Asset specificity and farmers' intergenerational succession willingness of apple management

Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.

Three Kinds of Religion in Hungary Lessons of Three By-elections in Local Political Context

There has been a long tradition in the history of Hungarian intellectuals that dates as far back as the 1930s.It became well-known as the clash between the“populist”(nepies)and“urbanite”(urbanus)camps as two factions of the intellectual classes or status groups.However,the author’s historical investigations show that this clash originated during the first reform period of Hungarian history(1830-1848),when the“Centralists”under the leadership of József Eötvös confronted the“Municipalists”whose leading figure was Lajos Kossuth.The former group represented the Western Europe oriented faction,who heavily called into question the county system,while the members of the latter group warranted it as the bulwark of the Hungarian constitution.The conflict was renewed between the two world wars as“westernizing”urbanites opposed the“Magyar”-oriented populists.Also,after the regime change in the 1990s,this old clash posited itself politically first as the strife between the Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Free Democrats and later on it got the form of a European-oriented Leftist-Liberal wing facing the moderate Right.The desperate struggle between the two political wings appeared at the local level as well.The author describes a paradigmatic case of the overall contradiction in a case study.During the local elections in a Hungarian village the post-communist mayor was forced to run against a traditionally religious mayor,while the entire village population,including civil society,followed the desperate clash up to an unserviceable stage.At this point,a third mayor candidate stepped in competing with both former enemies and won the exceptional election.The new mayor transcended both the post-communist era and the oppositional mayor of traditional religious background,for as the great-grand child of a landowner in the period preceding the Second World War who was persecuted in the Communist era;this mayor restituted the continuity with the ancient landowner class.And at the same time,while jettisoning the old-fashioned religion,she exhibited a certain attachment to a new type,as it were,a postmodern religiosity.

Analysis of Disequilibrium Hybridization in Hybrid and Backcross Progenies of Saccharum officinarum × Erianthus arundinaceus

Erianthus arundinaceus is an important, closely related genus of Saccharum officinarum L. It is therefore important to understand how the chromosomes are transmitted when it hybridizes with sugarcane. The hybrids and backcross progenies of S. officinarum and E. arundinaceus and their parents were used for Karyotype analysis and to study the law of chromosome transmission. The results showed that the somatic chromosome number of both of the E. arundinaceus Hainan92-105 and Hainan92-77 were 2n = 60 = 60sm, belonging to type 1 A, and the BC1 YC01-21 was 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm, belonging to type 2C. The other six tested clones belonged to type 2B. The both F1s YC96-66 and YC96-40 that originated from Badila （2n = 80 = 70m ＋ 10sm） with E. Arundinaceus were 2n = 70 = 68m ＋ 2sm, which suggests an n ＋ n transmission. The cross between YC96-66 （female parent） and CP84-1198 （male parent, 2n = 120 = 114m ＋ 6sm） also followed the same genetic law and the somatic chromosome number of their progeny, YC01-3 （2n = 105 = 95m ＋ 10sm）. The cross derived from YC96- 40 （female） and CP84-1198 （male）, YC01-21 had 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm chromosomes, following the same genetic law of n ＋ n. However, YC01-36 had 2n = 132 = 130m ＋ 2sm chromosomes, which suggests a 2n ＋ n chromosome transmission. It can be inferred that the inheritance of chromosomes was very complex in the BC1. The difference in chromosome number between clones was as high as 28. This could be explained by the 2n ＋ n transmission of chromosomes. In addition, as there was not be a regular number of haploids, this phenomenon is termed as disequilibrium hybridization.

Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China:A human capital investment perspective

This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market.The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005,2008,2012,2016,and 2019.Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted.We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China,especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children.The intergenerational earnings'elasticities were much less than those in urban areas,which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China.The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market,gain a high education and have more skills.Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.

Neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of general anesthetics

The progress of modern medicine would be impossible without the use of general anesthetics(GAs).Despite advancements in refining anesthesia approaches,the effects of GAs are not fully reversible upon GA withdrawal.Neurocognitive deficiencies attributed to GA exposure may persist in neonates or endure for weeks to years in the elderly.Human studies on the mechanisms of the long-term adverse effects of GAs are needed to improve the safety of general anesthesia but they are hampered not only by ethical limitations specific to human research,but also by a lack of specific biological markers that can be used in human studies to safely and objectively study such effects.The latter can primarily be attributed to an insufficient understanding of the full range of the biological effects induced by GAs and the molecular mechanisms mediating such effects even in rodents,which are far more extensively studied than any other species.Our most recent experimental findings in rodents suggest that GAs may adversely affect many more people than is currently anticipated.Specifically,we have shown that anesthesia with the commonly used GA sevoflurane induces in exposed animals not only neuroendocrine abnormalities(somatic effects),but also epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells(germ cell effects).The latter may pass the neurobehavioral effects of parental sevoflurane exposure to the offspring,who may be affected even at levels of anesthesia that are not harmful to the exposed parents.The large number of patients who require general anesthesia,the even larger number of their future unexposed offspring whose health may be affected,and a growing number of neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown etiology underscore the translational importance of investigating the intergenerational effects of GAs.In this mini review,we discuss emerging experimental findings on neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of GAs.

Anticipation phenomenon in familial adenomatous polyposis:an analysis of its origin

AIM To analyze the origin of the anticipationphenomenon,which means earlier death insuccessive generation in familial adenomatouspolyposis.METHODS The study subjects were 2161patients with familial adenomatous polyposisand their 7465 first-degree relatives who weremembers of 750 families registered at ourPolyposis Registry.The ages at death andcumulative mortality rates in the parent,theproband,and the child generations werecompared for both all subjects and the patientsalone.RESULTS In the patients over 5 years of age,the mean age at death was 50.9 years for theparent,42.3 years for the proband,and 33.3years for the child generations,respectively(P【0.001).The deceased rates in the threegenerations were 90.7%,51.3% and 23.1% ofthe patients,respectively,and this differencewas the main cause of the anticipation measuredby parent-child paring method.The cumulativemortality rates for all subjects failed to showanticipation,however the cumulative mortalityrates for the patients showed the anticipation.The anticipation phenomenon was shown by anyparent-child pairing methods for the deceasedpatients.Other important causes of theanticipation were different proportion of causesof death between generations(P【0.001),and alow proportion of detected or deceased patients (P【0.001)in the child generation.CONCLUSION Anticipation in familialadenomatous polyposis may be caused byparent-child paring methods as well as severalintergenerational biases.

Preliminary Studies on the Intergeneric Hybridization Between Brassica napus with OguCMS and Orychophragmus violaceus

In the cross between B. napus with OguCMSOrychophragmus violaceus, pre-fertilizatiocompatibility was observed. An intergeneric hybrid was successfully obtained by usinovary culture. The hybrid status was confirmed by cytology, morphology, fertilityisozyme and miosis analysis. The seed setting rate was 0.0072%. An amphidiploid of thhybrid was also produced by the use of chromosome-doubling method with 0.1% colchicinetreatment. Obtaining this hybrid and its amphidiploid has important theoretical anutilization value.

MiRNA identification,characterization and integrated network analysis for flavonoid biosynthesis in Brassicacoraphanus

Brassica rapa(AA,2n=20)and Raphanus sativus(RR,2n=18)are popular vegetables containing multiple secondary metabolites,such as flavonoids and anthocyanins.Nevertheless,fewstudies on miRNA expression profiles and potential regulatory network of flavonoid metabolism have been reported in the intergeneric hybrid of B.rapa and R.sativus(Brassicacoraphanus,AARR,2n=38).Here,themiRNAs of Brassicacoraphanus and its parents were first identified by small RNA sequencing.It was revealed that 315 conserved miRNAs and 193 novel miRNAs were found in Brassicacoraphanus and its parents.Moreover,the miRNA expression profiles were characterized and 204 miRNAs with differential expression were obtained.Further analysis showed that 184 miRNAs were non-additively expressed in Brassicacoraphanus.At last,the potential regulatory network of flavonoid metabolism in Brassicacoraphanus was analyzed by multi-omics data,suggesting possible roles of miR858a and miR157a in regulating flavonoid synthesis pathway in Brassicacoraphanus.Taken together,this study provides useful resources for probing globalmiRNA expression patterns in Brassicacoraphanus,which facilitates regulatory mechanism research on the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites in Brassicacoraphanus.

Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise's incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government's means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.

Developing Stable Cultivar through Microspore Mutagenesis in ×<i>Brassicoraphanus koranhort</i>, Inter-Generic Allopolyploid between <i>Brassica rapa</i>and <i>Raphanus sativus</i>

A stable progeny was developed through induced mutation, using microspore culture, of the hybrid (F1F1) produced by crossing a newly synthesized, unstable allopolyploid (F1) and a stable cultivar, BB#1(F1) in xBrassicoraphanus. An F1F1 plant was subjected to the induced mutation system established during production of BB#1. Morphological characteristics of the progeny such as color, and leaf number and length, differed from those of BB#1. The bolting time of the progeny in spring cropping was very late compared to BB#1, allowing it to be grown to an adult plant in spring. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis of pollen mother cells at prophase I identified 19 bivalents, 10 from Brassica rapa and 9 from Raphanus sativus. The glucoraphenin content was almost identical to that of BB#1. Two cultivars are available in the baemoochae crop now. These results indicate that induced mutation using microspore culture is a viable method of stabilizing intergeneric allopolyploids between B. rapa and R. sativus.

Fetal programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased rapidly over the past few decades,and prevention efforts have not been successful.Fetal programming involves the earliest stage of obesity development,and provides a novel concept to complement other strategies for lifelong prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.The World Health Organization now advocates a life-course approach to prevent/control obesity,starting with pre-conceptional and antenatal maternal health.Maternal overnutrition,gestational diabetes mellitus and excessive gestational weight gain lead to fetal overgrowth,and“programs”the offspring with an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adulthood.This review summarizes current data on fetal programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus including potential causative factors,mechanisms and interventions to reduce its impact.

The Moderating Effect of Health on the Relationship between Involvement in Housework of Parents’ and Parents-in-Law’s Families and Happiness of Middle-Aged Women in Taiwan

Background: This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of family health status on the relationship between involvement in housework of two-side parents’ families and happiness of middle-aged women in Taiwan. Methods: The data used in this study were gathered from the Ministry of Science and Technology’s program—“Intergenerational expectation and collaboration: an inquiry on a new mechanism of continued tradition across generations”. The subjects (n = 512) were restricted to aged 45 - 64 years old who live with spouses and have children, and one of whose parent or parent-in-law is still alive. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate how family health status moderates the relationship between involvement in housework of parents’ families and parents-in-law’s families and the happiness of middle-aged women. Results: 1) Family health status is positively correlated with their happiness. 2) The parents’ health status can moderate the relationship between involvement in housework of parents’ families and happiness of the middle-aged women. 3) The middle-aged women’s health status can moderate the relationship between involvement in housework of parents-in-law’s families and those women’s happiness, and fathers-in-law’s health status can moderate the relationship between husbands’ involvement in housework of the women’s parents-in-law’s families and women’s happiness. Conclusions: In future, when policies and programs related to the well-being of middle-aged women are being planned, the effect of women’s health and family health status shall be considered as a key to improve those women’s quality of life.

Dominance of Brassica and No Effects of Raphanus in Mature Seed Production in Intergeneric Hybrid between Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis and Raphanus

We succeeded in producing mature seed from a line of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis that had been hybridized with Raphanus sativus var. major. Our focus was on dominance of B. rapa ssp. pekinensis;radish (R. sativus var. major) had no influence. Marker tests for similarity showed that the original CR291M-64 x HwiM-2 hybrid was an inbred CR291M-64, rather than a genuine cross;this appears to have resulted from weak self-incompatibility in this strain. The plants from the mature seed bloomed with reddish flowers differently shown up to present. The intergeneric hybrid between Brassica inbred and Raphanus hybrid was very weak in strength compared to the Brassica inbred which was self-pollinated even though the cause of the weak was not identified. The hybrids between Brassica hybrid, dominant and elite recessive, and Raphanus can be developed in large quantities using mature hybrid seed without resorting to ovule culture techniques.

