Deformation characteristics and damage ontologies of soft and hard composite rock masses under impact loading

As one of the most common occurring geological landforms in deep rock formations, the dynamic mechanical properties of layered composite rock bodies under impact loading have been widely studied by scholars. To study the dynamic properties of soft and hard composite rocks with different thickness ratios, this paper utilizes cement, quartz sand and gypsum powder to construct soft and hard composite rock specimens and utilizes a combination of indoor tests, numerical calculations, and theoretical analyses to investigate the mechanical properties of soft and hard composite rock bodies. The test results reveal that:(1) When the proportion of hard rock increases from 20% to 50%, the strength of the combined rock body increases by 69.14 MPa and 87 MPa when the hard rock face and soft rock face are loaded, respectively;however, when the proportion of hard rock is the same, the compressive strength of the hard rock face impact is 9%-17% greater than that of the soft rock face impact;(2) When a specimen of soft and hard combined rock body is subjected to impact loading, the damage mode involves mixed tension and shear damage, and the cracks generally first appear at the ends of the specimen, then develop on the laminar surface from the impact surface, and finally end in the overall damage of the soft rock part. The development rate and the total number of cracks in the same specimen when the hard rock face is impacted are significantly greater than those when the soft rock face is impacted;(3) By introducing Weibull’s statistical strength theory to establish the damage variables of soft-hard combined rock bodies, combined with the DP strength criterion, the damage model and the Kelvin body are concatenated to obtain a statistical damage constitutive model, which can better fit the full stress-strain curve of soft-hard combined rock body specimens under a single impact load.

Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.

Integrated simulation and monitoring to analyze failure mechanism of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding

The significant difference between the mechanical properties of soft rock and hard rock results in the complexity of the failure mode of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding.In order to reveal the landslide mechanism,taking the north slope of Fushun West Open-pit Mine as an example,this paper analyzed the failure mechanism of different landslides with monitoring and field surveys,and simulated the evolution of landslides.The study indicated that when the green mudstone(hard rock)of the anti-dip slope contains siltized intercalations(soft rock),the existence of weak layers not only aggravates the toppling deformation of anti-dip layered slope with high dip,but also causes the shear failure of anti-dip layered slope with stable low dip.The shear failure including subsidence induced sliding and wedge failure mainly exists in the unloading zone of the slope.Its failure depth and failure time were far less than that of toppling failure.In terms of the development characteristics of deformation,toppling deformation has the long-term and progressive characteristics,but shear failure deformation has the abrupt and transient characteristics.This study has deepened the understanding of such slope landslide mechanism,and can provide reference for similar engineering.

Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress

In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.

Theoretical study on stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes

Soft and hard interbedded bedding rock slopes,which is prone to failure,are widely distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Limit equilibrium method(LEM)is commonly used to analyze the stability of bedding rock slopes that have a single failure plane.However,this method cannot accurately estimate the stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes because the strength parameters of a soft and hard interbedded rock mass vary spatially along the bedding plane and deteriorate with time due to periodic fluctuations of reservoir level.A modified LEM is proposed to evaluate the stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes considering the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters of rock masses and bedding planes.In the modified LEM,the S-curve model is used to define the spatial variation of shear strength parameters,and general deterioration equations of shear strength parameters with the increasing number of wettingdrying cycles(WDC)are proposed to describe the temporal deterioration.Also,this method is applied to evaluate the stability evolution of a soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slope,located at the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results show that neglecting the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters may overestimate slope stability.Finally,the modified LEM provides useful guidance to reasonably evaluate the long-term stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes in reservoir area.

Crack evolution of soft–hard composite layered rock-like specimens with two fissures under uniaxial compression

Acoustic emission and digital image correlation were used to study the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of crack extension of soft and hard composite laminated rock masses(SHCLRM)containing double fissures under uniaxial compression.The effects of different rock combination methods and prefabricated fissures with different orientations on mechanical properties and crack coalescence patterns were analyzed.The characteristics of the acoustic emission source location distribution,and frequency changes of the crack evolution process were also investigated.The test results show that the damage mode of SHCLRM is related to the combination mode of rock layers and the orientation of fractures.Hard layers predominantly produce tensile cracks;soft layers produce shear cracks.The first crack always sprouts at the tip or middle of prefabricated fractures in hard layers.The acoustic emission signal of SHCLRM with double fractures has clear stage characteristics,and the state of crack development can be inferred from this signal to provide early warning for rock fracture instability.This study can provide a reference for the assessment of the fracture development status between adjacent roadways in SHCLRM in underground mines,as well as in roadway layout and support.

