Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

Intergenerational Trauma and Resilience among Im/Migrant Families: Child Mental Health Outcomes and Psychosocial Mechanisms of Transmission

Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.

Research on Intergenerational Writing in Contemporary German Immigrant Literature

With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of immigrant groups and their construction of cultural identity.In the German-speaking area,immigrant literature has gradually taken center stage over the years,becoming an important part of the German language literature,and immigrant writers have also frequently won various literary prizes,which can be described as particularly dazzling.Meanwhile,generations of writers have been thinking about and exploring the intergenerational relationships and differences among immigrant groups in the context of their own experiences.This paper will focus on some outstanding immigrant writers and discuss the intergenerational writing in immigrant literature by means of their works.

Asset specificity and farmers' intergenerational succession willingness of apple management

Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.

Development of Future Generations:Oriented Virtual Negotiation Support System for Intergenerational Conflict

Intergenerational conflict coordination is the fundamental requirement and core of sustainable development. In this paper, through the analysis of the future generations-oriented management mechanisms for intergenerational conflict, the idea of mechanisms and institution building for the coordination and management of intergenerational conflict is put forward. Furthermore, the future generations-oriented virtual negotiation support system (NSS) for intergenerational conflict is developed, built on the analysis of the process simulation of intergenerational wealth transfer, intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, and strategies for the mitigation and avoidance of intergenerational conflict, through the application of advanced IT technology. The virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict is helpful to the practical application of the sustainable development theory; on the other hand, it can be applied directly to the intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, national economic accounting, formulation of sustainable development strategies and other urgent national economic and social development issues. Finally, the sustainable development theory can be enriched and extended. Therefore, the development of the future generations-oriented virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict has certain theoretical and practical effects on the theory of sustainable development.

Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China:A human capital investment perspective

This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market.The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005,2008,2012,2016,and 2019.Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted.We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China,especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children.The intergenerational earnings'elasticities were much less than those in urban areas,which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China.The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market,gain a high education and have more skills.Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.

Neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of general anesthetics

The progress of modern medicine would be impossible without the use of general anesthetics(GAs).Despite advancements in refining anesthesia approaches,the effects of GAs are not fully reversible upon GA withdrawal.Neurocognitive deficiencies attributed to GA exposure may persist in neonates or endure for weeks to years in the elderly.Human studies on the mechanisms of the long-term adverse effects of GAs are needed to improve the safety of general anesthesia but they are hampered not only by ethical limitations specific to human research,but also by a lack of specific biological markers that can be used in human studies to safely and objectively study such effects.The latter can primarily be attributed to an insufficient understanding of the full range of the biological effects induced by GAs and the molecular mechanisms mediating such effects even in rodents,which are far more extensively studied than any other species.Our most recent experimental findings in rodents suggest that GAs may adversely affect many more people than is currently anticipated.Specifically,we have shown that anesthesia with the commonly used GA sevoflurane induces in exposed animals not only neuroendocrine abnormalities(somatic effects),but also epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells(germ cell effects).The latter may pass the neurobehavioral effects of parental sevoflurane exposure to the offspring,who may be affected even at levels of anesthesia that are not harmful to the exposed parents.The large number of patients who require general anesthesia,the even larger number of their future unexposed offspring whose health may be affected,and a growing number of neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown etiology underscore the translational importance of investigating the intergenerational effects of GAs.In this mini review,we discuss emerging experimental findings on neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of GAs.

