基于分数阶混沌的反激变换器辐射EMI主动抑制

快速通断的开关信号是造成开关电源电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的主要原因。目前,关于混沌抑制EMI技术的研究主要集中在利用整数阶混沌抑制传导EMI。在此基础上,本文对分数阶混沌在辐射EMI上的抑制以及最优阶次的选取问题展开研究。首先,通过分数阶Lorenz的频谱特性及Lyapunov指数谱分析,优选出1.8阶Lorenz信号为最佳扩频序列;其次,基于变开关频率抑制EMI技术的基本原理,在STM32单片机中分别实现了定频、整数阶、2.7阶、1.8阶Lorenz混沌扩频PWM信号,在一台5 W反激变换器中进行近场辐射实验,证明了1.8阶Lorenz信号对近场磁场辐射抑制作用最强;最后,测得分数阶Lorenz混沌与定频PWM控制下,样机的整机效率相差2%左右,验证了分数阶混沌PWM在辐射EMI抑制性能上的优越性。

具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计

宽禁带半导体器件的应用使电动汽车的电机驱动系统更加小型化和轻量化,但也引发了更为严重的电磁干扰,使得驱动系统的可靠性面临严峻挑战。为此,以24 V/2 A的EMI直流滤波器为例,通过噪声源、滤波器原理及阻抗影响的分析,依据插入损耗指标进行滤波器参数设计。同时,考虑到整车启动时刻的启动冲击,加入软启动电路,进一步提高电动汽车驱动系统可靠性。实验测试验证了滤波器的电磁干扰抑制效果和软启动性能,证明了滤波器设计的可行性和有效性。

A shield of defense:Developing ballistic composite panels with effective electromagnetic interference shielding absorption

The primary goal of this study is to develop cost-effective shield materials that offer effective protection against high-velocity ballistic impact and electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding capabilities through absorption.Six fiber-reinforced epoxy composite panels,each with a different fabric material and stacking sequence,have been fabricated using a hand-layup vacuum bagging process.Two panels made of Kevlar and glass fibers,referred to as(K-NIJ)and(G-NIJ),have been tested according to the National Institute of Justice ballistic resistance protective materials test NIJ 0108.01 Standard-Level IIIA(9 mm×19 mm FMJ 124 g)test.Three panels,namely,a hybrid of Kevlar and glass(H-S),glass with ceramic particles(C-S),and glass with recycled rubber(R-S)have been impacted by the bullet at the center,while the fourth panel made of glass fiber(G-S)has been impacted at the side.EMI shielding properties have been measured in the X-band frequency range via the reflection-transmission method.Results indicate that four panels(K-NIJ,G-NIJ,H-S,and G-S)are capable of withstanding high-velocity impact by stopping the bullet from penetrating through the panels while maintaining their structural integrity.However,under such conditions,these panels may experience localized delamination with variable severity.The EMI measurements reveal that the highest absorptivity observed is 88% for the KNIJ panel at 10.8 GHz,while all panels maintain an average absorptivity above 65%.All panels act as a lossy medium with a peak absorptivity at different frequencies,with K-NIJ and H-S panels demonstrating the highest absorptivity.In summary,the study results in the development of a novel,costeffective,multifunctional glass fiber epoxy composite that combines ballistic and electromagnetic interference shielding properties.The material has been developed using a simple manufacturing method and exhibits remarkable ballistic protection that outperforms Kevlar in terms of shielding efficiency;no bullet penetration or back face signature is observed,and it also demonstrates high EMI shielding absorption.Overall,the materials developed show great promise for various applications,including the military and defense.

Adaptive detection of range-spread targets in homogeneous and partially homogeneous clutter plus subspace interference

Adaptive detection of range-spread targets is considered in the presence of subspace interference plus Gaussian clutter with unknown covariance matrix.The target signal and interference are supposed to lie in two linearly independent subspaces with deterministic but unknown coordinates.Relying on the two-step criteria,two adaptive detectors based on Gradient tests are proposed,in homogeneous and partially homogeneous clutter plus subspace interference,respectively.Both of the proposed detectors exhibit theoretically constant false alarm rate property against unknown clutter covariance matrix as well as the power level.Numerical results show that,the proposed detectors have better performance than their existing counterparts,especially for mismatches in the signal steering vectors.

