Preparation and Properties of Phenolic Resin/Montmorillonite Intercalation Nanocomposites

Phenolic resin/montmorillonite intercalation composites were prepared by using the methods of pressing intercalation and melt intercalation.Properties and structure of the composites were investigated by using XRD,TG and test of softening point.It is indicated that both the pressing intercalation and melt intercalation can be used to prepare the phenolic resin/organo-montmorillonite intercalation nanocomposites.Compared with phenolic resin,the intercalation nanocomposites have better heat-resistance,higher decomposition temperatures and less thermal weight-loss.However,these two intercalation methods have different effects on the softening point of the intercalation nanocomposites.Pressing intercalation almost does not affect the softening point of the intercalation nanocomposites,while melt intercalation significantly increases the softening point of the intercalation nanocomposites, probably due to the chemical actions happening in the process of melt intercalation.

Design of Wood/Montmorillonite (MMT) Intercalation Nanocomposite

Studying new wood composites through nano science and technology (NSC) will develop new compounding theory of wood, and accelerate the combination of new technology, wood science, material science and other disciplines. The compounding of wood and inorganic MMT on nanoscale molecular level has high potential to greatly improve the mechanical properties, fire retardance, abrasion resistance, decay resistance, dimensional stability and other properties of wood. Based on the great achievements of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, this paper reviewed nano intercalation compounding methods (i.e. in-situ intercalative polymerization and direct polymer intercalation), and discussed the structure, properties and modification of montmorillonite (MMT). According to the main chemical components and particular structure of wood, the authors discussed the liquefaction and plasticization of wood, compared the dissolvability and meltability between wood and polymer, and then systematically put forward the basic idea, technological processes and schematic diagram to prepare wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC). The key technology to prepare WMNC is either to introduce delaminated MMT nanolayers into wood with the help of some intermediate polymers, or to obtain liquefied wood or plasticized wood from the complicated natural composite. It is applicable and effective to realize wood/MMT nanoscale compounding with the help of proper intercalation agent and medium polymer through the proposed 搊ne-step?or 搕wo-step?impregnating processes.

Melting Intercalation Method to Prepare Lauric Acid/Organophilic Montmorillonite Shape-stabilized Phase Change Material

A kind of novel shape-stabilized phase change material （SSPCM） was prepared by using a melting intercalation technique. This kind of SSPCM was made of lauric acid （LA） as a phase change material and organophilic montmorillonite （OMMT） as a support material. And the thermal properties and morphology of the SSPCM were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, scanning calorimeter （DSC）, and differential thermal cravimetry （TG）. The DSC result shows that the phase change temperature of the SSPCM is close to that of LA, and its latent heat is equivalent to that of the calculated value based on the mass ratio of LA measured by TG. The XRD, SEM and TEM results demonstrate that the LA intercalates into the silicate layers of the OMMT, thus forming a typically intercalted hybrid, which can restrict the molecular chain of the LA within the structure of OMMT at high temperature. And consequently SSPCM can keep its solid state during its solid-liquid phase change processing.

Intercalation Assembly, Characterization and Luminescent Properties of Novel Supramolecular Composite Materials, Tb(Ⅲ) Complex with Tetrapodal Ligand-Montmorillonite

Two kinds of Tb（ Ⅲ ） complexes with tetrapodal ligand, [TbL（NO3）]^3＋ and [TbL]^3＋ （L： 1,1, 1＇, 1＇-tera （ 2-pyridinecarboxylester ）-di （ trimethylpropane）） were intercalated into the interlayer space of montmorillonite （MT） by ion exchange and coordination reaction of L with the Tb^3＋ ion existing in the interlayer space of Tb-MT respectively. The obtained luminescent supramolecular composite materials, [ TbL （NO3） ]^2＋-MT and [TbL]^3＋-MT were characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis and thermal analysis. At the same time, the luminescent properties of the materials were also studied. The results show that the intercalated materials with regular layered structure, good thermal stability and the interlayer spacing （d001） approximates to the size of the complex ions which are located in the interlayer space of MT in the form of a monolayer.