“Do Big Hands Guide Small Hands?”or“do Small Hands Guide Big Hands”:The intergenerational interactions in environmental behaviors and family influencing factors

Families'large pollution and energy consumption cannot be underestimated.In order to realize and internalize environmental awareness as a social consensus,it is imperative for every member of a household to be involved in transforming everyday behavior.Intergenerational interactions are of paramount importance.Accordingly,the focus of this study was on parent-adolescent interactions,their reciprocal impact on environmental behaviors,and the factors that have an influence on these processes.Questionnaires were employed to collect information of 684 families in 10 districts of Jinan,the capital of Shandong Province.Subsequently,interviews were conducted with 15 of these families to comprehend the tangible reasons underlying intergenerational interactions in environmental behaviors.First,a paired sample T-test was employed to compare the frequency of these interactions.The data showed that while the T values were positive in all eight compared groups,there were significant differences in seven of them.These results suggest that the impact of intergenerational interactions on environmental behaviors is not symmetrical:parents'instructions are far more frequent than adolescents'back-feeding of ecological notions.The interviews revealed that this phenomenon was generated primarily by unequal experiences between parents and adolescents because the latter do not participate in housework and family projects.Furthermore,the traditional concept of intergenerational order appears to be permanent.Second,two linear regression models,a Parent-to-Adolescent model and an Adolescent-to-Parent model that encompassed several factors including family structure,intergenerational relationships,living environment,and families'social class were developed.Among these factors,the intergenerational relationship variable played a particularly significant role:the more equal and open-minded dialogs are incorporated into parent-adolescent communication,the more favorable interactions may occur for development of their environmental behaviors.Thus,when an environmental education system with families is constructed,it is imperative to promote a parent's ecological awareness with the help of grass-roots organizations by means of reasonable rewards and punishments to redress their former behaviors so as to let Big Hands Guide Small Hands.It is also crucial to enhance a more equal intergenerational relationship through parents'schooling or other relevant services so as to create a favorable atmosphere for Small Hands Guide Big Hands.

Inclusive Intergenerational Experiences With Elderly and Minor People： A New Horizon for Inclusion？

The research presents the progressive increase of lifelong education and its influence on the paradigm of socio-educational inclusion. Today＇s society is characterized by its increasing aspiration and demand for activities of social promotion and personal development, that is, activities that tend to reinforce the social fabric in its human and community values, in the elimination of loneliness, or increasing the quality of life, through the full enjoyment of civic rights, common cultural property, or participation in the opportunities offered by public and community life The older population has transformed their habits, integrating new values generated by social changes. In turn, it leads to possible changes in social intervention. These include training, leisure, tourism, social skills development, the use of the Internet as a tool for knowledge and communication, and social participation. These new social behaviors can be an opportunity to build a more cohesive and supportive society, without generational breaches And this line, the attention to diversity and its even processes seeks to expand its reach, generating intergenerational spaces

Intergenerational Income Mobility in China and Underlying Mechanism

Based on ten rounds of CHNS data from 1989 to 2015,this paper employed dual measurement indicators of the intergenerational elasticity(IGE)of earnings and the income rank association(IRA)coefficient to measure intergenerational income mobility in China.Our findings suggest that China’s intergenerational income mobility was relatively stable from 1991-2004 and started to increase after 2004.Our study based on income grouping found that the intergenerational income immobility decreased after 2004 for all income groups;however,the high-income and low-income groups were far more immobile than other income groups;the middle-income group served as a key driver of the relatively high intergenerational income mobility in China.Furthermore,we investigated China’s intergenerational income transmission mechanism with a human capital analysis framework.We found that fathers’non-education factors played a dominant role in intergenerational income transmission;under the effects of the social institutional environment,the non-education transmission mechanism started to diminish after 2004,significantly contributing to intergenerational income mobility.

Intergenerational Transmission of Income Gap for Chinese Urban and Rural Households

An accurate understanding of the intergenerational transmission of income gap is the foundation for theoretical research and policy formulation to address this issue. This paper has employed the method of two sample instrumental variables to effectively integrate CHIP data and CFPS data and correct the temporal income bias, life-cycle bias and coresidence bias, which are common problems in existing studies, and investigated the tendencies of intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households between 2002 and 2012. Results of empirical study indicate that the intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households has been on the decline yet the level of intergenerational transmission is greater for urban residents than for rural residents. This level of intergenerational transmission of income gap in China is at a medium international level lower than that of countries like the United States, Brazil and Japan and higher than that of Sweden and Chinese Taiwan. Further analysis of the intergenerational mobility of various income groups suggests the following: the intergenerational solidification of the bottom and top income groups of urban residents has significantly improved, which is the source for the reduction of intergenerational transmission of income gap. Rural residents of bottom income group are vulnerable to falling into the trap of intergenerational transmission of low income. In order to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of income gap, efforts must be made to improve educational allowance policy and increase the opportunities for children from poor and underprivileged families to receive education and to eliminate the divide of labor markets to create equal job opportunities for each and every worker.

