Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate

In order to determine the relationship among energy consumption of rock and its fragmentation, dynamic strength and strain rate, granite, sandstone and limestone specimens were chosen and tested on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment with half-sine waveform loading at the strain rates ranging from 40 to 150 s- 1. With recorded signals, the energy consumption, strain rate and dynamic strength were analyzed. And the fragmentation behaviors of specimens were investigated. The experimental results show that the energy consumption density of rock increases linearly with the total incident energy. The energy consumption density is of an exponent relationship with the average size of rock fragments. The higher the energy consumption density, the more serious the fragmentation, and the better the gradation of fragments. The energy consumption density takes a good logarithm relationship with the dynamic strength of rock. The dynamic strength of rock increases with the increase of strain rate, indicating higher strain rate sensitivity.

Failure criterion for soft rocks considering intermediate principal stress

The significant differences between hard rocks(more brittle)and soft rocks(more ductile)may suggest the use of different failure criteria.A strength criterion for soft rocks that includes intermediate principal stress was proposed.The new criterion includes two independent parameters:the uniaxial compressive strength(σ_(ci)),which can be obtained from common laboratory tests or indirectly estimated by alternative index tests in the laboratory or field;and f(joint),which is used to characterize the rock mass quality and can be easily estimated.The authors compared the predictive capabilities of the new criterion with other criteria using the database of soft rocks under two conditions:with and without triaxial data.For the estimation of triaxial and true-triaxial strengths,the new criterion generally produced a better fit.The proposed criterion is practical for an approximate first estimation of rock mass strength,even without triaxial data,as it balances accuracy(lower prediction error)and simplicity(fewer independent parameters).

Influence of intermediate principal stress on failure mechanism of hard rock with a pre-existing circular opening

Based on particle flow theory, the influences of the magnitude and direction of the intermediate principal stress on failure mechanism of hard rock with a pre-existing circular opening were studied by carrying out true triaxial tests on siltstone specimen. It is shown that peak strength of siltstone specimen increases firstly and subsequently decreases with the increase of the intermediate principal stress. And its turning point is related to the minimum principal stress and the direction of the intermediate principal stress. Failure characteristic(brittleness or ductility) of siltstone is determined by the minimum principal stress and the difference between the intermediate and minimum principal stress. The intermediate principal stress has a significant effect on the types and distributions of microcracks. The failure modes of the specimen are determined by the magnitude and direction of the intermediate principal stress, and related to weakening effect of the opening and inhibition effect of confining pressure in essence: when weakening effect of the opening is greater than inhibition effect of confining pressure, the failure surface is parallel to the x axis(such as σ2=σ3=0 MPa); conversely, the failure surface is parallel to the z axis(such as σ2=20 MPa, σ3=0 MPa).

Geological characteristics and metallogenic significance of the Devonian intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Dachang deposit, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali series. Petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the volcanic rocks may be formed in a continental rift environment. The volcanic rocks are in conformable contact with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, with such typical sedimentary structures as laminated and striped ones, and the host rocks of the volcanic rocks contain lots of marine fossils such as tentaculite. Many pieces of evidence indicate that the eruption environment of the volcanic rocks is a sea-facies one. The volcanic rocks are of the LREE-enrichment type, with high ratios of light rare-earth elements to heavy rare-earth elements. In addition, they display moderately negative δEu anomalies and moderately negative δCe anomalies with a higher degree of LREE and HREE fractionation. Through the Q-cluster analysis of the REE samples, it is indicated that the ores have a closer relation with the layered volcanic rocks, and also possess a certain inheritance-consistency relationship with the layered volcanic rocks. The source of ore-forming materials may be related with volcanism. It is proposed that the ore deposit in the study area should be genetically explained as the result of marine volcano-sedimentary exhalation of hot water and late superposition-reworking.