Intercalation of Amido Cationic Drug with Montmorillonite

The intercalation of drug molecules with montmorillonit （MMT） using Acyclovir （ACV） as the model drug was focused on. The optimum conditions were studied based on orthogonal design, such as intercalation time and temperature. The intercalation composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transformed infrared （FT-IR）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. The experimental results reveal that ACV is successfully intercalated into the interlayers of MMT, The in vitro release experiments reveal that ACV is released from MMT steadily and pH dependent.

Preparation and Photochemical Behavior of a Cationic Azobenzene Dye-Montmorillonite Intercalation Compound

Montmorillonite/cationic azobenzene dye（p-（δ-triethylammoniobutoxy）-p＇-methyl- azobenzene bromide） intercalation compounds were prepared by the conventional ion exchange method. As compared with that of pure cationic azo-dye, the thermal stability of the intercalated dye was greatly enhanced, and the absorption band corresponding to azobenzene group in intercalated dye shifted towards longer wave length by 38 nm. This could be ascribed to the strong conjugation of cationic azo-dye supramolecular order structure（J cluster） confined in a nanoscale space of montmorillonite interlayer gallery. UV/vis spectra data show that the intercalated azo dye in the montmorillonite interlayer space exhibited reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization and daylight cis-to-trans back reaction. FTIR indicates the successful intercalation of cationic azo-dye into the montmorillonite interlayer.

Synthesis and Characterization of Montmorillonite Inorgano-Intercalation Compound Assisted by Microwave Irradiation

A montmorillonite inorgano-intercalation compound（MIIC） was synthesized by using a purified Na-exchanged bentonite（PNaB） as a matrix and Al-pillaring ion as an intercalating reagent under microwave irradiation.The synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,^27Al magic angle sample-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance（^27Al MAS NMR）,specific surface area（BET） measurement,and adsorption density determination.The results show that,at 5% solid（PNaB） concentration and 7 minutes irradiation in a 130 W microwave oven,the basal spacing d（001） of the synthesized MIIC increases to 1.740 nm from the original 1.218 nm of PNaB.The MIIC has much higher adsorptive densities to F-and Cr^6＋ from aqueous solution than the PNaB.The adsorption isotherm of F-on the MIIC follows the Freundlich equation,and the increased adsorption is mainly due to the porous structure of the MIIC which created larger adsorption surfaces.The adsorption isotherm of Cr^6＋ on MIIC follows the Langmuir equation and the adsorption is mainly monolayer as a result of chemisorptions.

Preparation of a cationic azobenzene dye-montmorillonite intercalation compound and its photochemical behavior

Montmorillonite/cationic azobenzene dye （GTL） intercalation compounds were prepared by the conventional ion exchange method. As compared with that of pure GTL, the thermal stability of the intercalated GTL was greatly enhanced, and the absorption band corresponding to azobenzene group in intercalated GTL shifted towards a longer wavelength by 55 nm, which could be ascribed to the strong conjugation of GTL supramolecular order structure （J cluster） confined in a nanoscale space of montmorillonite interlayer gallery. The microstructures of the resulting intercalation compounds could be successfully controlled by varying the amount of dye loaded as evidenced by the basal spacing of the intercalation compounds. The intercalated azo dye in the montmorillonite interlayer space exhibited reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization and thermal cis-to-trans reaction. FTIR proved the successful intercalation of GTL into the silicate layer.

Modification of Nanocomposites by Melting Intercalation of Polypropylene in Montmorillonite

The polypropylene wax modified by ultraviolet irradiation. The polypropylene-montmorillonite nanocomposiles were prepared by direct melting intercalation oj polypropylene powders. The structure of polypropylene , the polyproprlene irradiated, montmorillinote and polypropylene-montmorillonite composites were studied by XRD, 1R and DSC. The results show that the PP molecules can are oxidized during ultraviolet irradiation , melt polypropylene can intercalate into montmorillonite layer. As a result, the layered distance ( d0.01) of montmorillonite increases, and the melt absorption peak of polypropylene in layer is eliminated.

