Present and future of new systemic therapies for early and intermediate stages of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a high mortality neoplasm which usually appears on a cirrhotic liver.The therapeutic arsenal and subsequent prognostic outlook are intrinsically linked to the HCC stage at diagnosis.Notwithstanding the current deployment of treatments with curative intent(liver resection/local ablation and liver transplantation)in early and intermediate stages,a high rate of HCC recurrence persists,underscoring a pivotal clinical challenge.Emergent systemic therapies(ST),particularly immunotherapy,have demonstrate promising outcomes in terms of increase overall survival,but they are currently bound to the advanced stage of HCC.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature,encompassing studies up to March 10,2024,evaluating the impact of novel ST in the early and intermediate HCC stages,specially focusing on the findings of neoadjuvant and adjuvant regimens,aimed at increasing significantly overall survival and recurrence-free survival after a treatment with curative intent.We also investigate the potential role of ST in enhancing the downstaging rate for the intermediate-stage HCC initially deemed ineligible for treatment with curative intent.Finally,we critically discuss about the current relevance of the results of these studies and the encouraging future implications of ST in the treatment schedules of early and intermediate HCC stages.

Regulating^(*)COOH intermediate via amino alkylation engineering for exceptionally effective photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction

Photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) into fuel represents a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality,while realizing high selectivity in this process is challenging due to uncontrollable reaction intermediate and retarded desorption of target products.Engineering the interface microenvironment of catalysts has been proposed as a strategy to exert a significant influence on reaction outcomes,yet it remains a significant challenge.In this study,amino alkylation was successfully integrated into the melem unit of polymeric carbon nitrides(PCN),which could efficiently drive the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of amino alkylation lowers the energy barrier for CO_(2) reduction into^(*)COOH intermediate,transforming the adsorption of^(*)COOH intermediate from the endothermic to an exothermic process.Notably,the as-prepared materials demonstrated outstanding performance in photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,yielding CO_(2)at a rate of 152.8μmol h^(-1) with a high selectivity of 95.4%and a quantum efficiency of 6.6%.

The study of intelligent algorithm in particle identification of heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies

Traditional particle identification methods face timeconsuming,experience-dependent,and poor repeatability challenges in heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.Researchers urgently need solutions to the dilemma of traditional particle identification methods.This study explores the possibility of applying intelligent learning algorithms to the particle identification of heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.Multiple intelligent algorithms,including XgBoost and TabNet,were selected to test datasets from the neutron ion multi-detector for reaction-oriented dynamics(NIMROD-ISiS)and Geant4 simulation.Tree-based machine learning algorithms and deep learning algorithms e.g.TabNet show excellent performance and generalization ability.Adding additional data features besides energy deposition can improve the algorithm’s performance when the data distribution is nonuniform.Intelligent learning algorithms can be applied to solve the particle identification problem in heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.

Enhanced anomalous Hall effect in kagome magnet YbMn_(6)Sn_(6)with intermediate-valence ytterbium

We report on the magnetization and anomalous Hall effect(AHE)in the high-quality single crystals of the kagome magnet YbMn_(6)Sn_(6),where the spins of the Mn atoms in the kagome lattice order ferromagnetically and the intermediate-valence Yb atoms are nonmagnetic.The intrinsic mechanism plays a crucial role in the AHE,leading to an enhanced anomalous Hall conductivity(AHC)compared with the other rare-earth RMn_(6)Sn_(6)compounds.Our band structure calculation reveals a strong hybridization between the 4f electrons of Yb and conduction electrons.

