Real-time data processing method for CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST

A real-time data processing system is designed for the carbon dioxide dispersion interferometer(CO_(2)-DI)on EAST.The system utilizes the parallel and pipelining capabilities of an fieldprogrammable gate array(FPGA)to digitize and process the intensity of signals from the detector.Finally,the real-time electron density signals are exported through a digital-to-analog converter(DAC)module in the form of analog signals.The system has been successfully applied in the CO_(2)-DI system to provide low-latency electron density input to the plasma control system on EAST.Experimental results of the latest campaign with long-pulse discharges on EAST(2022–2023)demonstrate that the system can respond effectively in the case of rapid density changes,proving its reliability and accuracy for future electron density calculation.

A polarization sensitive interferometer:Delta interferometer

A new type of polarization sensitive interferometer is proposed,named the Delta interferometer,inspired by its geometry resembling the Greek letter Delta.The main difference between the Delta interferometer and other existing interferometers,such as Michelson,Mach-Zehnder and Young's double-slit interferometers,is that the two interfering paths are asymmetrical in the Delta interferometer.The visibility of the first-order interference pattern observed in the Delta interferometer is dependent on the polarization of the incidental light.Optical coherence theory is employed to interpret this phenomenon and single-mode continuous-wave laser light is employed to verify the theoretical predictions.The theoretical and experimental results are consistent.The Delta interferometer is a perfect tool to study the reflection of electromagnetic fields in different polarizations and may find applications in polarization-sensitive scenarios.

Electron density measurement by the three boundary channels of HCOOH laser interferometer on the HL-3 tokamak

Far-infrared(FIR)interferometer is widely used to measure the electron density in the magnetically confined fusion plasma devices.A new FIR laser interferometer with a total of 13 channels(8 horizontal channels and 5 oblique channels)is under development on the HL-3tokamak by using the formic-acid laser(HCOOH,f=694 GHz).In order to investigate the boundary electron density activity during the divertor discharge,three horizontal interferometry channels located at Z=-97,-76,76.5 cm have been successfully developed on HL-3 in 2023,and put into operation in recent experimental campaign,with a time resolution of<1.0μs and lineintegrated electron density resolution of~7.0×10^(16) m^(-2).This paper mainly focuses on the optical design of the three-channel interferometry system,as well as optical elements and recent experimental result on HL-3.

A fringe jump counting method for the phase measurement in the HCN laser interferometer on EAST and its FPGA-based implementation

Electron density in fusion plasma is usually diagnosed using laser-aided interferometers. The phase difference signal obtained after phase demodulation is wrapped, which is also called a fringe jump. A method has been developed to unwrap the phase difference signal in real time using FPGA, specifically designed to handle fringe jumps in the hydrogen cyanide(HCN) laser interferometer on the EAST superconducting tokamak. This method is designed for a phase demodulator using the fast Fourier transform(FFT) method at the front end. The method is better adapted for hardware implementation compared to complex mathematical analysis algorithms, such as field programmable gate array(FPGA). It has been applied to process the phase measurement results of the HCN laser interferometer on EAST in real time. Electron density results show good confidence in the fringe jump unwrapping method. Further possible application in other laser interferometers, such as the POlarimeter-INTerferometer(POINT)system on EAST tokamak is also discussed.

First results of CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST tokamak

A dispersion interferometer(DI)has been installed and operates on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).This DI system utilizes a continuous-wave 9.3μm CO_(2)laser source to measure line-averaged electron densities accurately.In contrast to conventional interferometers,the DI does not require substantial vibration isolations or compensating systems to reduce the impact of vibrations in the optical path.It also employs a ratio of modulation amplitudes,ensuring it remains immune to the variations in detected intensities.Without a variation compensation system,the DI system on EAST reaches a density resolution of less than1.8×10^(-2)πrad and a temporal resolution of 20μs.The measurements made by the POlarimeterINTerferometer(POINT)system and the far-infrared hydrogen cyanide(HCN)interferometer are remarkably consistent with the DI’s results.The possibility of fringe jumps and the impact of refraction in high-density discharge can be significantly decreased using a shorter wavelength laser source.A rapid density change of 3×10^(19)m^(-3)during 0.15 s has been measured accurately in shot No.114755 of EAST.Additionally,the DI system demonstrates dependability and stability under 305 s long-pulse discharges in shot No.122054.

