Design and Optimization of Interior Permanent Magnet(IPM)Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications

This paper explores some design parameters of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor that contribute to enhancing motor performance.Various geometry parameters such as magnet dimension,machine diameter,stator teeth height,and number of poles are analyzed to compare overall torque,power,and torque ripples in order to select the best design parameters and their ranges.Pyleecan,an open-source software,is used to design and optimize the motor for electric vehicle applications.Following optimization with Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ),two designs A and B were obtained for two objective functions and the corresponding torque ripples values of the design A and B were later reduced by 32%and 77%.Additionally,the impact of different magnet grades on the output performances is analyzed.

Driving Range Parametric Analysis of Electric Vehicles Driven by Interior Permanent Magnet Motors Considering Driving Cycles

This paper presents parametric analysis of driving range of electric vehicles driven by V-type interior permanent magnet motors aiming at maximum driving range,i.e.,minimal total energy consumption of the motors over a driving cycle.Influence of design parameters including tooth width,slot depth,split ratio(the ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter of the stator),and V-type magnet angle on the energy consumption of the motors and driving range of electric vehicles over a driving cycle is investigated in detail.The investigation is carried out for two typical driving cycles with different characteristics to represent different conditions:One is high-speed,low-torque cycle-Highway Fuel Economy Test and the other is low-speed,high-torque cycle-Artemis Urban Driving Cycle.It shows that for both driving cycles,the same parameters may have different influence on the energy consumption of the motors,as well as driving range of electric vehicles.

Optimization Design of High-speed Interior Permanent Magnet Motor with High Torque Performance Based on Multiple Surrogate Models

In order to obtain better torque performance of high-speed interior permanent magnet motor(HSIPMM) and solve the problem that electromagnetic optimization design is seriously limited by its mechanical strength, a complete optimization design method is proposed in this paper. The object of optimization design is a 15 kW、20000 r/min HSIPMM whose permanent magnets in rotor is segmented. Eight structural dimensions are selected as its optimization variables. After design of experiment(DOE), multiple surrogate models are fitted, a set of surrogate models with minimum error is selected by using error evaluation indexes to optimize, the NSGA-II algorithm is used to get the optimal solution. The optimal solution is verified by load test on a 15 kW, 20000 r/min HSIPMM prototype. This paper can be used as a reference for the optimization design of HSIPMM.

Analysis of temperature field for a surface-mounted and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor adopting magnetic-thermal coupling method

Aiming at obtaining high power density of surface-mounted and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(SIPMSM),it is important to accurately calculate the temperature field distribution of SIPMSM,and a magnetic-thermal coupling method is proposed.The magnetic-thermal coupling mechanism is analyzed.The thermal network model and finite element model are built by this method,respectively.The effects of power frequency on iron losses and temperature fields are analyzed by the magnetic-thermal coupling finite element model under the condition of rated load,and the relationship between the load and temperature field is researched under the condition of the synchronous speed.In addition,the equivalent thermal network model is used to verify the magnetic-thermal coupling method.Then the temperatures of various nodes are obtained.The results show that there are advantages in both computational efficiency and accuracy for the proposed coupling method,which can be applied to other permanent magnet motors with complex structures.

Application of neural networks for permanent magnet synchronous motor direct torque control

Neural networks require a lot of training to understand the model of a plant or a process. Issues such as learning speed, stability, and weight convergence remain as areas of research and comparison of many training algorithms. The application of neural networks to control interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using direct torque control （DTC） is discussed. A neural network is used to emulate the state selector of the DTC. The neural networks used are the back-propagation and radial basis function. To reduce the training patterns and increase the execution speed of the training process, the inputs of switching table are converted to digital signals, i.e., one bit represent the flux error, one bit the torque error, and three bits the region of stator flux. Computer simulations of the motor and neural-network system using the two approaches are presented and compared. Discussions about the back-propagation and radial basis function as the most promising training techniques are presented, giving its advantages and disadvantages. The system using back-propagation and radial basis function networks controller has quick parallel speed and high torque response.