Steam reforming of acetic acid over Ni/biochar of low metal-loading:Involvement of biochar in tailoring reaction intermediates renders superior catalytic performance

Biochar is a reactive carrier as it may be partially gasified with steam in steam reforming,which could influence the formation of reaction intermediates and modify catalytic behaviors.Herein,the Ni/biochar as well as two comparative catalysts,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2),with low nickel loading(2%(mass))was conducted to probe involvement of the varied carriers in the steam reforming.The results indicated that the Ni/biochar performed excellent catalytic activity than Ni/SiO_(2) and Ni/Al_(2)O_(3),as the biochar carrier facilitated quick conversion of the eOH from dissociation of steam to gasify the oxygen-rich carbonaceous intermediates like C]O and CeOeC,resulting in low coverage while high exposure of nickel species for maintaining the superior catalytic performance.In converse,strong adsorption of aliphatic intermediates over Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) induced serious coking with polymeric coke as the main type(21.5%and 32.1%,respectively),which was significantly higher than that over Ni/biochar(3.9%).The coke over Ni/biochar was mainly aromatic or catalytic type with nanotube morphology and high crystallinity.The high resistivity of Ni/biochar towards coking was due to the balance between formation of coke and gasification of coke and partially biochar with steam,which created developed mesopores in spent Ni/biochar while the coke blocked pores in Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) catalysts.

Freshening of the Intermediate Waters in the Northern South China Sea over the Past Six Decades

The properties of salinity in the South China Sea(SCS),a significant marginal sea connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans,are greatly influenced by the transport of fresh water flux between the two oceans.However,the long-term changes in the intermediate water in the SCS have not been thoroughly studied due to limited data,particularly in relation to its thermodynamic variations.This study utilized reanalysis data products to identify a 60-year trend of freshening in the intermediate waters of the northern South China Sea(NSCS),accompanied by an expansion of low-salinity water.The study also constructed salinity budget terms,including advection and entrainment processes,and conducted an analysis of the salinity budget to understand the impacts of external and internal dynamic processes on the freshening trend of the intermediate water in the NSCS.The analysis revealed that the freshening in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the intensification of intrusion through the Luzon Strait at intermediate levels are the primary drivers of the salinity changes in the NSCS.Additionally,a weakened trend in the intensity of vertical entrainment also contributes to the freshening in the NSCS.This study offers new insights into the understanding of regional deep sea changes in response to variations in both thermodynamics and oceanic dynamic processes.

Experimental study on failure characteristics of single-sided unloading rock under different intermediate principal stress conditions

Investigation of unloading rock failure under differentσ_(2)facilitates the control mechanism of excavation surrounding rock.This study focused on single-sided unloading tests of granite specimens under true triaxial conditions.The strength and failure characteristics were studied with micro-camera and acoustic emission(AE)monitoring.Furthermore,the choice of test path and the effect ofσ_(2)on fracture of unloading rock were discussed.Results show that the increasedσ_(2)can strengthen the stability of single-sided unloading rock.After unloading,the rock’s free surface underwent five phases,namely,inoculation,particle ejection,buckling rupture,stable failure,and unstable rockburst phases.Moreover,atσ_(2)≤30 MPa,the b value shows the following variation tendency:rising,dropping,significant fluctuation,and dropping,with dispersed damages signal.Atσ_(2)≥40 MPa,the tendency shows:a rise,a decrease,a slight fluctuation,and final drop,with concentrated damages signal.After unloading,AE energy is mainly concentrated in the micro-energy range.With the increasedσ_(2),the micro-energy ratio rises.In contrast,low,medium and large energy ratios drop gradually.The increased tensile fractures and decreased shear fractures indicate that the failure mode of the unloading rock gradually changes from tensile-shear mode to tensile-split one.The fractional dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases with an inflection point at 20 MPa.The distribution of SIF on the planes changes asσ_(2)increases,resulting in strengthening and then weakening of the rock bearing capacity.