New artificial neural networks for true triaxial stress state analysis and demonstration of intermediate principal stress effects on intact rock strength

Simulations are conducted using five new artificial neural networks developed herein to demonstrate and investigate the behavior of rock material under polyaxial loading. The effects of the intermediate principal stress on the intact rock strength are investigated and compared with laboratory results from the literature. To normalize differences in laboratory testing conditions, the stress state is used as the objective parameter in the artificial neural network model predictions. The variations of major principal stress of rock material with intermediate principal stress, minor principal stress and stress state are investigated. The artificial neural network simulations show that for the rock types examined, none were independent of intermediate principal stress effects. In addition, the results of the artificial neural network models, in general agreement with observations made by others, show （a） a general trend of strength increasing and reaching a peak at some intermediate stress state factor, followed by a decline in strength for most rock types; （b） a post-peak strength behavior dependent on the minor principal stress, with respect to rock type; （c） sensitivity to the stress state, and to the interaction between the stress state and uniaxial compressive strength of the test data by the artificial neural networks models （two-way analysis of variance; 95% confidence interval）. Artificial neural network modeling, a self-learning approach to polyaxial stress simulation, can thus complement the commonly observed difficult task of conducting true triaxial laboratory tests, and/or other methods that attempt to improve two-dimensional （2D） failure criteria by incorporating intermediate principal stress effects.

Formation mechanism of high-quality reservoirs in intermediate volcanic rocks:A case study of Longfengshan area in Songliao Basin

The basin margin slope area of Changling fault depression in Songliao Basin is dominated by intermediate-basic volcanic rocks of Huoshiling Formation,and there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the development pattern and formation mechanism of high-quality reservoirs in intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in this area.Taking the intermediate volcanic rocks in Longfengshan area of Changling fault depression as an example,a comprehensive study was undertaken via core observations,thin section porosity analysis,rock physical property tests,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis,combined with well log and seismic d ata.As a result,formation mechanism of a high quality reservoir was made clear based on dissolution modification effects of the volcanic rocks,and the development model of the high quality reservoir under t he dual control of lithology and fluid was established.The research shows that the volcanic rocks in this area consist of six lithologies:andesitic hydrothermal breccia,andesite,andesitic volcanic breccia,andesitic tuff,dacitic tuff and sedimentary tuff,which are controlled by structure,eruptive source,eruptive action and palaeotopography.The proximal facies of the volcanic edifice were located on the basin margin,distributed along faults mainly consisting of overflow facies intermixed with eruptive facies,and gradually transformed into thick eruptive facies(middle-source facies)and volcanic sedimentary facies(distal facies).The reservoir space of volcanic rocks was dominated by dissolution pores,which were formed by weathering and dissolution by organic acidic fluids.The thermal debris flow subphase in the middle-source facies of the volcanic edifice had a large amount of easily dissolved volcanic ash,which was close to the source rock in the centre of the basin and was a favourable area for the development of dissolution pores.This study is providing a guide for oil and gas exploration in the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the slope of Changling fault depression in Songliao Basin.

Effect of intermediate principal stress on strength of soft rock under complex stress states

A series of numerical simulations of conventional and true triaxial tests for soft rock materials using the three-dimensional finite difference code FLAC3D were presented. A hexahedral element and a strain hardening/softening constitutive model based on the unified strength theory(UST) were used to simulate both the consolidated-undrained(CU) triaxial and the consolidated-drained(CD) true triaxial tests. Based on the results of the true triaxial tests simulation, the effect of the intermediate principal stress on the strength of soft rock was investigated. Finally, an example of an axial compression test for a hard rock pillar with a soft rock interlayer was analyzed using the two-dimensional finite difference code FLAC. The CD true triaxial test simulations for diatomaceous soft rock suggest the peak and residual strengths increase by 30% when the effect of the intermediate principal stress is taken into account. The axial compression for a rock pillar indicated the peak and residual strengths increase six-fold when the soft rock interlayer approached the vertical and the effect of the intermediate principal stress is taken into account.

