Combining the Rule of Law with the Rule of Morality——General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Discourse on the Relationship Between the Rule of Law and Rule by Virtue

Key points:Throughout the ages,rule of law has been an indispensable means of governing a state.However,as General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out,it is not enough to govern a state by the rule of law

The Logical Construction of International Its Realization Path——Taking the Marrakesh Treaty as an Example

The Marrakesh Treaty is an excellent subject for China to disseminate its concept of the rule of law around the globe.With the changes of the times,the content and way of international communication regarding the rule of law are changing constantly.In the era of globalization,countries have strengthened rational communication and dialogue mainly by concluding international treaties to convey the concept of the rule of law.For the international communication of the rule of law,it is necessary to take into account three elements:Subject,content,and audience.Targeted strategies are adopted to present the characteristics of diversified subjects,rich content,and stratified audience.The agenda-setting,spiral of silence,and cultivation theories provide positive guidance for international communication.The audience survey and content analysis methods can achieve good effects in spreading the rule of law.It is necessary to integrate multiple subjects,create rich content,carry out targeted strategies to different audience,underscore the evaluation of effects,and train talents to strengthen the international communication of the rule of law.

Coordinate Rule of Law Efforts in Both Domestic and Foreign-Related Matters

Taking a coordinated approach to promoting the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties stands as one of the essentials of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.The profound essence of this concept is predominantly articulated through the dialectic nexus between the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties and the foundational necessities and underlying principles for their coordinated advancement.This concept is intellectually rooted in the legal theory of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics,the theory of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,modern progressive theories of international law,and the exemplary facets of traditional Chinese culture.It is aligned with contemporary trends and in harmony with the need to take a holistic approach to imperatives at home and abroad.This philosophy underscores the approach to building a human community with a shared future through the rule of law,guaranteeing the fruition of national strategic aspirations.This resonates with profound contemporary,integrative,international,and strategic significance.Presently,the focus should be on fostering the development of foreign-related rule of law,maintaining the correct equilibrium between the dyad of rule of law in domestic and foreign-related matters.It is imperative to augment strategic design and institutional construction in the realm of rule of law on issues related to foreign parties,step up research on and practical application of international law,and reinforce the cultivation of legal professionals in this area to take a coordinated approach to advance the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties.

Legalization of the Right to Peace in the Context of a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings

The right to peace means that all people have the right to resist aggression,and to safeguard and enjoy peace.As a collective right enjoyed by a country or people,the right to peace has not been clearly established as a legal right by international laws or international conventions.This situation is closely related to the Western countries’long-term control of the individualistic human rights discourse.With the deepening of globalization and the addition of the concept of a community with a shared future for human beings in UN resolutions,peace is the common goal of all countries,and the whole of human society,and the international community is raising an increasingly higher demand for the right to peace based on the rule of law.The right to peace based on the rule of law requires that the international community stipulate the right to peace via international laws and conventions and clarify its connotations,the subjects of the right and their obligations,as the implementing agencies and ways to realize the right.

Accurately Comprehending the Concept of"Rule of Law in Foreign- Related Affairs" to Promote Coordinated Advancement in the Rule of Law in Chinese Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs

The n notion of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"signifies a critical innovation and evolution in the theory and practice of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.It underscores the pivotal role of rule of law in foreign-related affairs in the law-based governance and presents new topics for the theoretical study for rule of law.A precise comprehension of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"necessitates tracing its origins and elucidating its correlations with both"rule of law in domestic affairs"as well as with"international rule of law."Acknowledging both domestic and international plerugatives,while holistically advancing law-based governance,constitutes the foundational rationale behind"rule of law in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"forms a theoretical foundation for the rule of law in foreign-related affairs.Although national governance and global governance,as well as the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs fall under distinct governance categories and legal systems,they are interconnected,mutually influential,and integrated.As a component of national rule of law,the rule of law in foreign related affairs acts as a bridge between the two independent legal systems of the rule of law in national affairs and international rule of law.It is imperative to promote a harmonized advancement of the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs,thereby expediting the strategic deployment of the rule of law in foreign contexts.This strategy more effectively safeguards national sovereignty,security,and developmental interests while contributing to build a human community with|a shared future.