一种融合Φ-OTDR和MZI的PCCP断丝监测系统

设计了一种融合相位敏感型光时域反射计(Φ-OTDR)和马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)的预应力钢筋混凝土管(PCCP)断丝监测系统。通过引入优化的IQ解调算法,减少了40%以上的数据运算量。实验结果证明该系统的单端测量距离不低于20 km,频率响应不低于20 kHz,空间定位误差在±2 m以内,具备长距离定位断丝故障和分辨振动事件特征频率的能力,为PCCP的全生命周期在线结构健康监测提供了一种可靠的技术手段。

基于MZI结构的二氧化硅波导模式选择开关

设计并且制备了一种基于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结构的二氧化硅波导模式选择开关。该器件由不对称定向耦合器及金属电极组成。通过金属电极产生的热场改变单模波导中的模式相位,实现了单模波导中E00模式向多模波导中E10模式的转换。器件采用标准CMOS工艺制备,在调制臂两侧引入空气槽,提高热场调制效率,降低开关功耗。实验结果表明,当输入E00模式时,输出端的串扰小于−17.13 dB,消光比大于16.7 dB;当输入E10模式时,输出端的串扰小于−19.84 dB,消光比大于22.5 dB。模式开关的上升时间和下降时间分别为0.7 ms和1 ms。该模式选择开关在模分复用系统中具有良好的应用前景。

Degenerate polarization entangled photon source based on a single Ti-diffusion lithium niobate waveguide in a polarization Sagnac interferometer

Combining a Ti-diffusion periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN)waveguide with a Sagnac interferometer,two opposite directions type-II spontaneous parametric down conversions(SPDC)occur coherently and yield a high brightness,high stability polarization entanglement source.The source produces degenerate photon pairs at 1540.4 nm with a brightness of B=(1.36±0.03)×10^(6) pairs/(s·nm·m W).We perform quantum state tomography to reconstruct the density matrix of the output state and obtain a fidelity of F=0.983±0.001.The high brightness and phase stability of our waveguide source enable a wide range of quantum information experiments operating at a low pump power as well as hold the advantage in mass production which can promote the practical applications of quantum technologies.

Tolerance-enhanced SU(1,1) interferometers using asymmetric gain

SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer using asymmetric gain. Two vacuum states are used as the input and on–off detection is performed at the output. In a lossless scenario,symmetric gain is the optimal selection and the corresponding phase sensitivity can achieve the Heisenberg limit as well as the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. In addition, we analyze the phase sensitivity with symmetric gain in the lossy scenario.The phase sensitivity is sensitive to internal losses but extremely robust against external losses. We address the optimal asymmetric gain and the results suggest that this method can improve the tolerance to internal losses. Our work may contribute to the practical development of quantum metrology.

光纤激光传感器结构发展综述

光纤激光传感技术是光纤传感技术中的重要组成部分。首先介绍了光纤激光传感技术的原理,然后分析了基于单一结构和双结构的10种光纤激光传感器的原理和特性,并对比了2种传感结构的应用情况和温度灵敏度,最后从解调方式、多参量测量以及提升检测范围等3个方面对光纤激光传感技术进行了总结和展望。

一种基于迈克尔逊干涉仪的浓度/折射率在线测量系统的研究

浓度是表征溶液性质的重要物理参数之一。本文设计了一种基于旋转比色皿结合迈克尔逊干涉仪的浓度/折射率在线测量系统。将液体加入比色皿并旋转5°,利用CCD采集光强数据和自编的计数程序,可实时测量旋转前后干涉条纹移动数目之差,并由此计算NaCl和葡萄糖溶液的折射率和浓度。对质量百分比浓度为0、10%和20%的NaCl溶液进行了折射率测量和误差分析,发现与相关理论值的相对误差仅为0.61%、0.63%和2.2%。葡萄糖溶液的浓度—折射率关系曲线也呈现出线性良好、可靠性高的特点。总之,基于迈克尔逊干涉仪的浓度/折射率在线测量系统具有测量非接触、结果可靠、高效实用的特点。