Effects of intermediate stress on deep rock strainbursts under true triaxial stresses

The effect of intermediate stress(in situ tunnel axial)on a strainburst is studied with a threedimensional(3D)bonded block distinct element method(DEM).A series of simulations of strainbursts under true triaxial in situ stress conditions(i.e.high tangential stress,moderate intermediate stress and low radial stress)of near-boundary rock masses are performed.Compared with the experimental results,the DEM model is able to capture the stress-strain response,failure pattern and energy balance of strainbursts.The fracturing processes of strainbursts are also numerically reproduced.Numerical results show that,as the intermediate stress increases:(1)The peak strain of strainbursts increases,the yield stress increases,the rock strength increases linearly,and the ratio of yield stress to rock strength decreases,indicating that the precursory information on strainbursts is enhanced;(2)Tensile and shear cracks increase significantly,and slabbing and bending of rock plates are more pronounced;and(3)The stored elastic strain energy and dissipated energy increase linearly,whereas the kinetic energy of the ejected rock fragments increases approximately exponentially,implying an increase in strainburst intensity.By comparing the experimental and numerical results,the effect of intermediate stress on the rock strength of strainbursts is discussed in order to address three key issues.Then,the Mogi criterion is applied to construct new strength criteria for strainbursts by converting the one-face free true triaxial stress state of a strainburst to its equivalent true triaxial stress state.In summary,the effect of intermediate stress on strainbursts is a double-edged sword that can enhance the rock strength and the precursory information of a strainburst,but also increase its intensity.

Unveil the Redox Evolution of Ore-forming Fluids using Sulfur Isotope:A Case Study of the Zhengguang Intermediate Sulfidation Epithermal Au-Zn Deposit,NE China

Oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))is a key intensity variable during the entire magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization courses.The redox state and its variations between different stages of the ore-forming fluids of intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposits are rarely deciphered due to the lack of appropriate approaches to determine fO_(2)of the fluids.Here,we reported theδ^(34)S of the sulfides from three different stages(stageⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)of Zhengguang,an Early Ordovician Au-rich intermediate sulfidation(IS)epithermal deposit,to decipher the redox evolution of the ore-forming fluids.The increasingδ^(34)S values from stageⅠpyrite(pyl,average-2.6‰)through py2(average-1.9‰)to py3(average-0.2‰)indicates a decrease of the oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluids.A compilation ofδ^(34)S values of sulfides from two subtypes of IS deposits(Au-rich and Ag-rich)from NE China shows that theδ^(34)S values of sulfides from Au-rich IS deposits are systematically lighter than those of Ag-rich IS Ag-Pb-Zn deposit,indicating the ore-forming fluids of the former are more oxidized than the latter.We highlight that sulfur isotopic composition of hypogene sulfides is an efficacious proxy to fingerprint the oxygen fugacity fluctuations of epithermal deposits and could potentially be used to distinguish the subtypes of IS deposits.

Wave Force on the Crown Wall of Rubble Mound Breakwaters at Intermediate Depths

Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.

Petrogenesis of the Borjuri diorite pluton in the Mikir Massif of Northeast India:implications for post-collisional intermediate magmatism during the Pan-African orogeny

The Assam-Meghalaya Gneissic Complex(AMGC)of northeast India contains numerous Pan-African granitic bodies that have been attributed to post-collisional rift-related magmatism.The present study is concerned with the first appraisal of intermediate magmatism(diorite,monzonite,and monzodiorite)found in the Borjuri Pluton of Mikir Massif,which is the eastern extension of AMGC.The diorites are strongly metaluminous and exhibit enriched LREE([La/Yb]N=1.63–7.37)with respect to HREE([Gd/Yb]N=1.95–2.27).The studied rocks do not show any mineralogical or textural indication of metamorphism.Tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate that these rocks originated in a within-plate tectonic setting.The lower Mg#(33.49–38.69),low Cr(below detection limit),and Ni(27–41 ppm)contents along with elemental ratios such as Rb/Sr(0.32–0.95),La/Nb(0.49–4.21),and Nb/Ce(0.11–0.64)suggest a crustal source for the diorites.Discrimination diagrams coupled with elemental ratios suggest that these rocks originated due to partial melting of mafic components in the crust with possible contribution from mantle materials.The P–T conditions of diorite emplacement(7.4 kbar,688℃)were calculated using the amphibole-plagioclase geothermobarometer.Geochemical and geochronological data of the Pan-African felsic plutons reported from the AMGC indicate that these rocks were emplaced in a post-collisional extensional regime.The Borjuri Pluton is in close proximity with the Kathalguri Pluton,which has been reported as a product of PanAfrican magmatism.In view of the numerous extensional Pan-African felsic magmatism reported from the AMGC and based on the close vicinity of the Borjuri diorites with the Kathalguri granites,we speculate that the Borjuri diorites are products of the Pan-African post-collisional magmatism.