The Issue of Intergenerational Equity in the Context of Population Aging:From the Perspective of Confucian Ethics

As the aging population continues to grow in China the issue of intergenerational equity in the field of old-age security has become increasingly prominent. Through a comparative study of the liberal theory of intergenerational equity, this paper shows that at least in the contemporary social context of China, filial piety still acts as an important moral foundation and value basis for the intergenerational distribution of old-age support resources. The emphasis on an intergenerational contract based on filial piety not only presents a theoretical perspective transcending liberalism for addressing the issue of intergenerational equity in the context of contemporary China, but also provides significant and irreplaceable institutional resources. Starting from the Confucian family-centered theory of social justice and through the reconstitution of traditional ethical resources, this paper explores a family-centered, multi-level old-age security system to cope with the issue of intergenerational equity against the backdrop of population aging.

A Study on the Differences of Intergenerational Language Attitude of Lichuan Dialect in China

Research on the changes of Lichuan dialect mostly focuses on microlinguistics such as specific vocabulary,syntactic or semantic research,less on the language use and language attitude in sociolinguistics.Therefore,This study mainly discusses the differences of intergenerational language attitude of Lichuan dialect and the reasons so as to protect traditional dialects in China.11 participants were interviewed.The results reveals the reasons:(1)internal reasons of personal dialect attitudes including cultural confidence,social identity,dialect inheritance;(2)language attitudelanguage contact such as educational background,rural-urban migration,study and work with people from different cities and media development.

The Intergenerational Conflicts in Selected Chinese/Indian American Literature

For the early generation of both Chinese and Indian immigrants,their deep immersion in their own language and cultural environment has given their life experience an indelible nostalgia.However,the children of their descendants born in the United States have no such cultural heritage and spiritual burden,their thinking on values,languages,education,occupation,clothing,social communications,etc.are more largely Americanized and culturally identified with the mainstream society.In this way,the various intergenerational conflicts reflected in Chinese and Indian American literature implies the importance of negotiation through the use of shared resource between the old and new identities to balance,adapt and integrate in the adopted land.

Casework Intervention on Intergenerational Education

Intergenerational education is very common among aging population and at the time when birth restrictions are lifted.Studies have shown that intergenerational education proceeds negatively and has issues in which children develop psychological problems when the knowledge of the elderly do not keep up with the younger generations*12*5,the older educational ideas struggle against the modem ones,and so on,that further bring issues in the lack of self-identity and capacity from grandparents.Bad relationships between family members can affect the family,particularly in the communication between elderly caregivers and their grandchildren.It could further influence the parent-child relationship if unpleasant emotions pile up.

State familism in action:aging policy and intergenerational support in Singapore

Singapore started to tackle the challenges of an aging society in the 1980s after its fertility declined to sub-replacement levels.A core component of the city-state’s aging policy is to foster intergenerational support,which is based on the value of filial piety,harmonious intergenerational relations,and the elderly as a resource.This paper introduces the concept of state familism to capture Singapore’s compre­hensive efforts to strengthen the role of the family in old-age support while pro­moting mutual assistance across generations.The relevant policies range from the Central Provident Fund,housing,taxation,to old-age support packages.These ef­forts distinguish Singapore from other Asian countries where the role of the family is sometimes stressed more in rhetoric than in action.State familism in Singapore has drawn criticisms as it is perceived as an attempt to reduce the government’s responsibility.In the recent decade,the Singapore state significantly increased di­rect financial support for the elderly while keeping the policy of fostering intergen­erational support in place.The paper concludes by discussing the implications of Singapore’s state familism for China and other countries.