Assessing the range of blasting-induced cracks in the surrounding rock of deeply buried tunnels based on the unified strength theory

Blasting-induced cracks in the rock surrounding deeply buried tunnels can result in water gushing and rock mass collapse,posing significant safety risks.However,previous theoretical studies on the range of blasting-induced cracks often ignore the impact of the in-situ stress,especially that of the intermediate principal stress.The particle displacement−crack radius relationship was established in this paper by utilizing the blasthole cavity expansion equation,and theoretical analytical formulas of the stress−displacement relationship and the crack radius were derived with unified strength theory to accurately assess the range of cracks in deep surrounding rock under a blasting load.Parameter analysis showed that the crushing zone size was positively correlated with in-situ stress,intermediate principal stress,and detonation pressure,whereas negatively correlated with Poisson ratio and decoupling coefficient.The dilatancy angle-crushing zone size relationship exhibited nonmonotonic behavior.The relationships in the crushing zone and the fracture zone exhibited opposite trends under the influence of only in-situ stress or intermediate principal stress.As the in-situ stress increased from 0 to 70 MPa,the rate of change in the crack range and the attenuation rate of the peak vibration velocity gradually slowed.

Geochemical Characterization of Intermediate to Silicic Rocks in the Global Ophiolite Record

Ophiolites consist predominantly of mafic-ultramafic rocks but also contain in subordinate amounts intermediate to silicic intrusive–extrusive rocks in them.These rocks,although not in large volumes in comparison to mafic–ultramafic units,reveal significant clues about melt evolution,magmatic accretion processes,and partial melting of pre-existing oceanic crust during ophiolite evolution.They also yield ample accessory minerals,such as zircon and monazite,which are widely used to date the timing of oceanic crust generation.We present a global synthesis of the occurrence of such leucocratic,intrusive and volcanic rocks from 150 Phanerozoic to Archean ophiolites,and evaluate models for their genesis during the development of oceanic crust in different tectonic environments.In the ophiolite complexes we have investigated,intrusive and extrusive rocks show a wide range in composition.Intermediate rocks（with Si O2 between 52and 63 wt.%）include andesite and diorite,whereas the silicic rocks（with Si O2 more than 63 wt.%）include dacite,trondhjemite,tonalite and granite.For subduction-relatedandsubduction-unrelated MORB-type ophiolites in the Phanerozoic orogenic belts,the most commonly reported intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks,independent of their original tectonic setting,are trondhjemite,plagiogranite and tonalite,and less commonly quartz-diorite and diorite.These rock types have been documented from 80 percent of the 104ophiolites included in this study.Intermediate to silicic lavas and/or pyroclastic rocks（basaltic andesite,andesite,dacite and rhyolite）are less abundant,and have been reported from only 35 percent of the 104 ophiolites.Trachyte occurs in some of the Rift/Continental Margintype,subduction-unrelated ophiolitesEvolvedrocksinsubduction-unrelated,Rift/Continental