Hydrogen production at intermediate temperatures with proton conducting ceramic cells:Electrocatalytic activity,durability and energy efficiency

Proton conducting ceramic cells(PCCs)are an attractive emerging technology operating in the intermediate temperature range of 500 to 700℃.In this work,we evaluate the production of hydrogen at intermediate temperatures by proton conducting ceramic cell electrolysis(PCCEL).We demonstrate a highperformance steam electrolysis owing to a composite positrode based on BaGd_(0.8)La_(0.2)Co_(2)O_(6-δ)(BGLC1082)and BaZr0.5Ce0.4Y0.1O3-δ(BZCY541).The high reliability of PCCEL is demonstrated for 1680 h at a current density as high as-0.8 A cm^(-2)close to the thermoneutral cell voltage at 600℃.The electrolysis cell showed a specific energy consumption ranging from 54 to 66 kW h kg^(-1)that is comparable to state-of-the-art low temperature electrolysis technologies,while showing hydrogen production rates systematically higher than commercial solid oxide ceramic cells(SOCs).Compared to SOCs,the results verified the higher performances of PCCs at the relevant operating temperatures,due to the lower activation energy for proton transfer comparing with oxygen ion conduction.However,because of the p-type electronic conduction in protonic ceramics,the energy conversion rate of PCCs is relatively lower in steam electrolysis.The faradaic efficiency of the PCC in electrolysis mode can be increased at lower operating temperatures and in endothermic conditions,making PCCEL a technology of choice to valorize high temperature waste heat from industrial processes into hydrogen.To increase the faradaic efficiency by optimizing the materials,the cell design,or the operating strategy is a key challenge to address for future developments of PCCEL in order to achieve even more superior techno-economic merits.

A novel three-step implicit iteration process for threeΦ-hemicontractive mapping in the intermediate sense

In this paper,we introduce a three-step composite implicit iteration process for approximating the common fixed point of three uniformly continuous and asymptotically generalizedΦ-hemicontractive mappings in the intermediate sense.We prove that our proposed iteration process converges to the common fixed point of three finite family of asymptotically generalizedΦ-hemicontractive mappings in the intermediate sense.Our results extends,improves and complements several known results in literature.

Morphology and morphometry of two hybridizing buntings at their hybrid zone in northern Iran reveal intermediate and transgressive morphotypes

The closely related Black-headed Bunting(Emberiza melanocephala,a western Palearctic lineage)and Red-headed Bunting(Emberiza bruniceps,an eastern Palearctic lineage)hybridize and replace each other south of the Caspian Sea.The parental species have distinct phenotypes and therefore morphology is useful for assessing hybridization in the contact zone.In the years of 1940 and 1977,quite a few hybrids were collected and studied morphologically.Since then,the hybrid zone appears to have expanded westwards,but there has been a time gap in the collection of morphological data.Here we reanalyze bunting specimens morphologically and compare the historical data with recent data.Morphometric and phenotypic traits from three time periods(1940,1977 and recent)were studied to assess phenotypic variation of hybrids,pattern of hybridization,and transgressive traits in the hybrid zone.Our results show that most of the birds in the hybrid zone exhibit intermediate phenotypes(both colors and morphometric characters),ranging from the pure phenotype of either of the parental species.However,hybridization has also produced novel phenotypes not seen in any of the parents.Using a canonical discriminant function analysis,the morphometric characters separated each parental species and the hybrids quite well.Our results showed morphometric intermediacy of hybrids in accordance with phenotypes.We observe a time trend in which recent hybrids are more similar to Red-headed Buntings phenotypically compared to historical samples.This pattern is likely a signature of a westward expansion of the Red-headed Bunting into the breeding range of the Black-headed Bunting.