基于SiC MOSFET同步BuckDC-DC变换器的宽频混合EMI滤波器设计

由于SiC MOSFET在高速开关电源中的广泛应用,导致严重的电磁干扰(EMI)问题,因此EMI滤波器的设计成为研究热点。为了满足电磁兼容(EMC)标准,无源EMI滤波器可以有效地降低DC-DC变换器产生的电磁干扰,但是无源磁性器件的体积较大,不利于提高DC-DC变换器的功率密度。该文分析DC-DC变换器的电磁干扰源和噪声源阻抗特性,建立无源和有源EMI滤波器的理论模型,提出宽频混合EMI滤波器的设计方法。最后,通过实验验证宽频混合EMI滤波器对DC-DC变换器EMI的抑制效果。

基于矢量拟合法的交流接触器EMI高频模型

随着交流接触器的智能化,越来越多的交流接触器控制系统采用了电力电子器件。但开关器件的引入会产生大量的电磁干扰,影响控制系统的工作稳定性。交流接触器作为控制系统中电磁干扰流经的重要路径,需要对其高频电路模型进行精确建模。针对不易建立高精度、宽频带的交流接触器电磁干扰(EMI)高频模型问题,提出了一种基于矢量拟合法的交流接触器EMI高频模型和建模方法。首先将交流接触器的阻抗表示成网络函数形式。然后使用矢量网络分析仪测取线圈出线端口的阻抗特性数据,对测得的数据进行矢量拟合,求出极点和留数。之后根据网络函数与电路参数的关系,对拟合出的极点和留数进行电路等效,并在电路仿真软件中搭建交流接触器高频电路模型并进行仿真。仿真实验结果表明该高频电路模型在150 kHz~30 MHz频段范围内有较高的精度。最后将交流接触器EMI高频模型代入交流接触器控制系统EMI模型中进行时域仿真。仿真实验结果显示在150 kHz~30 MHz频率范围内,建立的接触器EMI高频模型可用于接触器控制系统的传导电磁干扰分析。

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

基于噪声源阻抗提取的EMI滤波器高效设计方法

针对传统EMI滤波器设计方法存在单次设计不准确、多次设计调试周期长的问题,提出一种基于噪声源阻抗提取的EMI滤波器高效设计新方法。首先通过插入无源二端口网络准确、迅速地获得噪声源阻抗幅值和相位;其次依据阻抗失配原则进行EMI滤波器拓扑选择;然后综合考虑噪声源阻抗、LISN端等效负载阻抗以及EMI滤波器高频分布参数对滤波器插入损耗的影响,令滤波器的理论插入损耗等于传导EMI测试频段范围内所需的插入损耗,得到滤波器各元件准确参数,实现了EMI滤波器精确设计。最后,通过一台LED驱动电源进行实验,结果表明一次设计即可满足预期效果,验证了所提方法的准确性和高效性。

Does Cognitive Interference Induce Measurement Bias in Cognitive Ability Tests?

The aim of this paper was to test for measurement bias, due to cognitive interference on cognitive ability tests, using a structural equation modeling technique. The sample consisted of 231 undergraduate students who were examined with three tests addressed to numerical ability, space visualization and inductive ability, respectively. They were also asked to respond to the Cognitive Interference Questionnaire tapping task-oriented worries while working on the aforementioned tests. In comparing two nested models, one hypothesizing measurement bias due to cognitive interference and one not, results show that the test tapping inductive ability displays measurement bias due to cognitive interference.

Polypyrrole-Coated Zein/Epoxy Ultrafine Fiber Mats for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

To reduce the environmental pollution and meet the needs for wearable electronic devices, new requirements for electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials include flexibility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Herein, we reported a polypyrrole-coated zein/epoxy(PPy/ZE) ultrafine fiber mat which was inherently biodegradable and skin-friendly. In addition, it could maintain its ultrafine fibrous structure after coating, which could provide the mat with mechanical compliance, high porosity, and a large specific area for high EMI shielding. With the assistance of the epoxide cross-linking, the breaking stresses of the PPy/ZE fiber mats could achieve 3.3 MPa and 1.4 MPa and the strains were 40.1% and 83.0% in dry and wet states, respectively, which met the needs of various wearable electronic devices. Along with the extension in the PPy treatment duration, more PPy was loaded on the fiber surfaces, which formed more integrated and conductive paths to generate increasing conductivities up to 401.76 S·m^(-1). Moreover, the EMI shielding performance was raised to 26.84 dB. The biobased mats provide a green and efficient choice for EMI shielding materials, which may be a promising strategy to address EMI problems in multiple fields.

Laser-Induced Graphene Conductive Fabric Decorated with Copper Nanoparticles for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application

To meet the demands for flexible electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials,a type of conductive fabric is prepared by generating three-dimensional(3D)porous laser-induced graphene(LIG)in situ on the surface of the aramid fabric(AF)and then electroless plating copper.After LIG treatment,the porous AF demonstrates admirable conductivity due to the generation of graphene.The superior surface resistance of the conductive fabric can reach 1.57Ω/sq after copper deposition,and the average EMI shielding effectiveness(SE)can reach 34.3 dB in a frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz,with the EMW absorption accounting for about 80%.The proposed technology provides a new idea for preparation of flexible EMI shielding materials.