Investigation of an Intensifying-flux Variable Flux-leakage Interior Permanent Magnet Machine for Wide Speed Range

In this paper,a novel intensifying-flux variable flux-leakage interior permanent magnet(IFVF-IPM)machine is proposed,in which flux barriers were designed deliberately between the adjacent poles to obtain intensifying-flux effect and variable flux-leakage property.The rotor topology and design principles of the proposed machine are also introduced.Then,a multi-objective optimization method is adopted based on the sensitivity analysis,and some design variables of IFVF-IPM machine with strong sensitivity are selected to optimization progress by using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ).Moreover,the electromagnetic characteristics of conventional IPM machine,conventional IFVF-IPM machine(CIFVF-IPM)and the novel IFVF-IPM machine are compared based on the finite element analysis(FEA)method which includes flux linkage,inductances characteristic,torque-speed envelops and power characteristic,as well as evaluation of the risk of irreversible demagnetization.Finally,the experiment results show that the IFVF-IPM machine has a better performance in flux weakening capability for wide speed range and a lower risk of irreversible demagnetization,which indicates the validity and feasibility of the proposed machine.

IPMSM全速域无位置传感器控制策略

为了实现内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)无位置传感器系统全速域运行,提出一种改进型IPMSM复合控制策略。首先,在零低速域选用高频旋转电压注入法实现对电机转速和转子位置的估计;其次,在中高速域,为了削弱传统滑模观测器中开关函数造成的系统抖振问题,构造新型超螺旋滑模观测器,提高系统的观测精度;最后,引入差分进化算法优化过渡速域权重系数,实现不同观测方法间的合理切换,完成全速域下转子位置和转速的高精度辨识。研究结果表明,所提算法能够实现电机全速域运行,且具有良好的动态性能。

基于ADE优化的IPMSM全速域无传感器控制

为了实现内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)全速域的无传感器控制和切换速域的平滑过渡,提出了一种基于自适应差分进化(ADE)算法优化的复合控制方法。分别在零低速域、中高速域采用旋转高频电压注入法和滑模观测器法来对电机转速和转子位置进行估算,并在切换速域采用基于ADE算法的权重系数优化法来实现上述两种控制方法的平滑切换,从而实现IPMSM全速域无传感器控制。仿真结果表明:提出的复合控制方法能够实现电机全速域的无感控制和切换速域的平滑过渡,且具有良好的稳定性。

基于参数辨识的IPMSM电流谐波自适应抑制方法研究

为了减小电机参数变化对电流谐波抑制效果的影响,提高谐波补偿电压的精度,提出了一种考虑参数变化的电流谐波抑制方法来抑制内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)控制系统中的电流谐波.在电流谐波抑制方法的基础上,引入遗忘因子递推最小二乘法(FFRLS)构建自适应电流谐波抑制环,通过FFRLS在线辨识IPMSM运行过程中的电机参数,并将参数变化的辨识结果引入到稳态谐波电压方程中,动态更新谐波补偿电压,从而减小了电机参数变化对谐波补偿电压产生的影响,提高了电流谐波抑制的效果.最后,仿真和实验结果验证了提出方法的正确性和有效性.

IPMSM倒余弦转子外形叠加正弦函数的降噪效果研究

针对永磁同步电机负载气隙磁场谐波含量丰富而造成振动噪音过大的问题,提出一种新型转子结构,在倒余弦削极的基础上,叠加一个幅值相位可调的正弦函数,通过调节其幅值和相位来削弱负载气隙磁密谐波,从而抑制电机的振动噪声。采用田口法,选取负载气隙磁密THD和电磁转矩Te为优化目标,选取叠加正弦函数的幅值、相位和转子q轴半径为优化参数并进行正交试验,得到了优化参数的最佳组合。进行了样机制作和实验测试,结果表明,新型转子结构比原始结构的A加权声压级最大值降低了5.9 dB(A),验证了该新型不对称转子结构可有效降低电机振动噪声。