Genetic transformation of marine Actinomycete sp. isolate M048 and expression of a recombinant plasmid carrying the apc gene

Optimal conditions for protoplasts formation of marine Actinomycete sp. isolate M048 were described, dense and disperse mycelia were cultured in SGGP medium, 0.5% glycine, lysozyme exposure （2 mg/cm^3, 37 ℃, 40 min）, and the concentration of sucrose in protoplast buffer was 0.4 mol/dm^3 for keeping the balance of osmotic pressure. Using PEG-mediated pmtoplasts transformarion, the transformation frequency was 89 transformants per microgramme of pIJ702. Meanwhile, an effective transformation procedure was established based on intergeneric conjugation from E. coli ET12567 （pUZS002） using shuttle vectors pPM801, pPM803 and a φC31-derived integration vector pIJ8600 containing onT and attP fragments. Transformation frequencies were 5.30 ×10^-4 ±0.26 ×10^-4 , 8.92 ×10^-4 ±0. 19 ×10^-4 and 6.38 ×10^-5 ±0.41×10^-5 respectively. Further, the heterologous expression of the allophycocyanin gene （apc） in the strain M048 was used to demonstrate this transformation system. SDS - PAGE and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of recombinant APC （rAPC）.

“Do Big Hands Guide Small Hands?”or“do Small Hands Guide Big Hands”:The intergenerational interactions in environmental behaviors and family influencing factors

Families'large pollution and energy consumption cannot be underestimated.In order to realize and internalize environmental awareness as a social consensus,it is imperative for every member of a household to be involved in transforming everyday behavior.Intergenerational interactions are of paramount importance.Accordingly,the focus of this study was on parent-adolescent interactions,their reciprocal impact on environmental behaviors,and the factors that have an influence on these processes.Questionnaires were employed to collect information of 684 families in 10 districts of Jinan,the capital of Shandong Province.Subsequently,interviews were conducted with 15 of these families to comprehend the tangible reasons underlying intergenerational interactions in environmental behaviors.First,a paired sample T-test was employed to compare the frequency of these interactions.The data showed that while the T values were positive in all eight compared groups,there were significant differences in seven of them.These results suggest that the impact of intergenerational interactions on environmental behaviors is not symmetrical:parents'instructions are far more frequent than adolescents'back-feeding of ecological notions.The interviews revealed that this phenomenon was generated primarily by unequal experiences between parents and adolescents because the latter do not participate in housework and family projects.Furthermore,the traditional concept of intergenerational order appears to be permanent.Second,two linear regression models,a Parent-to-Adolescent model and an Adolescent-to-Parent model that encompassed several factors including family structure,intergenerational relationships,living environment,and families'social class were developed.Among these factors,the intergenerational relationship variable played a particularly significant role:the more equal and open-minded dialogs are incorporated into parent-adolescent communication,the more favorable interactions may occur for development of their environmental behaviors.Thus,when an environmental education system with families is constructed,it is imperative to promote a parent's ecological awareness with the help of grass-roots organizations by means of reasonable rewards and punishments to redress their former behaviors so as to let Big Hands Guide Small Hands.It is also crucial to enhance a more equal intergenerational relationship through parents'schooling or other relevant services so as to create a favorable atmosphere for Small Hands Guide Big Hands.

Child abuse and psychopathy: Interplay, gender differences and biological correlates

Child abuse is an important source of mental and physical adverse consequences for victims,their family,and their community.The impact of violence during childhood on the development of the victim is a very sensitive theme.Other than internalizing symptoms,it is interesting to analyze the possibility that a victim may assume the role of persecutor.With this aim,we evaluate Literature and examine the interplay among different types of child abuse(emotional neglect,emotional abuse,physical neglect,physical abuse and sexual abuse)and the development of psychopathy.We consider the role of post-traumatic stress disorder and that of personal environment as potential mediators between abuse and psychopathy.Furthermore,an in-depth analysis on possible differences due to the victim's gender is performed.Finally,analysis focused on genetic variants,such as the polymorphism of 5HTT and MAO-A,or a biological alteration,like the difference in daily cortisol levels that could be related to the development of psychopathy after a trauma.