The Rule of Law in Foreign-Related Affairs in Building China into a Great Modern Country

The call to advance the rule of law in foreign-related affairs is an important component of China's strategic move to a great modern country.In modern times,Western countries have applied rule of law practices in their modernization,demonstrating the values of a sound rule of law system for national strength.In particular,the rule of law,extended beyond national borders,provides a crucial guarantee for a great modern country's sustained,stable,and healthy path,and is also a clear symbol of a country's soft power.As China is progressing to become a great modern country,there is a need to pay a particularly close attention to the rule of law,actively promoting the legalization of foreign-related work.China's stance on the rule of law in foreign-related affairs should include both a principle of defending its core interests and a principle of advocating shared values and of promoting mutually beneficial cooperation.In the context of this era,China's international law professional community should delve into appropriate models that can facilitate smooth progress on the path to modernization,further enhancing the rule of law in China and the successful emergence of a great modern country.

The Contemporary Construction of Chinese International Law Discourse

当代中国国际法学的话语体系，一方面，必须准确、系统、全面表达和传递国际法基本原则、基本制度和本质特征以及国际法研究过程中逐步确立和发展起来的核心价值、基本概念、关键术语、主流的理论或学说、具有代表性的观点等基本要素；另一方面，应充分、及时体现中国对国际法、国际法学和国际法学话语体系所作出的创造性贡献。当代中国国际法学话语体系的构建应以“构建和谐世界”为指导理念，应全面顾及国际法治和中国外交政策及其实践的国内、多边、区域和双边等四个基本层面，应遵行、符合或顺应国际关系和国际法的基本准则，全球化与多边主义、区域一体化与区域主义、国际共同体义务（或权利）和中国和平发展需要等原则、规律或趋势，应将其基本功能定位为：推动当代国际法的不断发展和广泛适用，促进当代国际法的教学、研究和传播，推进中国的法治进步，维护中国利益、尤其是国家的核心利益并提升中国作为负责任大国的国际形象与地位。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Rule of Law and Rule of Law Construction in China

法治不仅具有国内属性,也具有国际属性;法治可分为国内法治与国际法治两个层级。运用国际法治思维建设法治中国,不仅具有必然性,也具有必要性。中国应在制度层面和治理层面贯彻国际法治理念,同时参与联合国的法治活动,参加国际规则制定,增强中国在国际上的法治话语权和影响力。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Rule of Law and Methodological Innovation

国际法治实践需要理论指引,国际法理论的凝练离不开对实践的观察,这对国际法方法论提出了新要求。传统的法教义学研究不利于国际法学创造性的发挥,社会科学研究方法在国际法方法论创新中发挥越来越重要的作用。从推进国际法治的角度考虑,国际法研究需要深入研究国家遵守国际法的动机、原因和内在逻辑,法经济学可以在该领域大展身手。国际法治需要对规则产生、适用和影响的社会环境因素进行基础研究,法社会学研究方法恰恰切中要点。实证、实验等研究方法的应用使得法治进程拥有了事先实验的机会,把握法治规划和实践的利弊得失。社会科学研究方法与传统国际法研究方法共同协作,可以合理解释国际关系现象并推动国际法治。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD The Chinese Expression of the International Rule of Law

中国对于国际法治的方向与进程的表达是在国际关系中彰显中国观念和立场的重要部分,是法治中国与国际法治互动的主要连接点。国际法治的前进路向有赖于包括中国在内的世界各国的积极、充分、有效表达而趋向公正、趋向合理。中国发展的未来前景需要通过积极参与国际法治的实践进程来拓展视野和思路,获得支持和机会。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Law as the Law of Domestic Governance： China＇s Propositions and Institutional Practice

与国内法相比,国际法也可作为治国之法,成为中国党和政府治国理政的重要工具。根据国家主权原则,将部分国际法接受为国内法,进而全面推进依法治国,体现了建设法治中国的开放思维和国际视野。将这一主张转化为具体的制度实践,对于完善中国特色社会主义法治体系,推进国际法治、促进世界和平都有重要意义。