改进高频脉振电压注入的IPMSM无传感器控制

为解决传统静止坐标系高频脉振电压注入法由直流偏置导致的估计转子位置不准确的问题,在此提出了一种基于改进静止坐标系高频脉振电压注入的内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)无传感器控制方法。该方法仅使用β轴定子电流估计转子位置和转速,因此解决了直流偏置问题。首先,采用四阶广义积分提取高频电流,四阶广义积分在谐振频率处具有单位增益和零相移,保证了提取高频电流的准确性。然后,利用改进的二阶广义积分获得包含转子位置信息的正交信号,并且可以精确补偿信号处理过程中低通滤波器产生的相移和幅值衰减。最后,在2 kW IPMSM驱动平台上验证了算法的有效性。

基于直接判据提取方式的直轴电流补偿型IPMSM最大转矩电流比控制算法

为实现内嵌式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)高性能运行,该文提出一种最大转矩电流比(MTPA)决策与控制算法,旨在简化控制结构、加快系统动态响应、增强系统鲁棒性。该算法根据dq轴电流直接计算电磁转矩的微分项,并以此作为MTPA状态的决策判据。根据判据值对d轴电流参考值进行补偿,实现对MTPA状态的在线追踪。所提算法无需实际或虚拟信号注入和解算环节,系统动态性能得以提高。d轴电流补偿控制解决了算法收敛速度对负载条件较敏感的问题,提升了控制系统的鲁棒性。理论分析、仿真计算和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性和优越性,与虚拟信号注入法相比,所提出的算法在不同负载下对MTPA状态的收敛时间降低为原来的1/5~1/2。

基于改进型双幂次趋近律与全局快速终端滑模观测器的IPMSM调速系统滑模控制

针对内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)速度环中存在的内部参数摄动与外部负载扰动等问题,为了提高速度控制系统的动态性和鲁棒性,该文提出一种基于改进型双幂次趋近律(IDPRL)与全局快速终端滑模观测器(GFTSMO)的滑模控制方法。所提趋近律在幂次项中引入系统状态变量,减少了稳态误差,解决了快速趋近滑模面和抖振抑制之间的矛盾。设计一种基于IDPRL的IPMSM滑模速度控制器。为了进一步减少系统状态的稳态误差,设计了一种GFTSMO,该观测器不仅能够减少趋近律的开关增益,还能实现系统扰动的准确补偿。仿真和实验结果验证了所提的滑模控制方法的可行性和有效性。

车用IPMSM二自由度MTPA控制研究

为提高车用内置式永磁同步电机驱动系统的速度响应能力和抗干扰性,提出在最大转矩比电流控制下,采用基于误差判断的反馈补偿型二自由度最大转矩比电流控制策略。通过对电机的数学模型进行分析,结合空间矢量脉宽调制技术,实现最大转矩比电流控制;构建传统PI控制系统和二自由度(two degree of freedom,2DOF)最大转矩比电流(maximum torque per ampere,MTPA)控制系统进行对比仿真分析。通过MATLAB/Simulink平台系统仿真分析,使用基于误差判断的反馈补偿型2DOF调节可使转速响应超调量控制在0.5%以内,响应时间缩短70%~80%。验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。

Improved Sensorless Operation of Interior PM BLAC Motor Drives with Reduced-Order EKF

It is a challenge to realise an EKF-based sensorless controller for an Interior Permanent Magnet （IPM） brushless ac motor drive due to the influence of nomlinearities and rotor saliency. An improved reduced-order EKF method is presented, reducing the rotor position estimation error of an IPM motor, as evident in [1] due to the neglect of saliency. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified experimentally.

