Characteristics and exploration targets of Chang 7 shale oil in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

The geological characteristics and enrichment laws of the shale oil in the third submember of the seventh member of Triassic Yanchang Formation(Chang 7_(3)) in the Ordos Basin were analyzed by using the information of core observations, experiments and logging, and then the exploration potential and orientation of the Chang 7_(3) shale oil were discussed. The research findings are obtained in three aspects. First, two types of shale oil, i.e. migratory-retained and retained, are recognized in Chang 7_(3). The former is slightly better than the latter in quality. The migratory-retained shale oil reservoir is featured with the frequent interbedding and overlapping of silty-sandy laminae caused by sandy debris flow and low-density turbidity current and semi-deep-deep lacustrine organic-rich shale laminae. The retained shale oil reservoir is composed of black shale with frequent occurrence of bedding and micro-laminae. Second, high-quality source rocks provide a large quantity of hydrocarbon-rich high-quality fluids with high potential energy. The source-reservoir pressure difference provides power for oil accumulation in thin interbeds of organic-poor sandstones with good seepage conditions and in felsic lamina, tuffaceous lamina and bedding fractures in shales. Hydrocarbon generation-induced fractures, bedding fractures and microfractures provide high-speed pathways for oil micro-migration. Frequent sandstone interlayers and felsic laminae provide a good space for large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation, and also effectively improve the hydrocarbon movability. Third, sand-rich areas around the depression are the main targets for exploring migratory-retained shale oil. Mature deep depression areas are the main targets for exploring retained oil with medium to high maturity. Theoretical research and field application of in-situ conversion in low-mature deep depression areas are the main technical orientations for exploring retained shale oil with low to medium maturity.

Organic matter transformation ratio, hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and shale oil enrichment type in Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale,and evaluates the major enrichment type of shale oil in this interval.The average organic matter transformation ratio of the Chang 7_(3) shale is about 45%;in other words,more than 50%of the organic matters have not transformed to hydrocarbons,and the lower the maturity,the greater the proportion of untransformed organic matters.The cumulative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the transformed hydrocarbon is 27.5% on average,and the total proportion of untransformed organic matters plus retained hydrocarbons is greater than 70%.The relative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the Chang 7_(3) shale is 60%on average,that is,about 40% of hydrocarbons retain in the shale.The Chang 7_(3) shale corresponds to Chang 7_(1+2) and Chang 8 sandstones as the roof and floor,respectively,and is further overlaid by Chang 6 shale,where extensive low porosity and low permeability–tight oil reservoirs have formed in the parts with relatively good porosity and permeability.Moreover,the Chang 7_(3) shale is tested to be in a negative pressure system(the pressure coefficient of 0.80–0.85).Therefore,the roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale are poor.The retained hydrocarbons appear mostly in absorbed status,with low mobility.It is concluded that the medium–high mature shale oil is not the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale,but there may be enrichment opportunity for shale oil with good mobility in the areas where the sealing conditions are good without faults and fractures and oil reservoirs are formed off Chang 7_(1+2),Chang 6 and Chang 8.Furthermore,low–medium mature shale oil is believed to have great potential and is the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale.It is recommended to prepare relevant in-situ conversion technologies by pilot test and figure out the resource availability and distribution.

Geological characteristics and exploration of shale oil in Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