小尺度靶丸冲击波调控的冲击波测量技术优化及应用

激光聚变研究中,冲击波调控技术是实现靶丸压缩过程的熵增调谐,保证高性能内爆的关键实验技术.本文在十万焦耳激光装置上首次实现了0.375 mm半径小尺度内爆靶丸下双台阶辐射驱动的高精度冲击波调控实验测量.针对小靶丸下任意反射面速度干涉仪(VISAR)诊断有效反射区域不足的问题,通过建立的球形反射面VISAR图像光强的理论计算方法,提出了利用锁孔(keyhole)锥反射效应提升VISAR诊断空间区域的实验技术路线,使得小靶丸尺度下有效VISAR数据区域提升了近3倍.在实验中首次获得了整形内爆实验条件下低温液氘靶的冲击波测量实验数据,实现了高精度冲击波调控实验测量.实验发现,小时空尺度内爆设计条件下,由于反射冲击波的作用,激光参数的较小偏差都会对冲击波追赶后的传输行为产生显著影响,揭示了我国当前小靶丸尺度下高性能整形内爆物理过程中冲击波传输的多因素敏感性,以及冲击波调控实验对于内爆设计验证的重要性.本文提出的小靶丸冲击波调控实验技术,不仅为我国十万焦耳激光装置上整形脉冲下熵增调谐实验的开展提供了技术基础,也对基于球汇聚压缩的超高压物理研究具有重要意义.

应用于超高速流场电子密度分布测量的七通道微波干涉仪测量系统

高超声速飞行器在临近空间飞行时,由于飞行器与空气剧烈的相互作用,形成包含等离子体鞘套和尾迹的等离子体流场,研究其电子密度分布特性对高超声速飞行器的目标识别、测控通信等具有重要意义.地面模拟实验测量是研究等离子体包覆高超声速飞行器电磁散射特性的有效方法之一,为满足地面模拟实验瞬态等离子体流场电子密度分布的测量需求,本文提出了一种Ka波段七通道微波干涉仪测量系统研制方案.该系统采用单发七收的方式,利用单曲面透镜将波导开口天线辐射的电磁波转化为近似平面波,将7个平行且非对称排列的开口波导作为接收通道天线,缩减了接收天线的尺寸以及天线之间的距离,提高了测量的空间分辨率.基于七通道微波干涉仪测量系统在弹道靶和激波管设备开展了动态实验,测量了超高速流场电子密度二维分布,结果表明该系统具备瞬时大动态范围信号的接收能力,幅度线性动态范围优于65 dB,相位动态范围180°,响应时间优于1μs;所测量的超高速流场等离子体电子密度二维分布,能够较好地反映弹道靶设备与激波管设备产生的瞬态等离子体细节变化,电子密度测量动态范围为(10^(10)-10^(13))cm^(-3)量级,电子密度测量误差不超过0.5个数量级,径向空间分辨率优于15 mm.

基于激光干涉仪同步测量的动态校准装置

为满足时变几何量的瞬时动态测试需求,研制了一种基于激光干涉仪同步测量的动态校准装置。该装置采用直线运动导轨和运动发生器、长度标准器激光干涉仪,以基于GNSS驯服时钟的同步触发器实现同步测量并确保时间准确稳定,并使用动态校准软件实现控制一体化。经综合分析激光干涉仪的最大允许误差、直线运动导轨的直线度、环境因素、触发信号间时延及激光干涉仪测量时延等因素,该装置的长度示值的测量不确定度为Q[1.8μm,3×10^(-7)L](k=2)。与同型号激光干涉仪的比对实验和激光跟踪仪瞬时长度测试实验,证明了不确定度评定的合理性以及该装置在瞬时动态准确度测试中的可行性。

基于矢量衍射理论的光栅干涉仪位移测量误差研究

光栅干涉仪位移测量系统作为测量领域中最精密的测量仪器之一,由于在测量过程中光栅的姿态位置无法保证完美装配,使得光栅的光栅矢量方向与运动矢量方向之间出现偏差,导致位移测量结果出现周期性非线性误差。文中针对在光栅干涉仪位移测量过程中出现的光栅与位移台以及读数头之间的姿态位置误差进行分析,通过分别建立位移坐标系及光栅坐标系,参考惯性导航领域中飞行器姿态表示方法,利用一维光栅的横滚、俯仰和偏航角共同描述一维光栅相对于位移台的装配状态。通过基于矢量衍射理论分析光栅干涉仪位移测量时三个维度的角度偏差量,对可能产生的位移测量误差进行了分析说明。基于广义一维光栅方程,探究出了一个更为普遍的结论,为后续装置的改进提供理论依据,以提高系统的测量精度。