Critical interfaces in body armour systems

The ballistic performance,and behaviour,of an armour system is governed by two major sets of variables,geometrical and material.Of these,the consistency of performance,especially against small arms ammunition,will depend upon the consistency of the properties of the constituent materials.In a body armour system for example,fibre diameter,areal density of woven fabric,and bulk density of ceramic are examples of critical parameters and monitoring such parameters will form the backbone of associated quality control procedures.What is often overlooked,because it can fall into the User’s domain,are the interfaces that exist between the various products;the carrier,the Soft Armour Insert(SAI),and the one or two hard armour plates(HAP1 and HAP2).This is especially true if the various products are sourced from different suppliers.

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

软-硬互层岩体节理峰前循环剪切疲劳损伤机理研究

三峡库区频发微小地震下岩体节理循环剪切疲劳损伤对边坡动力稳定性具有重要影响。通过室内峰前循环剪切试验和PFC2D细观数值计算,研究了考虑一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度、法向应力及循环剪切次数影响的软-硬互层岩体节理宏细观疲劳损伤机理。研究表明:①岩体节理剪切应力-剪切位移曲线历经初始非线性压剪变形、近似线弹性压剪变形、循环剪切疲劳损伤变形、应力缓升压剪变形、应力陡升压剪变形及应力脆性跌落压剪变形六个演化阶段。②岩体节理峰值(残余)剪切强度和疲劳剪切(法向)位移在相同一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度或法向应力下随循环剪切次增多而分别降低和增大;且其在相同循环剪切次数下随一阶起伏角或法向应力变大而分别增大和降低,而随含水率、剪切速率或剪切幅度变大则分别降低和增大。③宏细观结果总体上吻合较好,且岩体节理细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹数量随剪切位移变化呈前期微增-陡增、中期缓增及后期陡增-缓增-陡增的发展特征,而其随循环剪切次数变化则呈前期陡增和后期缓增的发展特征。④岩体节理宏细观剪切疲劳损伤典型演化过程可概述为压密-起裂破坏、循环错动-贯通破坏及分离-啃断破坏3个渐进性发展阶段,且宏细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹近似呈“倒U形”密集分布于岩体节理附近。

软硬地层接触面倾角对盾构隧道纵向力学性能的影响

针对现有盾构隧道纵向力学性能研究中较少考虑纵向穿越软硬变化地层,且接触面倾角影响规律尚不清晰的问题,基于实际工程建立盾构隧道-地层三维纵向精细化模型,并提出一种同时考虑管片错缝拼装、纵环向螺栓、地层与隧道接触面真实力学性能的精细化模拟方法;采用改进的Timoshenko梁理论验证模型可靠性,并分析穿越软硬变化地层盾构隧道的纵向力学性能,探讨地层接触面倾角的影响规律。结果表明:盾构隧道沉降量在软硬地层接触面急剧变化并在软硬地层两端趋于稳定,隧道两侧沉降差异在倾角为30°和150°时更为显著;管片张开和错台量集中分布于软硬地层接触面附近,分布范围随倾角增大逐渐向软土层侧移动,最大管片张开和错台量在倾角120°时最大,分别为0.183和1.270 mm;倾角对盾构隧道纵向内力影响较大,大于90°后影响逐渐显著;纵向上,管片纵向螺栓和地层-隧道接触面的变形更为显著。研究结果可为进一步发展盾构隧道纵向分析方法和保障此类盾构隧道的安全运营提供参考。