A set of shale-dominated source rocks series were deposited during the heyday of lake basin development in the Member 7 of Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,and the thickness is about 110 m.Aimed at whether this layer can form large-scale oil enrichment of industrial value,comprehensive geological research and exploration practice have been carried out for years and obtained the following important geologic findings.Firstly,widely distributed black shale and dark mudstone with an average organic matter abundance of 13.81%and 3.74%,respectively,lay solid material foundation for the formation of shale oil.Secondly,sandy rocks sandwiched in thick organic-rich shale formations constitute an oil-rich"sweet spot",the average thickness of thin sandstone is 3.5 m.Thirdly,fine-grained sandstone and siltstone reservoirs have mainly small pores of 2–8μm and throats of 20–150 nm in radius,but with a large number of micro-pores and nano-throats,through fracturing,the reservoirs can provide good conductivity for the fluid in it.Fourthly,continued high-intensity hydrocarbon generation led to a pressure difference between the source rock and thin-layer reservoir of up to 8–16 MPa during geological history,driven by the high pressure,the oil charged into the reservoirs in large area,with oil saturation reaching more than 70%.Under the guidance of the above theory,in 2019,the Qingcheng Oilfield with geologic oil reserves of billion ton order was proved in the classⅠmulti-stage superimposed sandstone shale reservoir of Chang 7 Member by the Changqing Oilfield Branch through implementation of overall exploration and horizontal well volume fracturing.Two risk exploration horizontal wells were deployed for the classⅡthick layer mud shale interbedded with thin layers of silt-and fine-sandstones reservoir in the Chang 73 submember,and they were tested high yield oil flows of more than 100 tons per day,marking major breakthroughs in petroleum exploration in classⅠshale reservoirs.The new discoveries have expanded the domain of unconventional petroleum exploration.

Genesis of Fibrous Calcite in the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

To explore the genesis of the laminated calcite veins developed in the black shale of Chang 73 submember of the Ordos Basin,the petrology,microstructure and geochemistry of calcite veins are studied using thin sections,fluid inclusions,trace elements and isotopic geochemistry.The source,the time of formation,the mechanism of formation,and the dynamic background of the veins are discussed.The veins are mostly made up of calcite,mixed with lenticular or spindle-shape solid wall rock inclusions.Three structures are identified in the calcite minerals:fibrous,rhombic cleavage,and wedge-like structure.Trace elements and isotopes of carbon and oxygen confirm that the calcite veins were formed from a high density hydrothermal fluid.It is assumed that calcite veins formed prior to wall rock consolidation during the formation of the Qinling Orogenic Belt in the Middle and Late Triassic.The results show that the sedimentary sources of Chang 73 submember were influenced by hydrothermal materials besides terrigenous detritus.The fibrous calcite is different from the fibrous calcite reported in the morphology and mechanism of formation.In this way,the research complements and improves the morphology and the mechanism of formation of fibrous calcite.

Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the Triassic Chang 7 Member shale in the Southeastern Ordos Basin,Central China

The Ordos Basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China, where the Chang 7 Member shale serves as the major source rock in the basin, with an area of more than 100,000 km^2 So far, sedimentary and geochemical characterizations have rarely been conducted on the shale in shallow(< 1000 m) areas in the southeastern part of the basin, but such characterizations can help identify the genesis of organic-rich shale and promote the prediction and recovery of shale oil. In this paper,several outcrop sections of the Chang 7 Member in the Tongchuan area were observed and sampled, and sedimentary and geochemical characterizations were conducted for the well-outcropped YSC section. The study results show that the Chang7 Member shale is widely distributed laterally with variable thickness. The organic-rich shale is 7-25 m thick in total and exhibits obvious horizontal variation in mineral composition. In the eastern sections, the shale contains organic matter of TypeⅡ_2-Ⅲ and is low in thermal maturity, with high clay mineral content, low K-feldspar content, and no pyrite. In the western sections, the shale contains Type Ⅱ_1 organic matter and is low in thermal maturity, with high clay mineral, K-feldspar, and pyrite contents. The YSC section reveals three obvious intervals in vertical mineral composition and organic abundance.The Chang 7 Member organic-rich shale(TOC > 10%) contains mainly sapropelite and liptinite, with Type Ⅱ kerogen. It is generally characterized by a hydrocarbon potential of more than 70 mg/g, low maturity, and shallow-semideep lacustrine facies. In the western sections, the shale, still in a low maturity stage, has a higher hydrocarbon potential and is optional for shale oil recovery. However, the Chang 7 Member shale in the study area is highly heterogeneous and its shale oil recovery is practical only in the organic-rich intervals.