Margin ophiolites are predominantly basaltic andesite and andesite,whereas MOR type（mid-ocean ridge）ophiolites exhibit nearly equal proportions of basaltic andesite/andesite and rhyodacite and Plume/MOR type ophiolites are characterized by rhyolites.Intermediate to silicic volcanic uints in the Backarc sub-group of subduction-related ophiolites are characterized by similar amounts of basaltic andesite/andesite and rhyodacite,whereas in the Backarc to Forearc,Forearc,and Volcanic Arc sub-groups they are mainly basaltic andesite/andesite.Intermediate to silicic rocks in Rift/Continental Margin and Plume/MOR type ophiolites are generally LREE-enriched,whereas those in the MOR type vary from LREE-depleted to LREE-enriched.The Backarc and Backarc to Forearc types are similar to the MOR type;silicic rocks of the Forearc and Volcanic Arc types are generally LREE-enriched.The main process in the formation of the majority of the intermediate to silicic rocks in both subduction-unrelated and subduction-related ophiolites is partial melting of basaltic and/or gabbroic rocks beneath the spreading centers,whereas a minor volume in subduction-related ophiolites are adakites that were produced from partial melting of a subducting slab.Silcic to intermediate rocks in Plume/MOR type ophiolites are generated by fractional crystallization of basaltic melt.The incompatible,non-conservative elements,such as Ba and Th,are weakly to strongly enriched in subduction-related ophiolites as a result of shallow to deep enrichment associated with subduction zone processes.The field occurrence and the geochemical character of leucocratic rocks in ophiolites show considerable variations,providing additional constraints on the petrogenesis of ophiolites in different tectonic settings.Fractional crystallization appears to have been an important process in the formation of the intermediate to silicic rocks in Rift/CM and P/MOR ophiolites in the subduction-unrelated class,as well as VA ophiolites in the subduction-related class.In these types of ophiolites magma chambers might have operated as closed-systems for a sufficient amount of time for fractionation and compositional zoning of the magma to take place（Fig.1C1）.Fractional crystallization was of subordinate importance during the igneous construction of the MOR,BA,FA,and BA-FA ophiolites.Instead,partial melting of hydrothermally altered crust was the most common process resulting in the majority of the intermediate to felsic rocks of the Rift/CM（estimated to 60%）,MOR（estimated to 95%）,and the BA,FA and BA-FA（estimated to 75%）ophiolites,as well as a high proportion of the VA ophiolites（;0%）(Fig.1C2).Slab-generated melts that result in the production of intermediate to silicic rocks of adakitic character represent a relatively small fraction（;5%in Phanerozoic ophiolites）of subduction-related ophiolites（Fig.1C3）.Some adakites are very low in incompatible elements（e.g.,La）,suggesting that these melts were generated from highly depleted MORB.Precambrian ophiolites contain a higher percentage of adakites（ca.35%）,indicating that physical conditions were more favorable for slab melting during the Precambrian than in the Phanerozoic.This phenomenon may have resulted from higher geothermal gradient along relatively shallow-dippingsubductionzonesduringthe Precambrian.