The Relationships between Family Support, Attachment Types in Adulthood and Attitudes towards Filial Responsibility among Three Generations of Arab and Jewish Men

The aim of the current study was to compare between three generations groups of Arab and Jewish male’s attitudes towards filial responsibility. 121 university students, their fathers (116) and their grandfathers (114), answered a self-report questionnaire, which measured filial responsibility attitudes, type of attachment;self-esteem;sense of mastery and, family support. Results revealed ethnicity and religiosity differences as well as between-generations differences regarding filial responsibility. An additional finding brought to light the cross-generational differences in the relationship between the attachment style in adulthood and the attitudes regarding filial responsibility. The most important finding shows that the Arab male, especially in the youngest generation, finds himself in a socio-psychological-internal conflict between tradition and modernization regarding the family norms. Arab society, in attitudes towards filial responsibility, is still traditional in terms of its approach to the institutions of clan and, the men status within the family. Thus, mostly among the elderly Arab Muslims.

The Relationship between Self-Esteem, Sense of Mastery and Humor as Personal Resources and Crisis-Coping Strategies in Three Generations

Aim: The study’s aim is to examine the coping strategies from a perspective of intergenerational transmission. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was completed by 504 students, their parents, and their grandparents. Tools on the questionnaire assessed crisis perception as well as levels of sense of humor, sense of mastery, and self-esteem, as independent variables, and crisis-coping strategies, as the dependent variable. Results: Findings indicated that there was intergenerational transmission of the problem-focused coping strategy in general, and of the intra-personal resources of self-esteem, and sense of mastery, in particular. The major theoretical contribution of the study is in extending the concept of intergenerational transmission to include an additional realm;findings also substantiated and reinforced previous knowledge regarding the strategies for coping with stress and crises among various age groups. Conclusions: In terms of applicability, recognizing the phenomenon of intergenerational transmission provides a clinical tool that increases the possibility of coping with complex problems. In addition, it suggests the need to increase clients’ awareness of the significant effects of intergenerational transmission.

Will the Holocaust Please Hush？ Social and Historical Incongruity in Savyon Liebrecht＇s “Hayuta＇s Engagement Party”

Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for 40 years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify to his horrific ordeals during the Holocaust at putatively inopportune times, such as religious holidays and family celebrations. When his granddaughter Hayuta plans an engagement party, the social and historical incongruities of the Holocaust in the context of contemporary Israeli society become apparent. Ordinary pleasures are matters of moral obloquy in the face of the unfathomable black hole of the Holocaust. While critics have charged Mendel＇s daughter with preoccupation with invidious social climbing and his granddaughter Hayuta with moral reprehensible compartmentalization of her historical and familial existences, Liebrecht unwittingly implies that historical trauma has very diverse and inexplicable effects on different family members： Some, like the daughter Bella, eventually wish to hear more about the experiences of her father （while feeling that his words will “ruin” her social life）, while Hayutaand Shifra his danghter-in-law react by shunning the speech of Mendel, which they experience as ruining their quotidian happiness.

Intergenerational Income Mobility in China and Underlying Mechanism

Based on ten rounds of CHNS data from 1989 to 2015,this paper employed dual measurement indicators of the intergenerational elasticity(IGE)of earnings and the income rank association(IRA)coefficient to measure intergenerational income mobility in China.Our findings suggest that China’s intergenerational income mobility was relatively stable from 1991-2004 and started to increase after 2004.Our study based on income grouping found that the intergenerational income immobility decreased after 2004 for all income groups;however,the high-income and low-income groups were far more immobile than other income groups;the middle-income group served as a key driver of the relatively high intergenerational income mobility in China.Furthermore,we investigated China’s intergenerational income transmission mechanism with a human capital analysis framework.We found that fathers’non-education factors played a dominant role in intergenerational income transmission;under the effects of the social institutional environment,the non-education transmission mechanism started to diminish after 2004,significantly contributing to intergenerational income mobility.