STUDY OF COMPOSITE BY MELTING INTERCALATION OF POLYACRYLAMIDE IN MONTMORILLONITE

The synthesis of polyacrylamide (PAM)-montmorillinote composite by direct melting intercalation of polymer powders is studied using XRD, IR and DSC. The results show that melt PAM can intercalate into montmorillonite layer. The layered distance(d//0//0//1) of montmorillonite increases, and the melt absorption peak of PAM in layer has eliminated. (Author abstract) 8 Refs.

Preparation of Exfoliated Low-density Polyethylene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Through Melt Extrusion

The effects of ethylene vinyl acetate copelymer （EVA） as a compatibilizer on the dispersion of organically modified montmorillonite（org-MMT） into low-density polyethylene（LDPE） during melt extrusion compounding were studied. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that as compared with LDPE, EVA can intercalate more easily into the interlay gallery of org-MMT when the composites contain a low org-MMT content. Exfoliated LDPE/org-MMT nanocompesites in the presence of an EVA compatibilizer could be prepared by using a two-step melt compounding technique with a twin-screw extruder.

Preparation and characterization of wood/montmorillonite nanocomposites

With montmorillonite （MMT） organically modified as organophilic MMT （OMMT） and water-soluble phenol formaldehyde resin （PF） as intermediate, Chinese fir （Cunningharnia lanceolata） wood/MMT nanocomposites （WMNC） were prepared via nano intercalation compounding and characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR. Results show that： 1） the preparation of OMMT is very successful; 2） the self-made PF can effectively intercalate into MMT to increase markably its gallery distance and even exfoliate its nano silicate laminae; 3） the XRD analysis indicates that some exfoliated MMT enters the non-crystallized region of microfibrils in wood cell walls and the crystallinity degree of wood in WMNC decreases; 4） the SEM graphs show that multiform MMT exists in WMNC. Some grains block in wood cell lumen, some layers adhere to the wood surface of the inner cell wall and some exfoliated nanolaminae even insert into wood cell walls; and 5） the FTIR analysis suggests that MMT and wood in WMNC perhaps interact via certain chemical bonding.

EFFECT OF AMPHIPHILIC POLY (STYRENE-B-ETHYLENE OXIDE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER INTERCALATED LAYERED SILICATE AS FILLER ON ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RESIN

The diblock copolymers intercalated layered silicate was prepared via a melt dispersion technique. Then the effect of intercalated hybrid as filler on acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene resin was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, stress-strain measurements in elongation.

Preparation of Intercalated Clay/Phenolic Resin Nanocomposites under High Pressure

High pressure method was ased for the first time to produce rectorite clay （REC）/phenolic resin （PF） and organic rectorite clay （OREC） /phenolic resin and montmorillonite（ MMT）lphenolic resin （PF） nanocomposites. The structure of the material phase was studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared （ FT- IR ） spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis （ TGA ）, and atomic force microscopg＂ （AFM）. The experimental results show that intercalated clay/resin nanocomposites could form under normal temperature and high pressure conditions by the intercalation of polymeric molecules rather than interlayer polymerization.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANOMONTMORILLONITE AND POLYAMIDE 66/MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

The montmorillonites (MMTs), layered, smectite-type silicates, were premodified by two different methods prior to the polymer melt intercalation. In one case MMTs were modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and termed as organomontmorillonites (OMMTs); in the other case MMTs were modified by nylon, and the products were called modified montmorillonites (MMMTs). The effects of CTAB and nylon on the MMTs were investigated by using TG and WAXD. The results show that interlayer spacings of CTAB and nylon modified MMTs are larger than that of sodium MMTs. Then, polyamide 66 (PA 66)/MMT nanocomposites were obtained through the method of melt intercalation of polymers. The nanocomposites were characterized by WAXD, TEM and Molau experiments. The results indicate that the MMTs disperse homogeneously in the PA 66 matrix. The mechanical properties of nanocomposites, such as tensile properties and flexural properties, were also measured and show a tendency to increase with increase of MMT content and reach the maximum values at 5phr MMT content. The heat distortion temperature (HDT) of the nanocomposites (7 phr) is about 32 K higher than that of pure PA 66.