The petrological characteristics and signif icance of organic-rich shale in the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation,south margin of the Ordos basin,central China

The organic-rich shale of the Chang 7 member is the most important source rock in the Ordos basin.The sedimentary environment and the controlling factors of organic matter enrichment,however,are still in contention.In this investigation,the Yishicun outcrop,located on the south margin of the Ordos basin,has been considered for the study.X-ray diffraction,polarizing microscopy,field emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence(CL)were used to investigate the petrological features of the organic-rich shale.The content of volcanic ash and the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals were measured to illustrate the relationship between oxygen level,ash content and the enrichment of organic matter.It has been found that the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals has a strong correlation with the total organic carbon,demonstrating that the redox status degree of the water column has a positive impact on the enrichment of organic matter.Additionally,with an increase in the ash content,the content of organic matter increased at first and then decreased,and reached a maximum when the ash content was about 6%,illustrating that the ash input has a double effect on the enrichment of organic matter.

Predicting the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Ordos Basin, central China

The Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin is important in China for producing shale oil.The present-day in situ stress state is of practical implications for the exploration and development of shale oil;however,few studies are focused on stress distributions within the Chang 7 reservoir.In this study,the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Chang 7 reservoir was predicted using the combined spring model based on well logs and measured stress data.The results indicate that stress magnitudes increase with burial depth within the Chang 7 reservoir.Overall,the horizontal maximum principal stress(SHmax),horizontal minimum principal stress(Shmin) and vertical stress(Sv) follow the relationship of Sv≥SHmax>Shmin,indicating a dominant normal faulting stress regime within the Chang 7 reservoir of Ordos Basin.Laterally,high stress values are mainly distributed in the northwestern parts of the studied region,while low stress values are found in the southeastern parts.Factors influencing stress distributions are also analyzed.Stress magnitudes within the Chang 7 reservoir show a positive linear relationship with burial depth.A larger value of Young's modulus results in higher stress magnitudes,and the differential horizontal stress becomes higher when the rock Young's modulus grows larger.

Oderly accumulation theory of shale system petroleum resource and its prospecting significance-A case study of Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin

1 Introduction Shale formations bear abundant mineral resource and*unconventional petroleum resource,and the unconventional petroleum resource that contain in the shale formation should be integrated and researched.

Black shale formation enviro nment and its control on shale oil enrichment in Triassic Chang 7 Member,Ordos Basin,NW China

Based on geochemical analysis results of core samples from the Triassic Chang 7 Member of Well Feng 75 drilled in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin,combined with geological characteristics of this region,the formation environment of the black shale and its control on shale oil enrichment are comprehensively studied.From the Chang 73 to Chang 71 Sub-members,the black shale have organic carbon contents decreasing from 5.70%to 3.55%,hydrogen indexes decreasing from 345 mg/g to 269 mg/g,while the oxygen indexes increasing gradually from 6 mg/g to 29 mg/g,indicating that the sedimentary environment during the depositional period of Chang 72 and Chang 73 Sub-members was anoxic.Biomarkers in the black shale change regu-larly,and have an obvious“inflection point”at the depth of 2753–2777 m in the Chang 73 Sub-member,indicating that the input of terrigenous organic matter increased.However,there is a negative drift about 2%of organic carbon isotopic composition near the“inflection point”,which is in conflict with the results of biomarker compounds.This is because the extreme thermal and anoxic events caused by continental volcanic activity in the ancient Qinling region caused negative drift of carbon isotopic composition of the black shale in the Ordos Basin.The volcanic activity caused rise of temperature,polluted air,extreme weathers,more floods and thus more input of terrigenous organic matter,and gave rise to extremely anoxic environment con-ducive to the preservation of organic matter.Terrigenous organic matter is more conducive to the formation of light oil than aquatic organic matter,so these sections in Yanchang Formation are major“sweet spots”for shale oil enrichment.