开关电源PCB板的EMI抑制和抗干扰设计

开关电源常见于各种通信、控制等电子设备,广泛应用于军事、工业、医疗等领域,具有高效、轻巧以及可靠的特点。随着电子技术的快速发展,开关电源也在不断发展,行业对于电源性能的要求也越来越高,开关电源趋于高频化,但同时会产生一系列的电磁干扰(Electromagnetic Interference,EMI)问题。这些干扰可能对设备的正常运行、周围电子设备的性能稳定性以及电磁兼容性产生不利影响。基于此,简单讨论开关电源印制电路板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)的EMI抑制和抗干扰设计意义,深入探讨设计要点,以供参考。

基于EMI滤波的通信高频开关电源电磁干扰抑制方法

在实施通信高频开关电源电磁干扰抑制的过程中,电磁抑制效果不佳,为此提出一种新的基于电磁干扰(Electromagnetic Interference,EMI)滤波的通信高频开关电源电磁干扰抑制方法。引入EMI滤波,设计了共模EMI滤波器,将其接入通信高频开关电源,根据接入后简化的单相等效电路,设计通信高频开关电源电磁干扰抑制算法,并且设置饱和约束条件和漏电流约束条件,实现通信高频开关电源电磁干扰抑制。设计对比分析实验,实验测试结果表明,设计方法对于不同频率下的电磁干扰抑制效果均达到了CISPR国际电磁兼容标准,表现出了良好的实际应用价值。

倾转旋翼机悬停状态气动干扰分析

针对倾转旋翼机,开展了悬停状态气动干扰风洞试验和数值模拟研究。试验中,测量了悬停状态下的旋翼升力、扭矩以及半模机翼的气动力。同时,采用运动嵌套网格方法,通过求解N-S方程对机翼倾角0°和90°两种状态进行数值模拟,开展了数值模拟与风洞试验的相关性分析研究,验证了该数值模拟方法的有效性。结果表明:不考虑机身气动力时,孤立旋翼、机翼攻角0°和机翼攻角90°三种状态下旋翼气动特性差异不明显;考虑机身气动力时,机翼攻角0°时,机身产生约18.2%向下载荷,单片桨叶和机身出现强烈非定常气动特性,其中桨叶升力系数动态值与平均值比为9.8%,机身升力系数动态值与平均值比为18.38%。

油气管道组合缺陷漏磁检测信号数值模拟研究

为解决管道组合缺陷之间漏磁检测信号互相干扰,难以识别的问题,采用有限元方法建立仿真模型,研究管道内外、不同形状缺陷以及内外组合缺陷邻近情况下的漏磁场检测信号规律。研究结果表明:管道缺陷的漏磁检测信号在其轴向和径向分量上均存在显著差异;组合缺陷的检测信号存在相互干扰且具有一定的叠加性;当缺陷深度约为管壁厚的10%、25%、40%时,轴向信号干扰距离分别约为缺陷长度的1倍、2倍、3倍,径向信号干扰距离均约为长度的4倍,组合缺陷径向信号的互相干扰程度大于轴向信号,缺陷深度对轴向信号的影响大于径向信号。研究结果可为油气管道组合缺陷的识别提供理论依据。

内埋武器机弹分离动态风洞投放试验研究

基于动力学相似的动态风洞投放试验研究了尖拱圆柱体从空腔中分离的气动及运动特性,并创新性地采用快响应压敏漆技术对动态运动模型表面上的压力分布测量进行初步探索研究,试验中探究了不同空腔模型攻角(α=0°,-1.5°,-3°)及弹体在空腔内的不同位置(L_(0)=25 mm,39 mm)对内埋武器机弹分离特性的影响。结果表明:弹体在空腔内的位置对机弹分离运动特性的影响最大,当L_(0)=25 mm时,弹体模型头部区域压力明显高于后部区域压力,产生抬头俯仰力矩,导致弹体模型俯仰角逐渐增大,最终碰撞空腔模型,降低载机攻角并未改变弹体模型碰撞空腔模型的效果。当L_(0)=39 mm时,弹体模型在给定的攻角下均能安全地从空腔中分离。