IPMSM有效磁链二阶滑模自适应估计控制

针对传统滑模观测器的动态品质差、抖动大的问题,提出一种基于无位置传感器内置式永磁同步电机控制系统的定子有效磁链二阶滑模自适应磁链观测器。该观测器利用超螺旋算法理论,以静止坐标系下电流误差及电流误差的估计值为状态变量,构造出定子电流误差估计值的二阶滑模自适应观测器,得到准确的有效磁链估计,使得该估计值可在有限时间内快速收敛且具有强鲁棒性;同时利用定子磁链估计值获取电机转子位置信息,实现电机稳态运行。仿真和实验结果表明,在不同负载条件下该观测器具有很强的适应性,且磁链估计值抖动小、精度高,因此所提控制方案可行有效。

基于自适应观测器的IPMSM无位置传感器控制

在内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)的无位置传感器控制系统中,状态观测器的收敛性能与转子位置信息提取环节对驱动系统性能起了决定性的作用。为了提升电机在不同转速运行时估算转子位置信息的精度,提出了一种静止坐标系下的自适应全阶Luenberger观测器用于电机扩展反电动势估算与转速信息提取。通过对全阶Luenberger观测器与自适应转速估算环节的控制参数分级式设计,确保了电机运行于不同转速时估算转子速度的准确性并且抑制了噪声信号对估算转子转速信息的干扰。实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

IPMSM全速域无传感器控制切换策略研究

为了实现内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)全速域无传感器控制,提出了一种光滑连续的三次函数比例切换策略。采用改进脉振高频电压注入法结合优化的滑模观测器法,实现IPMSM零低速和中高速范围转子位置、转速估计;提出从切换比例系数导数有无突变的角度考虑速度切换平顺性,并设计了无切换比例导数突变的三次函数比例切换策略,优化全速域无传感器控制算法切换平顺性,最终实现对IPMSM全速域内的无传感器控制。利用Matlab/Simulink软件对提出的无传感器控制切换策略进行仿真研究,其结果表明:与传统控制策略相比,提出的无传感器控制切换策略能够提高转子位置和转速估计精度,提升切换平顺性和系统动态性能。

突变负载下考虑最小损耗的IPMSM滑模转速控制

针对传统内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)抗扰能力不强,基于新型指数滑模趋近律,设计了新型滑模速度控制器,并通过改变边界层厚度进一步减小抖振。基于龙伯格观测器设计了负载转矩观测器,通过大增益实现对负载转矩的快速观测,并将观测值前馈补偿到滑模控制器输出中,实现对扰动的补偿。针对IPMSM传统id=0控制产生的损耗,通过实时改变d轴最优参考电流实现最小损耗控制。将本文控制策略与传统滑模和PI进行对比,仿真结果表明:该策略相比传统滑模抖振更小,针对干扰的响应速度更快;相比PI控制超调更小,抗干扰能力更强。考虑最小损耗时,相比id=0的稳态损耗可减少8.5%以上。

磁链分区的磁场增强型永磁电机全速域模型预测直接转矩控制

磁场增强型内置式永磁(flux intensifying interior permanent magnet,FI-IPM)电机的反凸极(L_(q)<L_(d))特性,使得正向d轴电流增强磁场,提高输出转矩的同时,也使得弱磁升速时d轴电流正负交替变化,电流角度变化大,磁链波动大,进而造成转矩脉动大、电流畸变振荡、响应速度慢等问题。针对这些问题,该文提出一种基于磁链分区的磁场增强型内置式永磁电机全速域模型预测直接转矩控制控制策略。根据FI-IPM电机速度运行区域与磁链状态映射关系,构建磁链和转矩预测模型。在此基础上,提出磁链分区控制,引入磁链差值判断增磁和弱磁运行区,并进行磁链补偿,解决不同速度运行域之间切换的震荡和不稳定问题。最后,通过实验验证所提出控制策略的有效性,为该类电机在电驱动系统中的应用提供技术方案。