A regional climate model is employed to simulate the aerosols （dust, sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） and their direct effect on the climate over China. The emphasis is on the direct radiative forcing due ...A regional climate model is employed to simulate the aerosols （dust, sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） and their direct effect on the climate over China. The emphasis is on the direct radiative forcing due to the change in mixing state of aerosols. The results show that direct radiative forcing is significantly different between externally and internally mixed aerosols. At the top of the atmosphere （TOA）, the radiative forcing of externally mixed aerosols is larger than that of internally mixed ones, especially in the Tarim desert region where the difference is about 0.7 W m-2. At the surface, however, the situation becomes opposite, especially in the Sichuan basin where the difference is about 1.4 W m-2. Nonetheless, either externally or internally mixed aerosols in China can result in a significant cooling effect, except for the warming in South China in winter and the slight warming in North China in February. The cooling effect induced by externally mixed aerosols is weaker than that induced by internally mixed aerosols, and this is more obvious in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. In spring and summer, the inhibiting effect of externally mixed aerosols on precipitation is less than that of internally mixed aerosols, whereas in autumn and winter the difference is not obvious.展开更多
Fourteen samples of marble were collected from different factories in Egypt. The samples were crushed, dried in controlled furnace for around twenty four hours, and then stored for five weeks in plastic Marinelli beak...Fourteen samples of marble were collected from different factories in Egypt. The samples were crushed, dried in controlled furnace for around twenty four hours, and then stored for five weeks in plastic Marinelli beakers. Concentrations and the U- and Th-bearing minerals were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS).The gamma radiation of the samples was measured, employing high resolution γ-ray spectroscopy with an accumulating time for about 80000 sec. each. From the measured γ -ray spectra, activity concentrations were determined for marble samples 226Ra (37. 6 ± 1.7 - 100.54 ± 3.2 Bq/kg), 232Th (3.57 ± 0.64 - 9.37 ± 1.80 Bq/kg) and 40K (30.68 ± 1.1 – 1196 ± 4.9 Bq/kg). The absorbed dose rates, annual effective dose rates, radium equivalent activities as well as the radiation hazard indices were estimated. The radium equivalent activities (Raeq) are lower than the limit of 370 Bq kg?1 set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Exposure to radiation from the natural radioactivity in building materials. Report by a Group of Experts of the OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD, Paris, 1979) [1]. All obtained results referred to the fact that all the concentrations were within the allowed limits to domestic use. Comparing the results in this work with those published by International Atomic Energy Agency and local and universal researches, it was found that these concentrations were within the allowed limits for agricultural and domestic uses.展开更多
The quality endeavors of an organization, like other enterprise activities, must be oriented towards the economic principles. This approach gives a way to many organizations to question the extent to which the quality...The quality endeavors of an organization, like other enterprise activities, must be oriented towards the economic principles. This approach gives a way to many organizations to question the extent to which the quality management contributes for the overall business success and to pin point the areas where particularly a high value or performance can be created in order to attain the maximum possible economic benefits out of quality management systems. Without including the answer of this question in the decision making process, the resources can not be allocated optimally for the quality purpose. Quality management activities create variety of effects that indirectly contributes towards the economic success and thus increase the company and stakeholder value. A closer look at the quality management philosophy reveals eight major principles namely： customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process approach, system approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making, mutually beneficial supplier relationships. These eight principles lead the efforts in the domain of quality management to project a positive impact on the company. For an understanding of response relationships, it is necessary to consider in detail the indicators along the response relationships. They provide helpful clues and give an insight into the complex mechanisms of action of the quality approaches on the path to the company＇s success. The following illustration depicts how the quality based activities generate the value to enhance the performance and a variety of indicators reflects how they indirectly add value to an organization and hence contribute to its economic success.展开更多
With the development of globalization, more and more companies are under global operation. What coming with it, on one hand is chance and opportunity; on the other hand is risk and uncertainty. This paper aims to spec...With the development of globalization, more and more companies are under global operation. What coming with it, on one hand is chance and opportunity; on the other hand is risk and uncertainty. This paper aims to specify the potential and current risks and uncertainty that may be met in international logistics, then seeks some practical methods to dodge and solve them.展开更多
A coupled regional climate and aerosol-chemistry model, RIEMS 2.0 （Regional Integrated Environmental Model System for Asia）, in which anthropogenic sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon were assumed to be extern...A coupled regional climate and aerosol-chemistry model, RIEMS 2.0 （Regional Integrated Environmental Model System for Asia）, in which anthropogenic sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon were assumed to be externally mixed （EM）, internally mixed （IM） or partially internally mixed （IEM）, was used to simulate the impacts of these anthropogenic aerosols on East Asian climate for the entire year of 2006. The distributions of aerosol mass concentration, radiative forcing and hence the surface air temperature and precipitation variations under three mixing assumptions of aerosols were analyzed. The results indicated that the mass concentration of sulfate was sensitive to mixing assumptions, but carbonaceous aerosols were much less sensitive to the mixing types. Modeled results were compared with observations in a variety of sites in East Asia. It was found that the simulated concentrations of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were in accord with the observations in terms of magnitude. The simulated aerosol concentrations in IM case were closest to observation results. The regional average column burdens of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon, if internally mixed, were 11.49, 0.47, and 2.17 mg m 2 , respectively. The radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols at the top of the atmosphere increased from –1.27 （EM） to –1.97 W m 2 （IM） while the normalized radiative forcing （NRF） decreased from –0.145 （EM） to –0.139 W mg 1 （IM）. The radiative forcing and NRF were –1.82 W m 2 and –0.141 W mg 1 for IEM, respectively. The surface air temperature changes over the domain due to the anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were –0.067, –0.078, and –0.072 K, with maxima of –0.47, –0.50, and –0.49 K, for EM, IM, and IEM, respectively. Meanwhile, the annual precipitation variations were –8.0 （EM）, –20.6 （IM）, and –21.9 mm （IEM）, with maxima of 148, 122, and 102 mm, respectively, indicating that the climate effects were stronger if the sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were internally mixed.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China (2011CB403405)National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2008BAC40B02)
文摘A regional climate model is employed to simulate the aerosols （dust, sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） and their direct effect on the climate over China. The emphasis is on the direct radiative forcing due to the change in mixing state of aerosols. The results show that direct radiative forcing is significantly different between externally and internally mixed aerosols. At the top of the atmosphere （TOA）, the radiative forcing of externally mixed aerosols is larger than that of internally mixed ones, especially in the Tarim desert region where the difference is about 0.7 W m-2. At the surface, however, the situation becomes opposite, especially in the Sichuan basin where the difference is about 1.4 W m-2. Nonetheless, either externally or internally mixed aerosols in China can result in a significant cooling effect, except for the warming in South China in winter and the slight warming in North China in February. The cooling effect induced by externally mixed aerosols is weaker than that induced by internally mixed aerosols, and this is more obvious in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. In spring and summer, the inhibiting effect of externally mixed aerosols on precipitation is less than that of internally mixed aerosols, whereas in autumn and winter the difference is not obvious.