Inequality in Intergenerational Mobility of Education in China

This paper investigates trends in intergenerational patterns of educational attainment of those born in China between 1941 and 1990. Employing the 2008 Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia Survey, we find that intergenerational correlation is lower in rural and migrant than in urban populations. The higher mobility observed in rural and migrant populations stems from the fact that the majority of these children complete only junior high school with some children in the youngest cohorts moving down the education ladder relative to theirparents. In contrast, urban children seem to at least maintain their parents＂ education level The persistence of intergenerational transmission of education at high levels in urban areas combined with some mobility, upward or downward, in rural areas is likely to aggravate China ＂s rural-urban disparity. Policies should focus more on the underlying gaps in education opportunities and the improvement in education of the rural and migrant populations.

代际创业心理资本对城乡创业类型的影响

已有的创业研究主要关注外部创业资本对创业类型的影响,忽视了创业者内部基于代际传递的创业心理资本的作用及其城乡差异。基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2017年度数据,运用多元Logit模型探究了代际传递的创业心理资本对创业类型的影响,着重观察了城乡差异。研究发现:(1)代际创业心理资本对机会型创业具有显著促进作用,但创业榜样效应的性质特点与生存型创业对创业心理资本的需求存在互斥作用,因此代际创业心理资本对生存型创业存在抑制作用;(2)代际创业心理资本对城镇机会型创业的促进作用大于农村机会型创业,其与农村创业榜样效应微弱、农村家庭的教养方式相对落后有关;(3)代际创业心理资本对农村生存型创业的促进作用大于城镇生存型创业,其与城乡居民依赖不同类型的代际创业心理资本有关,城镇居民依赖代际创业榜样效应,而农村居民依赖创业自我效能感。从代际传递创业心理资本的角度讨论了城乡创业类型的影响因素,不仅是对当前创业理论研究的补充,也为今后促进城乡创业提供了参考。未来政府应当从持续树立创业示范效应方面促进城镇机会型创业,同时注重采取改善金融环境、健全创业保障体系等措施,致力于提高农村居民的群体自我效能感,实现农村地区创业类型的跃迁。

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION An investigation into intergenerational differences between two generations of migrant workers

Among Chinese migrant workers, there are obvious intergenerational differences between those who were born before and after the dividing line of 1980. The latter possess more human capital and have plans for their careers. In seeking work they tend to rely on government and the market, and they are more concerned with their long-term development. Their job stability is often quite low. They are more subject to infringement on their rights or more prone to believe that their rights have been infringed, but have a better knowledge of labor law and are bolder in the defense of their rights. Their individual consumption level is higher than that of the pre-1980 cohort, and they have a higher proportion of Intemet users. This generation is more likely to spend their spare time in recreation and entertainment. Their evaluation of and identification with society is relatively high, but they have a weakening connection with their hometowns and are therefore more willing to give up their contracted land and switch their household registration to the cities where they work. This generation of migrant workers poses a challenge not only to enterprises＇ ideas on management, but also to the dual urbanrural social structure. Having obtained the rights to migrate to and work in the cities, migrant workers should further obtain citizenship rights on a completely equal footing with urban residents.

How Aging and Intergeneration Disparity Influence Consumption Inequality in China

Concurrent with market economic reforms, China is facing an increasing income gap and an aging population. The question addressed in the present paper is how much aging contributes to the rising disparity in consumption. Based on the model established by Ohtake and Saito （1998）, our study shows that cohort effects contribute close to 60percent of the rising consumption inequality, while approximately lO percent is the result of aging. The growth of aggregate consumption inequality caused by the cohort effect has various implications. Strengthening the redistribution system, especially the tax system, may enable the economy to avoid further increases in income inequality.