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素,综合钻井、测井、岩心分析化验等资料,对研究区长7段页岩油气富集程度及其机理进行研究。页岩解析气量与烃源岩总有机碳含量呈正比,有机质含量控制页岩油气的总含量,有机质发育大量孔隙,页岩油气以吸附态和游离态赋存于有机孔隙中。储集层孔隙结构和孔隙度影响页岩油气的含量及赋存状态,吸附油气主要赋存于微孔中,游离油气主要赋存于中孔和大孔中,但中孔中游离气含量高于大孔,而孔隙度越大,页岩中油气绝对含量越高。砂岩夹层和富有机质页岩的配置关系控制着页岩油气的富集部位,根据粉砂岩、细砂岩与页岩的关系,延长组长7段页岩油气可划分为近源和源内2类,源内又可分为砂岩与页岩互层型、页岩夹砂岩型和页岩型;下伏于富有机质页岩中的砂体和透镜状砂体油气含量最高,其次是上覆于富有机质页岩的砂体和呈舌状或指状与富有机质页岩接触的砂体。

鄂尔多斯盆地中部三叠系延长组7段烃组分的运移分异作用

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段页岩体系是泥岩、页岩和砂岩的组合体。为了深入揭示页岩油组分在不同岩性中的运移分异现象,针对鄂尔多斯盆地中部地区开展了典型烃类组分的运移分异研究。研究表明:在不同的岩性中4类族组分含量存在差异。砂岩中饱和烃(SAT)含量高,非烃与沥青质(NSO+Asph)含量低。页岩和泥岩的SAT含量低,NSO+Asph含量高。砂岩的n C_(11-15)烃类组分含量较高,nC_(23-39)烃类组分含量较低;页岩和泥岩的nC_(11-15)烃类组分含量较低,nC_(23-39)烃类组分含量较高。页岩和泥岩的Pr/Ph,Pr/nC_(17)和Ph/n C_(18)等含量比值参数数值变化大,砂岩的数值变化小。页岩和泥岩的C_(27)/C_(29)规则甾烷含量比值较低,砂岩则较高。页岩和泥岩的藿烷Ts/Tm与Ts/(Ts+Tm)比值较低,砂岩则较高。页岩和泥岩的C_(32)升藿烷22S/(22S+22R)比值变化较大,砂岩则具有相对集中的数值。砂岩的伽马蜡烷指数较高且数值分布范围较广,而页岩与泥岩则相反;页岩和泥岩8β(H)-补身烷/8β(H)-升补身烷的含量比值普遍大于1,而砂岩的数值普遍小于1。综合研究认为,不同石油组分在烃源岩内部的分布差异是吸附差异和不同石油组分运移分异共同导致的。

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段夹层型页岩油储层特征及主控因素

运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、黏土矿物X射线衍射、电子探针、阴极发光、高压压汞、物性测试等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部合水地区三叠系延长组长7段夹层型页岩油储层特征及储层致密化主控因素进行了研究,建立了储层定量评价标准,并预测出有利储层分布。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段夹层型页岩油储层主要为岩屑长石砂岩与长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度低、填隙物含量高、孔喉结构复杂,具有高孔低渗特征。(2)胶结作用是研究区长7段夹层型页岩油储层致密化的主控因素,储层平均视胶结率为86.3%,达到强胶结程度,以自生黏土矿物中的伊利石胶结为主;压实作用对储层致密化起次要作用,储层平均视压实率为46.0%,为中等压实程度;溶蚀作用降低了储层的致密化程度,但储层渗流能力较低,酸性流体难以大规模溶蚀,平均视溶蚀率仅为13.8%,为弱溶蚀程度。(3)受中等压实—弱溶蚀—强胶结成岩作用的影响,储层非均质性较强,成岩系数差异较大。Ⅰ类储层成岩系数大于2.4,Ⅱ1类储层成岩系数为1.8~2.4,Ⅱ2类储层成岩系数为1.2~<1.8,Ⅲ类储层成岩系数小于1.2,Ⅰ类与Ⅱ1类储层为有利储层。区域上中部混源区有利储层发育规模最大,是勘探的主要目标区。