Mechanistic insights into the active intermediates of 2,6-diaminopyridine dinitration

Mechanistic understanding of the active intermediates of 2,6-diaminopyridine(DAP) dinitration in the concentrated nitric-sulfuric acid system is of crucial importance for the selectivity control of target product, i.e., 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine(DADNP). The active intermediates determining the product selectivity are theoretically studied. The HSO_(4)^(-)-NO_(2)^(+) complex is proposed as the dominant active nitrating intermediate for the first time, which shows low energy barrier(i.e., 10.19 kcal·mol^(-1),1 kcal = 4.186 k J) for direct dinitration of DAP to DADNP. The formed water during the reaction results in not only the formation of less active SO_(4)^(2-)-NO_(2)^(+) complex, but also the occurance of DAP sulfonation(DAP-SO_(3)H intermediate)to facilitate the formation of mononitration byproduct. Meanwhile, the accompanied thermal effects cause the generation of undesirable pyridine-NHNO_(2) intermediate, which is difficult to be rearranged to yield DADNP, inhibiting the reaction and thus giving low DAP conversion. The insights reported here elucidates the importance of thermal effects elimination and water content control, confirmed experimentally in the batch-and micro-reaction systems.

Intermediate hyperglycemia in early pregnancy:A South Asian perspective

“Intermediate hyperglycemia in early pregnancy(IHEP)”refers to mild hyperglycemia detected before 24 gestational weeks(GW),satisfying the criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.Many professional bodies recommend routine screening for“overt diabetes”in early pregnancy,which identifies a significant number of women with mild hyperglycemia of undetermined significance.A literature search revealed that one-third of GDM women in South Asian countries are diagnosed before the conventional screening period of 24 GW to 28 GW;hence,they belong in the IHEP category.Most hospitals in this region diagnose IHEP by oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)using the same criteria used for GDM diagnosis after 24 GW.There is some evidence to suggest that South Asian women with IHEP are more prone to adverse pregnancy events than women with a diagnosis of GDM after 24 GW,but this observation needs to be proven by randomized control trials.Fasting plasma glucose is a reliable screening test for GDM that can obviate the need for OGTT for GDM diagnosis among 50%of South Asian pregnant women.HbA1c in the first trimester predicts GDM in later pregnancy,but it is not a reliable test for IHEP diagnosis.There is evidence to suggest that HbA1c in the first trimester is an independent risk factor for several adverse pregnancy events.Further research to identify the pathogenetic mechanisms behind the fetal and maternal effects of IHEP is strongly recommended.

The Effectiveness of Explicit Vocabulary Instruction on Productive Vocabulary Learning in Writing Among Intermediate School Learners in Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of explicit vocabulary instruction on productive vocabulary learning in writing among intermediate school learners in Saudi Arabia,verify the existence of any statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the post-test of the control group and the experimental group in the vocabulary test,and verify the existence of any statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the pre-and post-test of the experimental group in the vocabulary test in favor of the post-test.The study community consisted of all intermediate school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,while the study sample included 30 students.The experimental method was adopted to identify the effectiveness of explicit vocabulary instruction on productive vocabulary learning in writing and the achievement test was used as the study tool.The study reached many results including there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the post-test of the control group and the experimental group in the vocabulary test and there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the pre-and post-test of the experimental group in the vocabulary test in favor of the post-test.According to these results,some recommendations and proposals were made including training English teachers at the intermediate school level in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,on explicit vocabulary instruction and conducting future researches on the trends of English teachers at the intermediate school level,in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,regarding the adoption of explicit vocabulary instruction while teaching the English language.

