Influence of plant architecture on maize physiology and yield in the Heilonggang River valley

The size and distribution of leaf area determine light interception in a crop canopy and influence overall photosynthesis and yield. Optimized plant architecture renders modern maize hybrids(Zea mays L.) more productive, owing to their tolerance of high plant densities. To determine physiological and yield response to maize plant architecture, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011. With the modern maize hybrid ZD958, three plant architectures, namely triangle, diamond and original plants, were included at two plant densities, 60,000 and 90,000 plants ha-1. Triangle and diamond plants were derived from the original plant by spraying the chemical regulator Jindele(active ingredients,ethephon, and cycocel) at different vegetative stages. To assess the effects of plant architecture, a light interception model was developed. Plant height, ear height, leaf size,and leaf orientation of the two regulated plant architectures were significantly reduced or altered compared with those of the original plants. On average across both plant densities and years, the original plants showed higher yield than the triangle and diamond plants,probably because of larger leaf area. The two-year mean grain yield of the original and diamond plants were almost the same at 90,000 plants ha-1(8714 vs. 8798 kg ha-1). The yield increase(up to 5%) of the diamonds plant at high plant densities was a result of increased kernel number per ear, which was likely a consequence of improved plant architecture in the top and middle canopy layers. The optimized light distribution within the canopy can delay leaf senescence, especially for triangle plants. The fraction of incident radiation simulated by the interception model successfully reflected plant architecture traits. Integration of canopy openness is expected to increase the simulation accuracy of the present model. Maize plant architecture with increased tolerance of high densities is probably dependent on the smaller but flatter leaves around the ear.

Accessing Individual Students Academic Performance Using Random Effect Analysis(Multilevel Analysis)

Sometimes,people with interest in measuring quality of education take intoaccountlevel in academic performance and various associated factors.Usually,an aver-age academic performance is an accustomed way of assessment;however,this studyexamines on individual basis different factors that might have an impact on the acad-emic performance of undergraduate students.Data on the semester weighted averageof class of 2012 mathematics students were acquired from the Quality Assurance andPlanning Unit and the Examination Office of the Department of Mathematics,KwameNkrumah University of Science and Technology.The main factors considered for thisresearch were entry age,gender,entry aggregate,Ghana education service gradedlevel of senior high school attended and geographical location.The statistical methodconsidered was random effect.Since the interaction or variation around the slope washighly insignificant,the random intercept model was the better alternative ahead ofthe random intercept and slope model.Statistically,not all the parameter estimatesare significant at a=0.05 level of significance.It was observed that the differencein geographical location was not significant in the main effect model.Hence where astudent comes from has no influence on their academic performance.However,entryaggregate,entry age and gender were all significant.Nevertheless,the geographical location with regard to the Northern Belt was significant in the linear trend with astandard deviation of approximately 0.712.