Recorded recurrent deep reinforcement learning guidance laws for intercepting endoatmospheric maneuvering missiles

This work proposes a recorded recurrent twin delayed deep deterministic(RRTD3)policy gradient algorithm to solve the challenge of constructing guidance laws for intercepting endoatmospheric maneuvering missiles with uncertainties and observation noise.The attack-defense engagement scenario is modeled as a partially observable Markov decision process(POMDP).Given the benefits of recurrent neural networks(RNNs)in processing sequence information,an RNN layer is incorporated into the agent’s policy network to alleviate the bottleneck of traditional deep reinforcement learning methods while dealing with POMDPs.The measurements from the interceptor’s seeker during each guidance cycle are combined into one sequence as the input to the policy network since the detection frequency of an interceptor is usually higher than its guidance frequency.During training,the hidden states of the RNN layer in the policy network are recorded to overcome the partially observable problem that this RNN layer causes inside the agent.The training curves show that the proposed RRTD3 successfully enhances data efficiency,training speed,and training stability.The test results confirm the advantages of the RRTD3-based guidance laws over some conventional guidance laws.

焦平面图像制导导弹对地面目标截获概率计算

针对图像制导导弹的目标探测和精确制导的需求,研究基于矩形焦平面探测器的图像制导导弹转入末制导时对地面目标的截获概率。根据导弹的高度姿态和探测器参数推导对地面探测的不规则四边形视场(Irregular Quadrilateral Detection Field,IQDF)的解析解和简化的矩形探测视场(Simplified Rectangular Detection Field,SRDF)模型,确定影响目标截获概率的主要误差源。利用条件概率思想,将目标截获概率分解为导弹状态概率和当前状态下目标落入地面视场概率,并利用有限元分割算法推导出目标落入地面视场概率,从而建立多源误差下的目标截获概率模型。通过仿真分析在IQDF和SRDF下主要误差源对目标落入地面视场概率的影响,并在多源误差下将推导的目标截获概率与蒙特卡洛方法仿真结果进行对比,验证了目标截获概率计算方法的有效性。

复杂岩溶高承压水下深埋地铁车站设计及施工方案研究

近十多年来,我国城市轨道交通工程大量建设并投入运营,区间地下隧道与地下车站的顺利建设、安全运营均与地下地质条件密切相关。在各种地质条件中,以复杂岩溶及岩溶水对地下工程的影响最为不利,特别是复杂岩溶发育叠加岩溶高承压水条件下修建地下深埋车站工程最为罕见,难度与风险最大。因此有必要对此类地质条件下地下车站设计方案、施工工艺进行深入的研究与总结。研究结论:赋存于隔水层下的灰岩溶洞和溶隙中的地下水,具有明显的承压性与不均一性,在岩性交界面因溶蚀作用显著增强,往往具有承压管道流特征;复杂岩溶及岩溶承压水条件下地下车站设计采用外截内排、分区实施、设置注浆截水帷幕+坑底处理+减压泄水井的综合设计方案可行有效;根据钻孔情况,采取化学注浆可以显著提高支护桩的成桩率;地下深埋车站的选址应当尽量避开岩溶发育条带与碎屑岩的富水与溶蚀发育交界带,以避免受复杂岩溶及高承压水的不利影响大幅增加工程投资;文中所述的设计方案与施工措施,确保了工程的按期顺利建成,取得了较好的技术、经济和社会效益,其成功的工程勘察设计与施工经验可供其他类似工点参考利用。