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区三叠系长7段致密油分布特征及控制因素

综合利用地球化学、扫描电镜、岩心薄片、测井等资料以及油井生产数据等,对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区三叠系延长组7段储层特征、烃源岩特征和致密油分布特征进行了分析,从烃源岩展布、输导体系和源-储组合关系3个方面对致密油差异富集控制因素进行了探讨,并总结了成藏模式。研究结果表明:(1)陕北地区长7段致密砂岩储层主要分布在一亚段(长71)和二亚段(长72),以灰色—灰白色长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,长71和长72平均孔隙度分别为5.56%和7.32%,平均渗透率分别为0.097 m D和0.110 m D,长72储层物性更好;孔隙空间以溶孔为主,发育少量粒间孔。(2)研究区烃类主要来源于本地长72顶部和长73这2套烃源岩,平均厚度大于20 m,有机质丰度高,平均TOC值为3.02%,干酪根类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主,处于生烃高峰期,平均生烃量为270.2×10^(4)t/km^(2),长73烃源岩生烃潜力更大,供烃至长72储层,长71致密油来源于长72烃源岩;新安边地区三角洲前缘亚相末端的长72储层中致密油由湖盆烃源岩侧向供烃。(3)研究区致密油富集受烃源岩展布、砂体连通性以及源-储组合共同控制,在长72更富集,在新安边地区分布面积最大,安塞地区无大规模致密油聚集;纵向上和平面上致密油的聚集差异受控于烃源岩厚度和源-储组合关系,下生上储、上下生油而中间储集和砂泥互层时含油性更好;新安边地区三角洲前缘亚相末端的长72致密油聚集规模大于三角洲前缘主体,是由于三角洲前缘末端发育的局部连通砂体阻碍了湖盆烃类物质的侧向运移。(4)研究区致密油为“源控-砂控”成藏模式,远源河道优势砂体尖灭处和近源局部连通的砂体是有利勘探区。

Kinetic simulation of hydrocarbon generation and its application to in-situ conversion of shale oil

The kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation are determined through experimental simulation and mathematical calculation using four typical samples selected from the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the northwest of Songliao Basin,Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest of Ordos Basin,Paleogene in the southwest of Qaidam Basin,and Lucaogou Formation of Jimusar Sag in the east of Junggar Basin.The results show that activation energy of hydrocarbon generation of organic matter is closely related to maturity and mainly ranges between 197 kJ/mol and 227 kJ/mol.On this basis,the temperature required for organic matter in shale to convert into oil was calculated.The ideal heating temperature is between 270℃and 300℃,and the conversation rate can reach 90%after 50-300 days of heating at constant temperature.When the temperature rises at a constant rate,the temperature corresponding to the major hydrocarbon generation period ranges from 225 to 350℃at the temperature rise rate of 1-150℃/month.In order to obtain higher economic benefits,it is suggested to adopt higher temperature rise rate(60-150℃/month).The more reliable kinetic parameters obtained can provide a basis for designing more reasonable scheme of in-situ heating conversion.

鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区长7页岩油储层非均质性及其控油规律

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东南部甘泉地区长7油层组页岩油储层的宏观非均质性及其对石油分布的控制作用,通过隔夹层识别统计、渗透率统计及劳伦兹曲线构建等方法,定量表征并比较了长7_(1)、长7_(2)油层亚组的宏观非均质性,利用相关分析和多因素叠合的方法,分析了宏观非均质性对石油分布的影响。研究结果表明:研究区长7_(1)、长7_(2)页岩油储层平均发育夹层数分别为3.8、5.1层,砂体渗透率以复合韵律为主,且非均质性强;平均发育隔层数分别为3.4、2.8层,单隔层的平均厚度分别为6.0、4.9 m;长7_(1)较长7_(2)表现为稍弱的层内非均质性和较强的层间非均质性。页岩油砂岩储层的韵律性对含油饱和度有明显的影响,厚度大于10.0 m的隔层对油气有明显的封盖作用,“物性”隔夹层则构成油气聚集的侧向遮挡。长7_(1)油层亚组较长7_(2)油层亚组隔层更为发育,而长7_(2)油层亚组油气更富集。平面上,油气富集区分布呈条带状,多位于砂体厚度大且连续性较好、渗透率大于0.2 mD的区域,顺河道砂体延伸的方向上油层厚度变化小,垂直河道延伸方向上变化较大。研究结论可为鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东南部长7夹层式页岩油有利区评价及开发参数优选提供理论参考。

烃类源内微运移对页理型页岩油差异富集的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73亚段为例

受陆相页岩多纹层类型、高密度纹层特征的影响,烃类源内差异微运移成为控制不同岩相页岩含油性及可动性的重要因素。以鄂尔多斯盆地10口系统取心井为对象,利用X-射线衍射、薄片观察、扫描电镜、氮气吸附、激光共聚焦、地球化学等分析测试手段,结合测井及试油资料,对三叠系延长组长73亚段页岩中烃类的微运移现象及微运移机理进行分析。研究发现页岩中富有机质纹层生成的原油普遍发生微米—毫米尺度的微运移,其中生烃增压提供了微运移动力;频繁发育的刚性纹层为微运移的烃类提供大量聚集空间;生烃增压缝—页理缝—微裂缝为微运移提供了通道;纹层矿物组成差异造成烃类分异。纹层的组合类型及差异微运移机理决定了长英质纹层页岩和凝灰质纹层页岩具有相对较好的含油性及可动性,是中—高成熟度页理型页岩油风险勘探的主要岩相类型。7口直井在长73亚段页岩中试油获10t/d以上的工业油流,证明长73亚段页岩段含油性好,水平井开发提产潜力大,有望成为鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油增储上产的接替领域。

鄂尔多斯南缘长7油页岩中钙质结核成因探讨

湖相油页岩中碳酸盐结核形成机制研究较为薄弱,因此以鄂尔多斯盆地南缘霸王庄延长组长7段油页岩中发育的巨型钙质结核为研究对象,通过野外观察、薄片鉴定和X射线衍射分析,结合结构构造、矿物组成、主微量元素以及碳、氧、锶、钕同位素特征,分析其形成条件和机理,其结果对研究与其伴生的优质泥质烃源岩的形成演化环境具有重要意义。研究认为:该结核矿物组成丰富,说明形成过程中发生了复杂的生物化学和化学沉积作用,结核中的滑石和文石矿物应为热液作用的产物;结核中方解石矿物主要有4种形态,其中钙质圆球粒应是蓝细菌鞘体矿化的产物。从结核边缘带到内、外环带及核部,主、微量元素含量差异较明显,表现出结核阶段性连续生长演化的特征。锶同位素值接近幔源锶同位素值,钕同位素值富集地幔特征,氧同位素值强烈负偏,以及高Sr、Ba含量均说明钙质结核形成时受到深部来源热液流体影响。此外结核中还发现在深湖热液环境中生存的鳕鱼的化石碎片和鱼粪化石。碳同位素值为-1.11‰~12.4‰,强烈正偏,表明碳酸盐结核的形成可能与产烷带微生物代谢活动引起的甲烷生成有关。灰岩结核成因指示该区长7油页岩生烃能力好,为优质烃源岩。