A true triaxial strength criterion for rocks by gene expression programming

Rock strength is a crucial factor to consider when designing and constructing underground projects.This study utilizes a gene expression programming(GEP)algorithm-based model to predict the true triaxial strength of rocks,taking into account the influence of rock genesis on their mechanical behavior during the model building process.A true triaxial strength criterion based on the GEP model for igneous,metamorphic and magmatic rocks was obtained by training the model using collected data.Compared to the modified Weibols-Cook criterion,the modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion,and the modified Lade criterion,the strength criterion based on the GEP model exhibits superior prediction accuracy performance.The strength criterion based on the GEP model has better performance in R2,RMSE and MAPE for the data set used in this study.Furthermore,the strength criterion based on the GEP model shows greater stability in predicting the true triaxial strength of rocks across different types.Compared to the existing strength criterion based on the genetic programming(GP)model,the proposed criterion based on GEP model achieves more accurate predictions of the variation of true triaxial strength(s1)with intermediate principal stress(s2).Finally,based on the Sobol sensitivity analysis technique,the effects of the parameters of the three obtained strength criteria on the true triaxial strength of the rock are analysed.In general,the proposed strength criterion exhibits superior performance in terms of both accuracy and stability of prediction results.

松辽盆地深层中-基性火山岩有利相带及储层“甜点”逐级识别

松辽盆地深层下白垩统火石岭组中-基性火山岩广泛发育,岩性-岩相复杂,储层横向非均质性强,储层“甜点”识别难,制约了油气勘探和开发。以查干花地区为例,研究了松辽盆地深层中-基性火山岩岩相及储层特征,提出了火山通道、有利岩相、有利岩性及储层甜点识别方法。研究表明:①火山岩岩相主要为3相6亚相,优质储层岩性主要为粗粒、细粒凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩,在近-中源相带中火山爆发相储层最为发育,相带控制了有利岩性凝灰岩的分布区域,物性和含气性是火山岩“甜点”的主要控制因素。②通过分析每个喷发期次的裂缝密度,结合蚂蚁体与地震数据的叠合剖面,识别出了不同喷发期次的火山通道,以判断火山近源相带,再结合火山机构厚度和能量半衰时属性划分中源与远源相带的边界,实现储层“甜点”发育区的定性刻画。③为降低地震反演定量预测中-基性火山岩储层的多解性,优选出低波阻抗表征沉凝灰岩,低密度表征高核磁孔隙度储层,低拉梅常数表征气层,基于此,在叠前反演密度预测孔隙度数据体的基础上,逐级剔除干扰沉凝灰岩、低孔隙度层及非气层,得到较为可靠的火山岩储层“甜点”空间分布预测结果。经验证,预测结果符合有利相带分布规律,且与已钻井气层解释结论吻合。应用有利相带定性认识及逐级定量刻画“甜点”空间分布,部署井取得较好效果,该方法可在深层火山岩“甜点”分布地震预测中广泛推广。

安徽铜陵地区晚中生代中基性侵入岩成因与成矿:来自磷灰石矿物学和地球化学证据

辉石闪长岩是安徽铜陵地区晚中生代侵入岩的重要类型,与铜金多金属成矿密切相关。本文以白芒山岩体和舒家店岩体辉石闪长岩为研究对象,着重开展磷灰石矿物学和地球化学研究,探索中基性侵入岩成因及与成矿关系。结果显示:磷灰石强烈富集稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分异明显,弱—中等Eu负异常,富集Th、U等高场强元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,稀土—微量元素组成特征指示其寄主岩石成岩物质具有壳幔混源特征。岩相学特征显示磷灰石具有两种不同的晶体形态、产出状态和显微结构,即长柱状、包裹体相、均质结构和短柱状、晶间相、核—边/环带结构,其元素地球化学特征有显著差异,指示其寄主岩石成岩作用经历过壳源长英质岩浆冷凝结晶→高温幔源镁铁质岩浆注入和长英质岩浆早期结晶矿物熔蚀→混合岩浆侵位和结晶的复杂过程。核—边/环带结构磷灰石从核部到边部SO_(3)和Cl含量波动式变化特征,指示镁铁质岩浆幕式注入,并触发混合岩浆上升侵位,有利于流体出溶和热液成矿。磷灰石卤族元素(F、Cl)和SO_(3)高含量则提供板块俯冲环境证据,指示基性端元的镁铁质弧岩浆来自俯冲板片析出流体交代富集岩石圈地幔,镁铁质岩浆幕式注入有利于流体出溶和热液成矿。

卸载状态下非均质圆形寒区隧道围岩弹塑性统一解

以统一强度理论作为卸载状态下寒区隧道冻结围岩屈服准则,综合考虑围岩非均质特性和中间主应力效应对冻结围岩强度影响,建立寒区隧道应力位移弹塑性力学模型,联合各区域边界条件,计算获得冻结围岩均质与非均质状态下,弹性解、塑性统一解以及塑性区半径的隐式方程,分别对其应力位移场讨论分析。研究表明:考虑冻结围岩的非均质特性,塑性区环向应力峰值增大40%,塑性区范围相对减少40.4%,内壁位移减少9.3%,弹性极限承载力提高41%,塑性极限承载力提高14%,影响显著。中间主应力效应能充分发挥非均质冻结围岩承载潜能,计算得到的承载力明显增大,塑性半径明显减小。所得结果可为寒区隧道开挖支护设计以及数值模拟,提供理论指导。