Exploring Bilingual Instruction for Intermediate Microeconomics in the Context of Sino-Foreign Collaborative Education

With the establishment of intermediate microeconomics courses in an increasing number of economics majors at universities,its importance is becoming more prominent.This article analyzes the current situation and existing problems of bilingual teaching in intermediate microeconomics.It also proposes improvement suggestions for bilingual teaching in intermediate microeconomics under Sino-foreign collaborative education,addressing aspects such as teaching mode innovation,teaching team building,bilingual teaching differentiation,and diverse process assessments.

新污染物在含溶解有机物水体中光降解行为研究进展

新污染物(emerging contaminants,ECs)是一类稳定性高、亲水性强的环境污染物,其中大部分物质最终会进入并滞留在自然水域,因其对生态和人类健康的危害而受到广泛关注.光化学降解是ECs在水体中的主要转化过程之一,包括直接光解、间接光解和自敏化光解.溶解有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为水体中具有优异光化学性质的光敏剂,吸光后产生·OH、1O2、3DOM*等活性反应中间体,对ECs的间接光降解过程有着重要影响.为探究ECs在水体中的迁移转化并评估其生态环境风险,有必要提高对其降解过程的认识.鉴于此,文章在论述DOM环境光化学特性和过程的基础上,重点阐述了DOM类型、来源、荧光组分及环境因素对ECs光降解过程的影响.DOM对ECs间接光降解过程的影响主要包括促进作用和抑制作用.促进作用主要表现在DOM产生的活性反应中间体与ECs反应,抑制作用主要包括光屏蔽作用和猝灭效应.DOM的作用效果与其类型、来源、组分及环境因素密切相关.同时,文章就DOM对ECs光降解影响的研究工作进行展望,这将有助于更全面地了解ECs的光化学行为,对于评估ECs在自然水体中的环境归趋和生态风险具有重要意义.

鄱阳湖湿地溶解性有机质的光化学属性对水体光活性中间体(PPRIs)季节性变化的影响

湿地的水文和水化学在时空尺度上会呈现显著差异,进而会引发光化学反应的变化,光活性中间体(PPRIs)是水体间接光反应的产物,具有极强的氧化性,对水环境中有机物和污染物的归驱具有重要的影响,因此迫切需要探究湿地中PPRIs的产生过程。本研究通过捕获剂法监测了鄱阳湖湿地4个季节水体中3种PPRIs(^(1)O_(2)、·OH及^(3)CDOM^(*))的产生速率和稳态浓度的变化,并通过紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱、以及傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱等技术对水体中可溶性有机质(DOM)组分的化学特征进行分析,揭示了鄱阳湖湿地不同季节水体中的DOM的光化学反应特性及与PPRIs产生的相关性。结果发现:鄱阳湖夏季和秋季水体的pH值、溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度较高,相反,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐浓度在夏季和秋季较低。夏季和秋季的DOM中芳香族化合物丰度较高,并且木质素丰度明显高于冬季和春季。不同季节鄱阳湖水体有色可溶性有机物产生能力依次为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季。夏季和秋季水体中^(1)O_(2)和·OH产生速率和稳态浓度显著高于春季和冬季水体。pH、DOC、E2/E3、脂类、蛋白类及木质素类与PPRIs产生速率展现出了良好的正相关关系,尤其是其中的DOC与木质素类组分;另外在三维荧光指标结果中,荧光指数(FI)和新鲜度指数(β/α)与PPRIs呈现负相关关系,证明FI值越低即DOM陆源性越高、非新生DOM比例越高,则PPRIs产生速率越高。综上,PPRIs的光化学产生与植物源DOM密切相关。与春季和冬季相比,夏季和秋季鄱阳湖水体的有机质高,而其中DOM组分中芳香族化合物丰度较高,主要来自陆生植物和土壤有机质,其有机质的腐殖化水平较高,而在春季和冬季水体有机质主要来自湖泊本身和微生物产生的有机质,属于内源。淹水植物残体降解过程释放的有机组分,对夏、秋季DOM的来源和组成有着极易被忽视的影响和作用,而其中光化学活性较强的有机组分如木质素是造成其PPRIs产率更高的主要原因。