湖相细粒沉积岩沉积动力学机制与沉积模式——以鄂尔多斯盆地铜川地区延长组长7油层组露头为例

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组长7油层组细粒沉积特征及沉积模式,以衣食村、瑶曲等典型野外剖面为研究对象,在野外踏勘和测量的基础上,分析其岩相及岩相组合特征,探讨沉积相类型及特征,并建立了细粒沉积中不同岩相的演化模式。结果表明:铜川地区延长组中下部野外露头主要发育叠覆冲刷正粒序粉砂—细砂岩相、块状层理粉砂—细砂岩相、软沉积变形砂泥混杂岩相、块状泥岩相、水平纹层泥页岩相、凝灰岩相共6种岩相类型。铜川地区长7油层组发育背景泥质沉积、凝灰岩与重力流沉积的垂向组合、滑动滑塌与背景泥岩互层叠置、重力流沉积砂岩、泥岩垂向叠置。衣食村剖面下部长73亚油层组以块状层理碎屑流沉积和滑塌沉积为主;长72亚油层组以深水原地沉积为主,岩性从粉砂岩—粉砂质泥岩过渡到水平纹层泥岩再到页理极其发育的黑色页岩;瑶曲剖面长71亚油层组发育丰富的软沉积变形构造,如液化砂岩脉、块状砂岩内具有泥质条带以及火焰状构造等。研究区延长组长73亚油层组沉积期,主要为三角洲前缘沉积物垮塌再搬运形成的相对厚层滑动滑塌沉积;长72亚油层组沉积期以深水页岩沉积为主,夹杂火山灰和少量的低密度浊流薄层粉砂岩沉积;至长71亚油层组沉积期,部分三角洲垮塌再搬运形成砂质碎屑流沉积和低密度浊流沉积;整体指示了长7油层组沉积时期湖平面先升高后降低的周期性变化特征。湖平面的升降变化控制了细粒沉积物的搬运方式与沉积模式,该研究对于明确细粒沉积物的搬运机制与分布规律具有重要的指导意义。

甘泉地区长7段沉积岩特征与地质评价

以甘泉区长7段为研究对象,应用岩心、薄片、粒度图像、X衍射等技术手段,结合钻、测井资料,对沉积岩特征进行定性和定量分析,并从区域实际情况出发,进行沉积岩地质评价。研究表明,长7段岩石以细粒砂岩为主,全段有机质类型为Ⅱ_(1)型、Ⅱ_(2)型,有机质成熟度适中,具有生烃能力;岩石组合类型有叠置砂岩型(薄厚均可见)、叠置砂夹薄层泥页岩型、泥页岩夹薄层砂岩型。平面上长7_(1)、长7_(2)细砂岩全区分布但差异明显,南部DG区最发育,长7_(3)黑色泥页岩区内厚度差异明显,西部LLY区厚度最厚,超过40 m。沉积物成因有三角洲前缘、湖泊、浊流、砂质碎屑流,形成的优势砂体连片分布、物性好、孔隙类型多样且数量多,与互层泥页岩形成近源储油和源内储油特征。

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组7段埋藏期热液活动对页岩油储层的影响

目前针对鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组7段(长7段)热液作用的研究较多,主要聚焦于长7期的热水沉积作用。长7段在埋藏期也可能受到热液作用的影响,但相关的研究极为有限。为揭示长7段埋藏期热液活动的期次、时代及其对页岩油储层的影响,利用光学/电子显微镜观测、电子探针分析、显微激光拉曼光谱分析及包裹体均一温度测试等手段,对长7段热液黄铁矿以及固相和流体包裹体开展研究。结果表明,长7段发育多种类型的黄铁矿,其中脉状或团块状、透镜状、他形-半自形晶散布状和半自形-自形晶斑块状黄铁矿的Co/Ni元素含量比值均大于1,指示其为热液成因。根据显微观测结果及区域构造史和埋藏史-热演化史模拟,推断长7段埋藏期至少存在两期热液活动,其中一期发生于早白垩世。与黄铁矿包裹体伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度表明,注入瑶页1井区长7段的热液温度最高可达270.5℃以上;基于Easy%R_(o)动力学模型的计算结果表明,热液注入后地层经历了较快的降温过程,这可能是页岩有机质热演化程度较低(R_(o)=0.70%)的重要原因之一。