新时代中国国际法学科体系的构造

构造新时代中国国际法学科体系,既是为了进一步落实习近平有关学科建设的指示精神,也是为了改变国际法在整个法学体系中的地位与中国世界大国的地位不相称的状况,以及弥补我国涉外法治人才严重短缺的短板。中国国际法学科体系的构造,需要进一步厘清涉外法、涉外法治、对外关系法、国内法与国际法的关系,以及涉外法学、国际法与法学一级学科的关系。在中国国际法学科体系构造的过程中,最为重要的是构建国际法学一级学科专业。未来中国国际法学发展的任务主要包括:弘扬国际法治理念、为人类命运共同体的构建提供法治保障,传播中国国际法观、提升中国国际法理念的国际影响力,提高运用国际法的能力以及补齐涉外法治的短板等。涉外法治人才培养和推动国际法研究的理论创新,则成为今后中国国际法学者的应然使命。未来中国国际法学的发展方向涉及架设国际法与国内法沟通的桥梁、谨慎使用“涉外法学”名称,以及在国际法教育与研究中凸显中国的国际法理论与实践等。

知识产权法治建设的三个维度

私权保护、国家治理和国际协调是知识产权法治建设中的三个维度。知识产权的本质是人们依法就智力活动成果享有的私权,其客体是通过知识创新或经营劳动产生的特定信息,制度运行中出现的抢占信息资源并将其包装成知识产权客体牟利的乱象应予以纠正。基于信息的无形性,知识产权保护通常需要首先确定客体范围边界,然后对权利人予以及时充分的救济,因此需要行政和司法机关提供专业、便捷的确权及公正、高效的保护。这一建立在“以公开换保护”基础上的公权力介入特色,使得知识产权制度成为国家治理工具。知识产权保护还与国际贸易紧密相关,这一领域存在诸多国际条约。法治建设不能脱离本土实践,应基于地域性原则,结合经济学、社会学等原理,寻求国内国际法治协调发展的共赢之道。

数字规制的场景、困境与进路:作为法治场域的元宇宙

元宇宙是数字规制的新场景,相关参与场景和产品应用的广泛性决定了元宇宙风险丛生、亟待治理。元宇宙治理面临伦理治理困境,具体体现在主体性、算法正义、数据伦理等方面,这些也是数字规制的难题,在人工智能等运用场景也有显现。由于技术基础设施发展、传统法律监管滞后、数字货币监管缺位等客观情况,元宇宙法律监管也面临挑战,针对元宇宙的治理困境进行规则设计具有必要性。设计进路方面,元宇宙治理的相关规则应当以元宇宙的技术特征为底座,以算法和数据规制为抓手,以国际法与国内法的互动为方案,在国内法治、涉外法治和国际法治等不同层面确保元宇宙治理规则的宽覆盖、高效力与体系化。数字规制在确保实现人的价值的同时,需要推动数字经济和数字法治的发展。

从“法制”到“法治”:改革开放以来我国家庭教育政策的演进逻辑与推进路径

家庭教育政策是规范与支持家庭教育发展的重要工具,是推进我国家庭家教家风建设的重要手段。改革开放以来,我国家庭教育政策经历了以边缘性探索为中心的萌芽发展阶段、以系统性规划为抓手的改革发展阶段和以体系化建设为重点的深入发展阶段。在此过程中,其动力机制、价值取向、实施过程保障及话语规则均有其独特的演进逻辑。家庭教育法治化是我国教育治理现代化的必然要求,在未来的发展中我国家庭教育从“法制”走向“法治”,可采取以下推进路径:形成强化基础建设、优质均衡发展的政策动力机制,秉持兼顾个体与社会、协调多元利益的政策价值取向,深化加强顶层设计、完善组织建设的政策实施过程保障,体现深入了解民情、广泛反映民意的政策话语规则。

习近平法治思想中的“大变局”应对方略论

“大变局”应对方略是习近平法治思想立足于“百年未有之大变局”的科学论断,针对积极应对世界大变局的现实需要所彰显之实效导向型共识。其作为一种凸显执行性遵守之行动整合的共同准则与依据,往往围绕建立健全涉外法治体系和营造国际法治新秩序这两种应对方略而具体展开。法治体系应对方略主要表征为建立健全涉外法治体系的原则表达、目标设定与核心要素,法治秩序应对方略则主要表征为营造国际法治新秩序的目标设定、方案要义与路径导向。基于此,全面梳理习近平法治思想中的“大变局”应对方略样态,能够为涉外法治工作的有效推动提供系统的类型化指引。