某院合理用药前置审方系统智能化刚性拦截处方分析

目的分析中山大学附属第七医院合理用药前置审方系统智能化刚性拦截的4600张问题处方,总结常见问题处方及临床用药错误的原因,探讨提高临床安全合理用药的方法。方法整理2019年5月~2023年7月合理用药监测系统构建的药品数据规则库对门急诊处方进行实时审核的结果,统计分析系统刚性拦截处方的问题类型、每种问题类型中从高到低排名靠前的问题药品、问题科室。结果合理用药前置审方系统智能化刚性拦截处方4600张,排名前六位的问题处方集中出现在无特殊理由超疗程用药(1717/4600,37.33%),药控相关的审核问题(1485/4600,32.28%),遴选药品不适宜(978/4600,21.26%),用药监测问题(186/4600,4.04%),药品浓度和溶媒选择不适宜(89/4600,1.93%)和用药频次不适宜(51/4600,1.11%)。涉及问题药品有303个,问题科室53个。结论合理用药前置审方系统智能化刚性拦截功能可有效杜绝各种类型的严重用药错误,保障患者用药安全。药品基础规则是合理用药前置审方系统正常运作的根基,药师应定期加强维护。临床科室应重视系统提示内容,不断加强药学专业知识的学习。

使用INTERCEPT血液系统制备血浆的临床前安全试验

背景和目的 最近发展的血浆INTERCEPT血液系统,通过添加新的补骨脂素,amotosalen HCl(AMOTOSALEN),然后用A段紫外线照射,来灭活可能造成新鲜冻干血浆污染的病毒、细菌、原生物和白细胞。

高机动超近程防空作战中的电火协同拦截决策技术

针对登陆作战中面临的典型空中威胁,重点研究了高机动超近程防空作战过程中的分层多次修正对空态势评估技术,提出了拦截任务分配的规则,建立了针对不同目标进行电火协同拦截的分配模型,依据相关拦截模型对电子、火力各类武器进行统一作战管理,解决了火力打击与电子对抗、雷达探测与电子对抗、指挥通信与电子对抗的统一指挥控制问题,实现多类武器的软硬结合、梯次拦截。

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted, by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen （N） export in a typical rice field through ＂zero-drainage water management＂ combined with sound irrigation, rainfall forecasting and field drying. N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations, and subsequently tended to rearm to the background level. Before the first field drying, total particulate nitrogen （TPN） was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input, dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） on plots that received urea only, and dissolved organic nitrogen （DON） on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure. Thereafter TPN became the major form. No N export was found from the rice field, but total nitrogen （TN） of 15.8 kg/hm^2 was remained, mainly due to soil N sorption. The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.

Novel TPN control algorithm for exoatmospheric intercept

A novel control algorithm with fixed pulse thrust, based on true proportional navigation（TPN）, is proposed for exoatmospheric intercept.According to the TPN guidance law and pulse thrust characteristics, the principle of control command is presented, the control stability and precision are analyzed.With the help of the TPN guidance law, the algorithm can automatically modulate the turn-on time and duration of the thrust, which could effectively limit the impact of measure noise of the line-of-sight（LOS） angle and rate on the interception miss-distance.At last, the number-theoretic method（NTM） is introduced to acquire the relation between control algorithm and miss-distance, even as it simulates the intercept process with initial state noise.And the reliability of the algorithm is demonstrated with the simulation result.

医院门诊PASS药师审方干预系统下处方拦截情况及不合理用药分析

目的探讨沛县人民医院门诊PASS药师审方干预系统(PASS PR)下处方拦截及不合理用药情况。方法使用PASS PR收集该院2023年7月~2024年5月的门诊处方,共计458666张,统计处方拦截情况,门诊药师审核情况,并对门诊不合理用药情况进行分析。结果在458666张审核总任务数中,系统审核不合理任务数94168张,系统审核不合理率为20.53%;系统拦截任务数1054张,拦截率为0.23%;系统审核后医生修改任务数24517张,系统审核后医生修改率为26.04%。药师审核总任务数14605张,干预总任务数4523张,干预有效任务数4487张,药师干预有效任务率为99.20%。不合理处方的主要类型是超适应证(36.22%),其次为超多日用量(24.36%)、剂量范围(19.08%)。超适应证处方主要原因是医师临床诊断信息上传不完整、超说明书用药、系统判断受到假阳性干扰等。不合理处方主要分布在普通内科(16.08%),其次为皮肤科(12.35%)、神经内科(11.52%)。处方分布以用药疗程(43.26%)、儿科用药(27.51%)、成人用药(10.44%)为主。结论门诊PASS PR可从医生和药师两方面对门诊处方进行全方位和全过程干预,及时拦截不合理用药,但仍需不断更新完善系统数据库,以推进临床合理用药进程。

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices（i.e., mulching mode treatments： flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments： low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm^2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm^2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm^2） on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield（as well as it components） and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm^2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density（67,500 plants/hm^2） under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.