改进的迈克尔逊干涉仪测量钠黄光双线波长差

在迈克尔逊干涉仪实验教学及科学研究过程中发现齿轮经常脱扣的现象,这对测量结果产生了严重影响。本文中,我们将传统的齿轮咬合式迈克尔逊干涉仪改进为杠杆式迈克尔逊干涉仪,有助于避免齿轮咬合式迈克尔逊干涉仪中多个齿轮间容易脱扣的现象。利用钠光灯照射杠杆式迈克尔逊干涉仪,观察到了明显的光拍干涉图样,测量了钠黄光双线波长差。钠黄光双线波长差的测量结果为0.5953±0.0054(nm)。本文的研究有助于提升迈克尔逊干涉仪装置的测量稳定性,实现在光谱定标、光学传感、生化检测等领域的长期稳定使用;有助于提升学生发现问题、解决问题的能力;以及有助于学生提升将不同科目知识相结合的能力。

基于并联游标效应的MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统

为了进一步提高马赫-曾德尔(MZ)光纤应变传感器的灵敏度,设计了一种基于并联游标效应的MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统。该系统由传感干涉仪和参考干涉仪并联组成,2个干涉仪都是单模-无芯-少模-单模(SNFS)结构的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。通过提取2个SNFS-MZI传输信号的差频成分并跟踪其波谷的移动,提高系统应变灵敏度。此外,通过单独提取参考干涉仪的干涉谱,从而消减应变测量时的温度串扰。实验结果表明:该系统的应变灵敏度为7.39 pm/με,约为单个传感干涉仪的应变灵敏度5倍;通过调节参考干涉仪和传感干涉仪的传感臂长,可以灵活调节MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统的灵敏度性能。

大棕蝠声呐信号仿生模型测向特性研究

采用计算机仿真建立了蝙蝠生物声呐的仿生模型,并研究了其测向性能。基于双耳干涉谱建立了模拟蝙蝠方位感知的双耳宽带干涉仪模型,结合卷积神经网络(CNN)实现了方位特征的提取与感知,同时阐述了该模型多频点解模糊的原理。仿真结果表明,当信噪比为25 dB时,所提仿生模型在粗略搜索模式下测向精度为0.87°,在精确搜索模式下测向精度为0.116°,获得了较高的方位识别精度,且具有解模糊能力。与采用宽带相位差计算目标方位信息的方法相比,所提模型具有相近的测向性能,但解模糊能力更强。

基于双端Mach-Zehnder的电缆舞动监测系统设计

针对传统电缆舞动检测器在面对电磁干扰和持续供电时灵敏度低、信噪比差、安装复杂和需额外供电等问题,提出一种新型双端Mach-Zehnder(M-Z)电缆扰动监测系统.该系统采用双端光纤M-Z光路结构,可实现长距离、大尺度、多维度的在线监测和结构安全预警,从而实时定位舞动位置.该系统的检波器力学单元采用硅胶弹性体和黄铜质量块推挽式结构,经ANSYS软件进行参数化建模和有限元分析后,得出其固有频率为106.77 Hz,与实验所测数据的相对误差仅为1.65%.实验结果表明,该检测器在0~140 Hz内的相对灵敏度为41.25~66.78 dB (rad/Pa),对舞动信号具有较高灵敏度的检测能力.

基于混合干涉结构的光纤温盐深传感器设计

提出了一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI)级联马赫-曾德干涉仪(MZI)的混合干涉型光纤温盐深传感器。利用两段单模光纤与二氧化硅(SiO_(2))毛细管制作了28μm的FPI微腔。FPI导出单模光纤依次与大芯径多模光纤、细芯光纤对准熔接,并在细芯光纤后错位熔接单模光纤,FPI导出单模-多模-细芯-错位熔接单模构成MZI。对传感器的温度、折射率及深度响应特性进行了理论分析和实验研究,通过监测反射谱和透射谱,选取不同的特征波长。实验结果表明:FPI对折射率变化不敏感,温度和深度灵敏度为0.578 nm/℃和1.297 2 nm/cm, MZI两个特征波谷对温度灵敏度分别为0.052 4 nm/℃和0.055 2 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度分别为-35.157 nm/RIU和-27.581 nm/RIU,对深度变化不敏感。该传感器具有制作简单、成本低廉等优点。