单轴压缩条件下软硬互层类岩石的声发射特性与裂纹类型演化

为进一步揭示不同层理倾角的软硬互层岩在单轴压缩下的声发射特性和裂纹扩展规律,采用类岩石材料制备了软硬互层类岩石试样,基于搭载DS-5型声发射监测系统的RMT-150B型岩石力学试验系统,开展了不同层理倾角(0°、30°、45°、60°和90°)的软硬互层类岩石试样的单轴压缩试验,分析了层理倾角对岩样声发射特性、损伤演化和裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:试样的声发射活动呈现明显的阶段性特征,且不同层理倾角下其分布特征具有明显差异,声发射特征参数表现出明显的层面效应,声发射累计振铃计数和累计能量随着层理倾角的增大先减小后增大;低频-超高幅信号的突然出现或占比增加可作为软硬互层类岩石试样的破坏前兆,低角度(0°、30°)试样表现为大尺度裂纹稳步扩展破坏,中角度(45°、60°)试样为大尺度裂纹突发失稳扩展破坏,高角度(90°)试样为小尺度裂纹突发失稳扩展破坏,60°层理倾角为试样破坏的最不利角度;试样的损伤累积过程同样具有明显的阶段性特征,在峰值应力前,试样的损伤累积主要集中在高速率损伤阶段,中等角度(45°、60°)的层理面加快了试样的损伤累积过程;不同层理倾角对软硬互层类岩石试样的拉剪裂纹演化的影响差异明显,水平层理面促进了拉剪裂纹的产生,层理倾角的逐渐增大促进了类岩石试样拉剪裂纹的发育,在层理面与岩石基体共同作用下,随着层理倾角的逐渐增大,类岩石试样的剪切裂纹占比先增大后减小,且剪切裂纹数目处于较高水平。研究结果对地下工程围岩结构的稳定性评估具有一定的参考作用。

悬臂掘进机自动截割路径研究

基于常村矿2106工作面地质条件进行掘进机自动截割路径研究分析,建立矿井自动截割理论,即确定矿井采用“S形”截割方式,阐述特征点控制断面边界的方法,断面自动截割距离路径等,并针对矿井不同岩性条件,通过理论分析确定硬岩和软岩截割块体边长分别为2.97 m和3.50 m,相关研究结论可为矿井掘进机在多条件下巷道掘进施工提供理论依据。

陡倾片麻岩滑坡演化过程研究——以兰陵溪滑坡为例

弯曲-倾倒破坏是陡倾顺层岩质斜坡的一种变形模式,当其折断面贯通形成滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。以三峡库区兰陵溪滑坡为例,引入反转应力法、梁板强度理论对滑坡变形模式与演化过程进行了研究。结果表明:①该岩质斜坡具有典型的陡倾顺层、岩体结构软硬相间的特点,为其发生弯曲-倾倒破坏提供了先天性条件。②差异性风化是兰陵溪滑坡发生弯曲-倾倒变形的主要原因,片状片麻岩抗弯强度变弱,促使片麻岩逐渐发生弯曲,最后产生弯曲折断-倾倒变形破坏。③兰陵溪滑坡演化过程历经差异性风化、岩层弯曲变形、岩层倾倒破坏、折断面贯通等4个阶段,所有折断面贯通形成潜在滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。研究成果可为该滑坡工程治理提供理论依据,也可为同类型岩质斜坡治理提供思路。

Realtime prediction of hard rock TBM advance rate using temporal convolutional network(TCN)with tunnel construction big data

Real-time dynamic adjustment of the tunnel bore machine(TBM)advance rate according to the rockmachine interaction parameters is of great significance to the adaptability of TBM and its efficiency in construction.This paper proposes a real-time predictive model of TBM advance rate using the temporal convolutional network(TCN),based on TBM construction big data.The prediction model was built using an experimental database,containing 235 data sets,established from the construction data from the Jilin Water-Diversion Tunnel Project in China.The TBM operating parameters,including total thrust,cutterhead rotation,cutterhead torque and penetration rate,are selected as the input parameters of the model.The TCN model is found outperforming the recurrent neural network(RNN)and long short-term memory(LSTM)model in predicting the TBM advance rate with much smaller values of mean absolute percentage error than the latter two.The penetration rate and cutterhead torque of the current moment have significant influence on the TBM advance rate of the next moment.On the contrary,the influence of the cutterhead rotation and total thrust is moderate.The work provides a new concept of real-time prediction of the TBM performance for highly efficient tunnel construction.