Combined proportional navigation law for interception of high-speed targets

A new proportional navigation(PN) guidance law,called combined proportional navigation(CPN),is proposed.The guidance law is designed to intercept high-speed targets,which is a common case for ballistic targets.The range of target-to-interceptor speed ratio during target interception is derived when guidance laws are applied in high-speed targets interception,and the effectiveness of negative navigation ratio in the PN-based guidance law is proven analytically in some lemmas.Based on the lemmas,the lateral acceleration command of CPN is defined,and the solution to the appearance of singularity in time-varying navigation ratio is given.The simulation results show that CPN can determine headon engagement(as PN) or tail-chase engagement(as RPN) through initial path angle compared with PN and retro proportional navigation(RPN),and can adjust the value of navigation ratio for head-on engagement or tail-chase engagement.Therefore,the capture region of CPN is larger than that of other guidance laws using PN-based methods.

Improving the Vegetation Dynamic Simulation in a Land Surface Model by Using a Statistical-dynamic Canopy Interception Scheme

Canopy interception of incident precipitation, as a critical component of a forest＇s water budget, can affect the amount of water available to the soil, and ultimately vegetation distribution and function. In this paper, a statistical-dynamic approach based on leaf area index and statistical canopy interception is used to parameterize the canopy interception process. The statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme is implemented into the Community Land Model with dynamic global vegetation model （CLM-DGVM） to improve its dynamic vegetation simulation. The simulation for continental China by the land surface model with the new canopy interception scheme shows that the new one reasonably represents the precipitation intercepted by the canopy. Moreover, the new scheme enhances the water availability in the root zone for vegetation growth, especially in the densely vegetated and semi-arid areas, and improves the model＇s performance of potential vegetation simulation.

Estimating light interception using the color attributes of digital images of cotton canopies

Crop growth and yield depend on canopy light interception （LI）. To identify a low-cost and relatively efficient index for measuring LI, several color attributes of red-green-blue （RGB）, hue-saturation-intensity （HSI）, hue-saturation-value （HSV） color models and the component values of color attributes in the RGB color model were investigated using digital images at six cotton plant population densities in 2012-2014. The results showed that the LI values followed downward quadratic curves after planting. The red （R）, green （G） and blue （B） values varied greatly over the years, in accordance with Cai＇s research demonstrating that the RGB model is affected by outside light. Quadratic curves were fit to these color attributes at six plant population densities. Additionally, linear regressions of LI on every color attribute revealed that the hue （H） values in HSI and HSV were significantly linearly correlated with LI with a determination coefficient （R2）〉0.89 and a root mean square error （RMSE）=0.05. Thus, the H values in the HSI and HSV models could be used to measure LI, and this hypothesis was validated. The H values are new indexes for quantitatively estimating the LI of heterogeneous crop cano- pies, which will provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the crop canopy structure. However, further research should be conducted in other crops and under other growing and environmental conditions to verify this finding.

Sensor radiation interception risk control in target tracking

This paper is mainly on the problem of radiation interception risk control in sensor network for target tracking.Firstly,the sensor radiation interception risk is defined as the product of the interception probability and the cost caused by the interception.Secondly,the radiation interception probability model and cost model are established,based on which the calculation method of interception risk can be obtained.Thirdly,a sensor scheduling model of radiation risk control is established,taking the minimum interception risk as the objective function.Then the Hungarian algorithm is proposed to obtain sensor scheduling scheme.Finally,simulation experiments are mad to prove the effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper,which shows that compared with the sensor radiation interception probability control method,the interception risk control method can keep the sensor scheduling scheme in low risk as well as protect sensors of importance in the sensor network.

