A review on anode materials for lithium/sodium-ion batteries

Since lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been substantially researched in recent years, they now possess exceptional energy and power densities, making them the most suited energy storage technology for use in developed and developing industries like stationary storage and electric cars, etc. Concerns about the cost and availability of lithium have prompted research into alternatives, such as sodium-ion batteries(SIBs), which use sodium instead of lithium as the charge carrier. This is especially relevant for stationary applications, where the size and weight of battery are less important. The working efficiency and capacity of these batteries are mainly dependent on the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode,which is one of these components, is by far the most important part of the rechargeable battery.Because of its characteristics and its structure, the anode has a tremendous impact on the overall performance of the battery as a whole. Keeping the above in view, in this review we critically reviewed the different types of anodes and their performances studied to date in LIBs and SIBs. The review article is divided into three main sections, namely:(i) intercalation reaction-based anode materials;(ii) alloying reaction-based anode materials;and(iii) conversion reaction-based anode materials, which are further classified into a number of subsections based on the type of material used. In each main section, we have discussed the merits and challenges faced by their particular system. Afterward, a brief summary of the review has been discussed. Finally, the road ahead for better application of Li/Na-ion batteries is discussed, which seems to mainly depend on exploring the innovative materials as anode and on the inoperando characterization of the existing materials for making them more capable in terms of application in rechargeable batteries.

Intercalation Assembly and Chemical Product Engineering of Layered Intercalated Functional Materials Based on Efficient Utilization of Magnesium Resources in Salt Lakes

1 Introduction Magnesium salts are very important by-product of salt lake industry in West China.Nearly 200 million cubic meters of waste brine are released to the environment

Tailoring interlayer spacing in MXene cathodes to boost the desalination performance of hybrid capacitive deionization systems

Capacitive deionization(CDI)is a promising technology to satisfy the global need for fresh water,since it can be both economical and sustainable.While two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides(MXenes)exhibit great characteristics for use as CDI electrode materials,their tightly spaced layered structure renders intercalation inefficiency.In this study,the interlayer distance of MXenes is precisely modulated by inserting different quantity of one-dimensional bacterial fibers(BC),forming freestanding MXene/BC composite electrodes.Among the studied samples,MXene/BC-33%electrode with the interlayer spacing of 15.2Åcan achieve an optimized tradeoff among various desalination performance metrics and indicators.The salt adsorption capacity(SAC),the average salt adsorption rate(ASAR),the energy normalized adsorbed salt(ENAS),and the thermodynamic energy efficiency(TEE)of the MXene/BC-33%electrode are improved by 24%,46%,13%,and 66%respectively compared with those of pure MXene electrode.While the insertion of BC improves the ion diffusion pathways and facilitates the intercalation kinetics,the desalination performance decreases when the insertion amount of BC exceeds 40%.This is attributed to the overlarge resistance of the composite and the resulting increased energy consumption.This study reveals the desalination performance tradeoffs of MXene-based electrodes with different interlayer distances and also sheds light on the fundamental ion storage mechanisms of intercalation materials in a CDI desalination system.