A generalized nonlinear three-dimensional Hoek‒Brown failure criterion

To understand the strengths of rocks under complex stress states,a generalized nonlinear threedimensional(3D)Hoek‒Brown failure(NGHB)criterion was proposed in this study.This criterion shares the same parameters with the generalized HB(GHB)criterion and inherits the parameter advantages of GHB.Two new parameters,b,and n,were introduced into the NGHB criterion that primarily controls the deviatoric plane shape of the NGHB criterion under triaxial tension and compression,respectively.The NGHB criterion can consider the influence of intermediate principal stress(IPS),where the deviatoric plane shape satisfies the smoothness requirements,while the HB criterion not.This criterion can degenerate into the two modified 3D HB criteria,the Priest criterion under triaxial compression condition and the HB criterion under triaxial compression and tension condition.This criterion was verified using true triaxial test data for different parameters,six types of rocks,and two kinds of in situ rock masses.For comparison,three existing 3D HB criteria were selected for performance comparison research.The result showed that the NGHB criterion gave better prediction performance than other criteria.The prediction errors of the strength of six types of rocks and two kinds of in situ rock masses were in the range of 2.0724%-3.5091%and 1.0144%-3.2321%,respectively.The proposed criterion lays a preliminary theoretical foundation for prediction of engineering rock mass strength under complex in situ stress conditions.

考虑中间主应力效应的修正Hoek-Brown真三轴强度准则

为改善Hoek-Brown强度准则未考虑中间主应力对岩石强度的影响,通过岩石真三轴试验结果分析了岩石强度的演化规律,引入中间主应力系数,量化分析主应力系数对岩石真三轴强度的影响,考虑Hoek-Brown强度准则中的参数和岩石应力水平间的关联性,提出了基于拉格朗日插值方法的修正岩石真三轴Hoek-Brown强度准则,分析了其空间包络特征。最后,利用7种岩石的真三轴试验数据与其它3种真三轴强度准则进行最优拟合误差分析,探讨了修正强度准则的合理性。研究结果表明:岩石强度随着最小主应力的增加逐渐增大,随着中间主应力的增加则呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,表现出显著的区间效应;修正强度准则不仅能够继承Hoek-Brown强度准则在子午面上的非线性优点,且能够表征岩石强度在应力空间中的基本特性;线性和非线性插值形式的修正强度准则空间包络面分别为非等边的六棱锥面以及能够满足拉压子午面区间连续光滑要求的圆锥面;修正强度准则能够较好地预测岩石真三轴试验强度,较为合理地反映中间主应力对岩石强度的影响;相比于线性插值形式强度准则,二次插值形式强度准则能够提高岩石强度的预测精度1.2~2.0倍;相较于其他真三轴强度准则,修正强度准则对不同硬脆性岩石的真三轴试验结果均具有良好的强度预测精度,体现了修正强度准则的适用性和可靠性。

中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射演化特征影响

为了探究中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射演化特征影响,对花岗岩于不同中间主应力下双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射信号开展了时域及频域多角度综合分析。试验结果表明:中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏的声发射前兆有显著影响,即随着中间主应力增大,声发射累计振铃计数达到连续性急剧突变增长阶段的应力水平减小,b值的连续下降速率减小,优势频段(125~250 kHz)占比发生明显转变时的应力水平降低,但低频高幅值信号所占比例增加。得到了花岗岩双轴压缩破坏的多种声发射前兆特征,即在岩石失稳破坏前夕,声发射累计振铃计数呈现连续性急剧突变增长以及b值持续性显著下降,低频高幅值信号出现,优势频段(125~250 kHz)占比展现增加趋势。

含层理砂岩真三轴条件下力学特性研究

为了研究层状砂岩的力学特性与各向异性特征,开展了不同层理倾角与不同中间主应力下的砂岩力学试验。对7种不同倾角(0。、15。、30。、45。、60。、75。、90。)的砂岩进行了3个不同中间主应力水平(10、100、160 MPa)的真三轴试验研究,探讨了层理面倾角对砂岩变形、强度和破坏模式的影响。结果表明,随着中间主应力的增加,砂岩的各向异性逐渐减弱,并趋于各向同性;在高中间主应力的条件下,杨氏模量和破坏角均随各向异性角的增加逐渐增大;峰值强度也受到中间主应力和层面倾角耦合作用的影响;在中间主应力较低的条件下,峰值强度表现出典型的U型变化,随着中间主应力的增加,U型曲线逐渐变得平坦。该研究结果对于指导深埋硬岩工程的设计和施工具有一定的参考意义。

