of the physical interaction is EIN3-dependent degradation of ORA59 by the 26S proteasome. These findings allude to SA-responsive reduction of ORA59 levels mediated by EIN3 binding to and targeting of ORA59 for degrada4tion, thus nominating ORA59 pool as a coordination node for the antagonistic function of ET/JA and SA.

FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEIN 1 interacts with TRXz to regulate chloroplast development in rice

Chloroplast genes are transcribed by the plastidencoded RNA polymerase（PEP） or nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase. FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEINS（FLNs） are phosphofructokinase-B（Pfk B）-type carbohydrate kinases that act as part of the PEP complex; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying FLN activity in rice remain elusive.Previously, we identified and characterized a heat-stress sensitive albino（hsa_1） mutant in rice. Map-based cloning revealed that HSA_1 encodes a putative OsFLN_2. Here, we further demonstrated that knockdown or knockout of the OsFLN_1, a close homolog of HSA_1/OsFLN_2, considerably inhibits chloroplast biogenesis and the fln_1 knockout mutants, created by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats（CRISPR） and CRISPR-associate protein_9, exhibit severe albino phenotype and seedling lethality. Moreover, OsFLN_1 localizes to the chloroplast.Yeast two-hybrid, pull-down and bimolecular fluorescencecomplementation experiments revealed that OsFLN_1 and HSA_1/OsFLN_2 interact with THIOREDOXINZ（OsTRXz） to regulate chloroplast development. In agreement with this,knockout of OsTRXz resulted in a similar albino and seedling lethality phenotype to that of the fln_1 mutants. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis revealed that the transcription and translation of PEP-dependent genes were strongly inhibited in fln_1 and trxz mutants, indicating that loss of OsFLN_1, HSA_1/OsFLN_2, or OsTRXz function perturbs the stability of the transcriptionally active chromosome complex and PEP activity. These results show that OsFLN_1 and HSA_1/OsFLN_2 contribute to chloroplast biogenesis and plant growth.

SMURF2 regulates bone homeostasis by disrupting SMAD3 interaction with vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts

Subject Code:H06 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a study by the research group led by Prof.Zou Weiguo(邹卫国)from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,CAS demonstrates that E3ligase SMURF2maintains bone

Ryanodine receptor-protein regulator interaction revealed a general molecular mechanism of channel inhibition

Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are the major Ca2+ release channels in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, they play a crucial role in the Ca2+ signaling pathway that govern the