文摘Fourteen samples of marble were collected from different factories in Egypt. The samples were crushed, dried in controlled furnace for around twenty four hours, and then stored for five weeks in plastic Marinelli beakers. Concentrations and the U- and Th-bearing minerals were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS).The gamma radiation of the samples was measured, employing high resolution γ-ray spectroscopy with an accumulating time for about 80000 sec. each. From the measured γ -ray spectra, activity concentrations were determined for marble samples 226Ra (37. 6 ± 1.7 - 100.54 ± 3.2 Bq/kg), 232Th (3.57 ± 0.64 - 9.37 ± 1.80 Bq/kg) and 40K (30.68 ± 1.1 – 1196 ± 4.9 Bq/kg). The absorbed dose rates, annual effective dose rates, radium equivalent activities as well as the radiation hazard indices were estimated. The radium equivalent activities (Raeq) are lower than the limit of 370 Bq kg?1 set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Exposure to radiation from the natural radioactivity in building materials. Report by a Group of Experts of the OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD, Paris, 1979) [1]. All obtained results referred to the fact that all the concentrations were within the allowed limits to domestic use. Comparing the results in this work with those published by International Atomic Energy Agency and local and universal researches, it was found that these concentrations were within the allowed limits for agricultural and domestic uses.
文摘The quality endeavors of an organization, like other enterprise activities, must be oriented towards the economic principles. This approach gives a way to many organizations to question the extent to which the quality management contributes for the overall business success and to pin point the areas where particularly a high value or performance can be created in order to attain the maximum possible economic benefits out of quality management systems. Without including the answer of this question in the decision making process, the resources can not be allocated optimally for the quality purpose. Quality management activities create variety of effects that indirectly contributes towards the economic success and thus increase the company and stakeholder value. A closer look at the quality management philosophy reveals eight major principles namely： customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process approach, system approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making, mutually beneficial supplier relationships. These eight principles lead the efforts in the domain of quality management to project a positive impact on the company. For an understanding of response relationships, it is necessary to consider in detail the indicators along the response relationships. They provide helpful clues and give an insight into the complex mechanisms of action of the quality approaches on the path to the company＇s success. The following illustration depicts how the quality based activities generate the value to enhance the performance and a variety of indicators reflects how they indirectly add value to an organization and hence contribute to its economic success.
文摘With the development of globalization, more and more companies are under global operation. What coming with it, on one hand is chance and opportunity; on the other hand is risk and uncertainty. This paper aims to specify the potential and current risks and uncertainty that may be met in international logistics, then seeks some practical methods to dodge and solve them.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China(2006CB400506 and 2010CB428501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40775014)
文摘A coupled regional climate and aerosol-chemistry model, RIEMS 2.0 （Regional Integrated Environmental Model System for Asia）, in which anthropogenic sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon were assumed to be externally mixed （EM）, internally mixed （IM） or partially internally mixed （IEM）, was used to simulate the impacts of these anthropogenic aerosols on East Asian climate for the entire year of 2006. The distributions of aerosol mass concentration, radiative forcing and hence the surface air temperature and precipitation variations under three mixing assumptions of aerosols were analyzed. The results indicated that the mass concentration of sulfate was sensitive to mixing assumptions, but carbonaceous aerosols were much less sensitive to the mixing types. Modeled results were compared with observations in a variety of sites in East Asia. It was found that the simulated concentrations of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were in accord with the observations in terms of magnitude. The simulated aerosol concentrations in IM case were closest to observation results. The regional average column burdens of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon, if internally mixed, were 11.49, 0.47, and 2.17 mg m 2 , respectively. The radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols at the top of the atmosphere increased from –1.27 （EM） to –1.97 W m 2 （IM） while the normalized radiative forcing （NRF） decreased from –0.145 （EM） to –0.139 W mg 1 （IM）. The radiative forcing and NRF were –1.82 W m 2 and –0.141 W mg 1 for IEM, respectively. The surface air temperature changes over the domain due to the anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were –0.067, –0.078, and –0.072 K, with maxima of –0.47, –0.50, and –0.49 K, for EM, IM, and IEM, respectively. Meanwhile, the annual precipitation variations were –8.0 （EM）, –20.6 （IM）, and –21.9 mm （IEM）, with maxima of 148, 122, and 102 mm, respectively, indicating that the climate effects were stronger if the sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols were internally mixed.