亚硝酸盐对焦酚红法检测24 h尿液总蛋白的干扰分析

目的探讨亚硝酸盐对于焦酚红法检测24 h尿液总蛋白的干扰效应,并评估维生素C纠正干扰的可行性。方法根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)EP7-A3文件,选取24 h尿液总蛋白定量结果为150 mg/L、500 mg/L和1000 mg/L的新鲜尿液标本作为对照样本,并配制含不同浓度亚硝酸钠的干扰物样本。利用配对差异实验确认亚硝酸盐的干扰作用,并通过剂量效应实验明确亚硝酸盐浓度与干扰程度的关系。在终浓度为200μg/mL亚硝酸钠存在的情况下,评估不同浓度维生素C纠正干扰的效果。同时收集61例亚硝酸盐阳性和40例亚硝酸盐阴性的临床标本,比较两组标本维生素C纠正前后的相对差值,评估其临床应用价值。结果配对差异实验中200μg/mL亚硝酸钠对150 mg/L和500 mg/L两个浓度的尿总蛋白测定分别存在-157.8%和-36.2%的相对干扰,显著大于1/2TEa(22%),而对于高浓度1000 mg/L的尿总蛋白虽存在-20.5%的负干扰,但在可接受范围内。剂量效应实验结果显示随着尿液中亚硝酸盐浓度的增加,尿总蛋白检测所受负干扰作用亦逐渐增大。在终浓度为200μg/mL亚硝酸钠存在的情况下,添加0.2 mg/mL的维生素C可分别将150 mg/L和500 mg/L的尿总蛋白纠正至148 mg/L(-1.1%)和402 mg/L(-19.5%),均处于可接受范围内。临床标本中亚硝酸盐阳性组通过维生素C纠正产生的相对差值显著高于亚硝酸盐阴性组(P<0.01)。结论亚硝酸盐对于焦酚红法检测尿液总蛋白存在负干扰,尤其是在尿总蛋白150 mg/L情况下,需引起临床实验室的关注。添加0.2 mg/mL维生素C可有效纠正低浓度尿总蛋白标本中亚硝酸盐的干扰作用,具有一定的临床应用价值。

采用多元非线性回归模型的无头铆钉安装干涉量预测

为明晰被连接件材料性能对安装干涉量的影响规律,并进一步为新材料扩展应用提供可靠性预测,在铆接过程有限元仿真数据基础上,提出了一种采用多元非线性回归模型的无头铆钉安装干涉量预测方法。首先,根据实际铆接过程建立有限元仿真模型,通过铆接试验验证模型有效性。然后,采用有限元和正交试验法,研究了被连接件弹性模量、屈服强度、强化系数和应变强度指数及其交互作用对铆接干涉量水平的显著性,明确了各因素对安装干涉量的影响效果。最后,选用幂函数作为多元非线性回归的函数形式,剔除显著性较低因素项,建立了待测位置干涉量回归预测模型。结果表明,在一定铆接工艺条件下,屈服强度和应变强度指数及其交互作用是影响干涉量水平的主要因素。对比模拟值与回归模型预测值发现两者变化趋势一致,且误差不超过10%,表明干涉量多元回归预测模型具有有效性。

短路电流对二次设备电磁干扰分析及抗干扰措施

目前智能配电网的建设不断推进,加快了配电开关一二次设备相关技术的发展,也对长期处于复杂电磁环境下的二次设备提出了更高的要求。文中基于合成试验回路搭建了短路电流对配电开关二次设备电磁干扰试验平台,开展开断故障电流对相关干扰对成套设备的影响研究,分析干扰信号产生原因、频谱特性。针对干扰的特性设计一套抗干扰测量系统,利用ATP-EMTP模拟合成回路进行仿真分析并进行实际测试验证。结果表明:成套设备进行开断试验时,二次设备端口会受到较大的干扰。电流波形也会发生畸变,干扰电流的最高可到26 A,且干扰电流受电流互感器磁饱和和退饱和的影响,通过增加抗干扰措施,二次设备输出准确度与之相比提升约40%。本次的试验结果可为一二次融合成套设备中二次设备电磁兼容研究提供相关依据。

复杂电子系统辐射EMI噪声机理分析与抑制

复杂电子系统产生的电磁干扰噪声包括传导EMI噪声和辐射EMI噪声,辐射EMI噪声会通过空间电磁场形式影响其它电子设备。针对复杂电子系统产生的辐射EMI噪声,该文分别建立5种辐射噪声理论模型及其等效电路,包括因接地不良引起的辐射噪声模型,因信号大环路引起的辐射噪声模型,因串扰引起的辐射噪声模型,因传输线缆引起的辐射噪声模型,以及因阻抗失配引起的辐射噪声模型。同时,还针对上述辐射噪声提出了相应的噪声抑制方法。实验结果表明,采用文中方法,某型助视器和测控保护装置能够通过GB 9254标准测试,噪声抑制效果分别可达20和21.5dB V/m,从而验证了方法的有效性。