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains, China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.（larch） plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season（May–October） of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was 499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and 0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss（79%） mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model’s ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.

Interception of sulfate deposition from a closed canopy to a forest gap edge canopy in a subalpine dragon spruce plantation

Reducing the threats of sulfate ion(SO42-)deposition to terrestrial ecosystems is a great challenge.The canopy interception effect on SO42-deposition has been well documented,but the interception efficiency of the gap edge remains unknown.Therefore,a subalpine dragon spruce(Picea asperata)plantation was evaluated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The dynamics of the SO42-concentration in the throughfall were investigated from the gap edge to the closed canopy during the rainfall and snowfall periods from August 2015 to July 2016.The annual input of SO42-totaled 2.56 kg/ha through rainfall and 0.69 kg/ha through snowfall.The total annual net interception fluxes(NIFs)of SO42-at the gap edge and in the closed canopy were 1.48 kg/ha and 0.66 kg/ha,respectively,and the net interception ratios(NIRs)accounted for 45.40%and 20.25%,respectively.The NIF and the NIR of SO42-at the gap edge were higher than those in the closed canopy.Therefore,the results suggested that a significant amount of SO42-deposition was intercepted by the tree canopy in the subalpine plantation,with more SO42-deposition at the gap edge than in the closed canopy,which is beneficial for improving the water quality in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River via forest management.

‘Relationships between relationships’ in forest stands: intercepts and exponents analyses

Relationships between diameter at breast height(dbh) versus stand density, and tree height versus dbh(height curve) were explored with the aim to find if there were functional links between correspondent parameters of the relationships, exponents and intercepts of their power functions. A geometric model of a forest stand using a conic approximation suggested that there should be interrelations between correspondent exponents and intercepts of the relationships. It is equivalent to a type of ‘relationship between relationships’ that might exist in a forest stand undergoing self-thinning, and means that parameters of one relationship may be predicted from parameters of another. The predictions of the model were tested with data on forest stand structure from published databases that involved a number of trees species and site quality levels. It was found that the correspondent exponents and intercepts may be directly recalculated from one another for the simplest case when the total stem surface area was independent of stand density. For cases where total stem surface area changes with the drop of density, it is possible to develop a generalization of the model in which the interrelationships between correspondent parameters(exponents and intercepts) may be still established.

Interception probability simulation and analysis of salvo of two electromagnetic coil launched anti-torpedo torpedoes

Electromagnetic coil launch is an important branch of electromagnetic launch(EML)technology,which is suitable for launching anti-torpedo torpedo(ATT).This paper focuses on the EML parameters and the interception probability of the EML two ATTs salvo.Based on the launching model of a multi-stage coil launcher,the trajectory model of the ATT and the attacking torpedo,a calculation method for the EML two ATTs salvo parameters is proposed,with the conditions of capture and interception given reasonably.An adaptive particle swarm optimization(APSO)algorithm is proposed to calculate the optimal launching parameters,by designing the adaptive inertia weight and time-varying study factors.According to the analysis of the simulation with Monte Carlo method,EML will improve the interception probability effectively,and the interception probability is affected by the launching range.The results demonstrate good performance of the proposed APSO in calculating EML parameters for the two ATTs salvo in certain combat situation.Implications of these results are particular regarding the command and decision in the anti-torpedo combat.

Design of synthetic aperture radar low-intercept radio frequency stealth

Not confined to a certain point,such as waveform,this paper systematically studies the low-intercept radio frequency(RF)stealth design of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)from the system level.The study is carried out from two levels.In the first level,the maximum low-intercept range equation of the conventional SAR system is deduced firstly,and then the maximum low-intercept range equation of the multiple-input multiple-output SAR system is deduced.In the second level,the waveform design and imaging method of the low-intercept RF SAR system are given and verified by simulation.Finally,the main technical characteristics of the lowintercept RF stealth SAR system are given to guide the design of low-intercept RF stealth SAR system.