论涉外法治关系的法理结构及实践意义

本文从一个全新的法理视角来阐释从党的十八届四中全会《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)提出的“加强涉外法律工作”到党的十九届四中全会《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)确定的“加强涉外法治工作”政策术语演变背后的法理依据,并对作为习近平法治思想核心要义之一的“坚持统筹国内法治和涉外法治”的法理内涵进行了创新意义上的解读,其基本分析方法就是打破了传统法理学使用的法律关系概念的逻辑界限,用法理内涵和外延更加丰富的法治关系的概念来分析“统筹”国内法治和涉外法治关系中的各种法律问题,主张应当把制定法规则与法律秩序效果有机结合起来综合性地判断一个主权国家的法治状态,不能仅仅将研究视野停留在制定法规则占优势的传统法理上。本文在分析法治关系概念的建构功能时指出,在涉外法治关系体系中,法治关系的构成要素至少应当分为九个方面,包括法律规则要素、法律关系主体要素、法律关系客体要素、法律关系内容要素(主要是权利义务关系)、法律关系时空要素、法律关系手段要素、法律关系目的要素、法律关系效力要素和法律关系秩序要素。上述九个方面的法治关系构成要素只要其中一个类型的要素中包含“涉外”因素,那么,这种法治关系就具有了“涉外法治关系”的特性,就必须从整体上来协调法律关系中的法律规则与法律秩序之间的价值要求,统筹基于传统法律关系理论形成的“国内法治”与根据法治关系理论产生的“涉外法治”,以具有实效性的“法治”价值来保证涉外法律工作的制度化、规范化,不断提高涉外工作法治化水平。

“以规则为基础的国际秩序”之批判

“以规则为基础的国际秩序”的产生可以追溯到以美国为主导的自由主义国际秩序的兴起,并因其政治属性而受到诸多国家推崇。理论上,“以规则为基础的国际秩序”存在效力的不确定性、适用范围的模糊性以及制度霸权的特征。实践中,“以规则为基础的国际秩序”所展现出的是一种双重的评判标准。南海仲裁裁决以及我国加入世界贸易组织时的替代国条款,这两个实例都揭示了“以规则为基础的国际秩序”中的制度霸权与压制异己属性。推崇规则之治实为意图不遵守国际法,削弱国际法在国际秩序中的权威。中国倡导“以国际法为基础的国际秩序”,并在国内法治建设过程中将国际法纳入考量,在参与全球治理实践中积极践行国际法之治。

论涉外法治话语的界面研究

涉外法治话语,即由有关涉外法治思维、涉外法治理论、涉外法治实践等涉外法治要素系统构建的法治表达,其理论研究、人才培养与实践推进皆需要科学的方法支撑。界面研究是一种跨越学科或者某学科内部分支界限,并在其间形成良性互动与融合的研究方法。涉外法治话语的界面研究坚持问题导向,并且借鉴不同学科或层面的智识资源,采取多元与立体的视角、方法、工具等,致力于解决涉外法治话语理论与实践的种种问题。应当运用界面研究方法,对涉外法治话语展开深入研究,以助力我国法治建设与涉外法治话语权的提升。

法治规范体系视域下党内法规保留的功能定位与规范建构

党内法规保留是将法律保留相关原理引入党内法规制度建设中形成的有关党内事务制定权配置的制度。在中国特色社会主义法治体系的法治背景下,党内法规保留应以法治规范体系作为制度建构的基本视角。基于与法律保留的功能比较,党内法规保留具有统制、区分、整合、保障等功能。在法治规范体系视域下,当前党内法规保留制度存在明显结构缺陷。可以从重塑党内法规保留的结构理念、重新阐释《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》第四条第一款的保留对象、建立相对保留制度、单列党章保留事项、对中央党内法规绝对保留事项进行内涵解读等方面进行结构重塑与完善。此外,在党内法规保留的保留标准上,应确立面向从严治党的重要事项保留标准。