软硬复合煤层瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔变形塌孔特征规律研究

为探究软硬复合煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔的变形规律,采用自主研发的“一种全角度瓦斯抽采钻孔稳定性动态监测装置”进行了现场监测,系统分析了硬煤、软煤、软硬复合煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔的变形情况,并采用COMSOL数值模拟手段对试验结果进行验证,结果表明:钻孔浅部竖直方向应变敏感程度滞后于水平方向,且呈交替性增大特征;钻孔应变衰减阶段前,存在一种短暂的伪平衡状态,其实质是煤体内部应力集聚,后突然释放而造成钻孔塌孔;在相同的外部载荷条件下,软弱界面将软硬复合煤层分割为两个相对独立的应力环境,煤层在软弱界面处发生介质突变和应力突变;硬煤层钻孔较软煤层钻孔的各部位变形小,二者均表现为浅部变形大、深部变形小,最终达到稳定环向应变,软硬复合煤层穿层孔在浅部变形与二者相近,穿层孔深部和软弱界面交叉截割形成应力集中区,应力集中区范围沿软弱界面和钻孔径向同时延伸并逐渐衰减,这种衰减呈不明显的非线性特征。

广东红层特性及主要工程地质问题与建议

分析研究了红层的形成、分布和特征,并结合自身完成的具体工程实例和业内代表性研究成果,对涉及红层的边坡崩塌、失稳及桩基础、浅基础设计、施工中遇到的工程问题进行了阐述、总结和分析,并提出相关的应对措施和建议。

隧道施工中的新型支护结构设计与应用

隧道施工中,支护结构设计至关重要,尤其在复杂地质条件下,传统支护结构难达要求,本文针对隧道施工新型支护结构设计与应用进行研究,结合不同地质典型案例,分析适用性与效果,全面探讨设计原则、材料选择等。研究显示,新型支护结构在提高施工效率、增强稳定性及降低成本方面优势显著,为未来支护结构优化提供科学依据与实践参考。

软硬地层构造危岩体的稳定性及弹跳曲线分析

软硬地层构造中的危岩体稳定性一直是地质工程领域的研究热点之一。危岩体的稳定性受到地层构造、地质构造、岩石性质等多种因素的影响,而这些因素之间的相互作用关系复杂,难以简单地进行定量分析。对此,本文通过工程实例对此进行危岩崩塌地质灾害进行分析,进而计算弹跳曲线和最大冲击能,在此基础上提出防护方案,以期为其他工程提供有益的参考和借鉴。

软硬互层岩体对输水隧洞围岩稳定性的影响研究

软硬互层岩体是水工隧洞施工中经常遇到的地质环境,其对围岩安全稳定性的影响研究具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。以具体工程为依托,利用数值模拟的方式探讨软硬互层岩体的层厚比和岩层厚度对围岩应力、位移和塑性区特征的显著影响,获得相应的变化规律,可为理论研究和工程施工设计提供必要的支撑和借鉴。围岩的最大压应力和塑性区出现在拱腰部位,建议在施工中加强该部位的应力和变形监测。

上软下硬复合地层隧道开挖围岩变形及应力特征研究

软岩隧道开挖时围岩变形较大,且容易发生失稳破坏。以桂林市某引水隧洞工程为例,基于现场监测及数值模拟的方法分析隧洞开挖后围岩的稳定状态。为进一步探究开挖断面区域上软下硬地层不同占比条件下,隧道开挖围岩稳定状态的变化机制,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS对开挖断面区域软岩地层占比分别为0%、25%、50%、75%、100%五种工况条件下隧道开挖围岩的稳定状态进行研究。研究结果表明:数值模拟和现场监测数据吻合性较好;隧道开挖后最大主应力在地层分界处有明显分界现象;随着上部软岩占比的增大,监测断面处水平位移由向外扩张变形转为向内侧的收敛变形,拱顶沉降逐渐增大,底板隆起在占比为75%之前变化不大,在全软岩断面时变形量会远大于其他模型。