卸荷砂岩渐进破坏及渗透特性的中间主应力效应研究

为了探究中间主应力对卸荷砂岩渐进破坏及渗流特性的影响,基于多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统,以含气砂岩为研究对象,进行不同中间主应力条件下的卸荷试验;得到与裂纹体应变、损伤变量相关的指数型渗透率模型。结果表明:随着中间主应力的增加,裂纹闭合应力、起裂应力、损伤应力均呈现增加趋势,弹性段与微小裂纹扩展阶段在峰前应变中的占比增加;在微小裂纹扩展阶段,中间主应力方向上的变形受到约束,对最小主应力方向产生的压缩效应随着中间主应力的增大而增强;在宏观裂纹扩展阶段,损伤应力与峰值应力比较接近,试样破坏呈脆性特征;随着中间主应力的增加,初期渗透率减少量呈下降趋势,渗透率升高点发生后移。

北东帕米尔塔什库尔干晚奥陶世辉石闪长岩:原特提斯南向俯冲的新证据

帕米尔构造结位于特提斯构造域中部,它记录了完整的特提斯演化过程。然而,对于该区原特提斯洋俯冲极性、过程及原特提斯到古特提斯的转换,还存在很大争议。在北东帕米尔地区,我们识别出晚奥陶世辉石闪长岩,顺层侵入于布伦阔勒岩群石榴黑云片麻岩中。笔者等对岩体的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学、矿物学、全岩Sr—Nd及锆石Lu—Hf同位素组成进行测试分析。分析结果显示,塔什库尔干辉石闪长岩主要由角闪石(40%~45%)、斜长石(35%~40%)、黑云母(6%~10%)、未交代完全的单斜辉石(15%~20%)组成。锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为457.6±2.6 Ma。岩石的Al_(2)O_(3)(13.17%~18.79%),SiO_(2)(49.85%~55.85%)、MgO(3.52%~9.12%)和全碱含量(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O=2.93%~4.92%)变化大,显示拉斑系列特征。在微量元素方面,岩石富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素(La_(N)/Yb_(N)=2.47~5.87),亏损高场强元素,(Nb/La=0.31~0.81),显示岛弧玄武岩特征。岩石具有不均一且解耦的Nd—Hf同位素组成,(ε_(Nd)(t)=-8.79~-2.24,ε_(Hf)(t)=-2.1~+4.5),表明其原始岩浆来源于主要受到俯冲流体交代的富集地幔楔的部分熔融,并有亏损的软流圈物质加入。其原始岩浆具有高的氧逸度lgfO_(2)(-15.71~-11.98)和含水量(4.35%~5.24%)。结合前人研究,表明帕米尔地区原特提斯洋为南向俯冲,从寒武纪早期持续到奥陶纪晚期。

考虑初始损伤与填充荷载影响的岩溶隧道围岩稳定性分析

岩溶的存在不仅使地下工程围岩完整性下降,其内部填充物还会长期侵蚀周围岩体,使周围岩体带有不同程度的初始损伤。以重庆市陶家隧道为工程依托,分析了造成涌砂涌泥事故的主要原因,并借助有限差分软件FLAC3D 6.0开展了考虑初始损伤与填充荷载影响的岩溶隧道围岩稳定性分析。结果表明:隧道开挖导致的岩体卸荷与溶洞内部填充物的重力作用是导致涌砂涌泥事故的主要原因,岩体初始损伤对隧道拱顶围岩竖向位移及稳定性的影响不容忽视,建议初始损伤系数取值为0.4~0.5;填充荷载对下方隧道围岩稳定性的影响较大,当荷载取值大于75 t/m^(2)时拱顶围岩竖向位移明显增加,且稳定性急剧下降;溶洞截面面积越大时拱顶围岩竖向位移越大,溶洞与隧道拱顶之间岩层越薄时拱顶围岩竖向位移越大;填充荷载取值越大、初始损伤系数取值越大时,中间主应力(σ^(2))对隧道围岩稳定性的影响越大。