Preparation and Structural Analysis of Montmorillonite Composites

Calcium montmorillonite from Liao-ning was organically intercalated by using cety1 trimethy1 ammonium bromide after it was treated with sodium carbonate. The optimal dosage of intercalating agent was tested. The organically intercalated montmorillonite composites were characterized by the methods of XRD, FTIR and DTA/TG. The results show that the intercalating effect of the organically intercalated montmorillonite composite is the best when the amount of intercalating agent reached 120% cation exchange capacity （CEC）

Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Dye from Water by Modified Montmorillonite

Polyaniline-intercalated montmorillonite( PANI-MMT)was prepared via in-situ intercalative polymerization and used as the adsorbent for the removal of reactive green 19( RG-19) dye from water. The structure,composition and specific surface area of asprepared composite were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FT-IR),X-ray diffraction( XRD) and surface area analyzer. The adsorption of RG-19 by PANI-MMT was investigated as a function of contact time,temperature and pH. The results indicated the adsorption kinetics of RG-19 onto PANI-MMT followed the pseudo second-order model best among the pseudo firstorder,pseudo second-order and Elovich kinetic models. The equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. Moreover,the maximum adsorption capacity for RG-19 decreased with the increase of initial solution pH. It can be concluded that the PANI-MMT can be a potential adsorbent for RG-19 removal from water.

海藻酸钠/纳米蒙脱土纤维制备及其增强增韧机制

海藻纤维的断裂强度低、伸长率差一直是限制其广泛应用的主要原因。针对该问题,对海藻纤维进行改性,将纳米蒙脱土(MMT)与海藻酸钠共混制备纺丝原液,以CaCl_(2)为凝固浴,通过湿法纺丝法制备海藻酸纳/纳米蒙脱土纤维,借助透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪等对其微观形貌及结构进行表征与分析,通过单纤维强力仪测试其断裂强度、断裂伸长率等物理力学性能及热稳定性,研究蒙脱土溶胀时间及添加量对其性能的影响。结果表明:当MMT溶胀120 h、质量分数为0.1%时,MMT在纺丝液中分布较为均匀;与纯海藻纤维的力学性能相比,改性后纤维的断裂强度由1.32 cN/dtex提高到3.01 cN/dtex,提高率高达228%;断裂伸长率由4.67%增加到10.07%,同时MMT的加入没有明显改变海藻纤维的化学结构与结晶结构,对纤维的热稳定性能有一定的提高。

Triphase Catalysis Based on Gemini Surfactant-Clay Intercalates

A series of novel catalysts was developed using cationic Gemini surfactants intercalated in natural montmorillonite (MMT) clay. These Gemini surfactant-MMT intercalates were used to study the kinetics of a nucleophilic displacement reactions converting n-butyl bromide to n-butyl chloride in a triphase catalytic (TC) system. Most reaction rates compared favorably to those of biphase catalytic reactions where Gemini surfactants were used in the absence of MMT. Catalytic activity varied with Gemini surfactant structure, specifically with carbon spacer group and side chain length. In addition to the ease of catalyst separation that a triphase system affords, Gemini-MMT catalysts are stable and can be recycled and re-used several times.

磷酸胆碱有机改性层状硅酸盐阻燃剂的制备和表征

以具有高热稳定性的磷酸基类脂化合物(磷酸胆碱)为插层剂,通过对钠基蒙脱土进行有机改性制备新型层状硅酸盐阻燃剂.利用红外光谱、热重分析和X-射线衍射等手段对所制阻燃剂进行表征,并将其用于环氧树脂的阻燃.结果表明:磷酸胆碱成功插入到钠基蒙脱土中,并且使蒙脱土的层间距从1.210 nm扩大到1.445 nm.将所制备的新型阻燃剂按质量分数1%、3%、5%、7%添加到环氧树脂中,所得样品的氧指数均高于纯环氧树脂,且阻燃剂添加质量分数为5%时,氧指数最大,相比不添加阻燃剂时提高了12.2%.