Assessment of China's International Environment and U.S. Strategic Trend

It is of great significance to have a clear understanding of the international environment that China faces. But this is an uneasy job. Since September 11, the world situation has become so complicated that it is hard to grasp its essence even with painstaking efforts. To judge such an already complicated international environment from China’s perspective adds more difficulties, for different people usually have different views due to the different angles from which they see the situation and different methods they adopt. This, understandably, leads to hot debates within the Chinese academic circles. To provide a stage for exchange of views, at the invitation of the CIR Expert Forum, some well-known scholars and experts on international relations from Beijing gathered to hold a symposium on November 5, 2002, with the theme of "How to assess the international environment that China faces". The speeches at the symposium will be published in two installments. Following are the first half.

THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUR FOREIGN POLICY

After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belief that the war in Kosovobrought about a fundamental change of the international environment; the othergroup thought that the Kosovo War merely reflected the post-Cold War interna-tional reality rather than changing the international environment. In order to cor-

Assessment on the Two New Factors That Influence China's International Environment

The development and changes in international situation after September 11 have exerted complicated influence on China’s external security environment. Therefore, how to judge current international security environment that China faces has become a very hot subject for discussion.

Create an International Environment for the Peaceful and Steady Development to Boost the Sound Development of Human Rights on the International Stage——An Address at the Opening Ceremony of the 7th Beijing Forum on Human Rights, Spet. 17, 2014

Since its initiation in 2008, the Beijing Forum on Human Rights has been bent on promoting our mutual understanding and expanding our common grounds. It has carried out very fruitful exchanges and researches around many important questions concerning human rights development, and hence attained great achievements. It has played avery constructive role in promoting exchanges about and cooperation in human rights between China and other countries, becoming an important and influential platform for international dialogs over human rights.

STABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS IN LEADERSHIP MODEL

International Environmental Agreements （IEAs） are a form of cooperation ratified by countries which can improve the management of shared environmental resources. The authors analyze the stability of International Eavironmental Agreements in leadership model. In 2006, Diamantoudi ＆ Sartzetakis found that a stable coalition consists of either 2, 3, or 4 members if the number of countries is greater than 4. Their model is reconsidered. It is shown that the size of stable IEAs decreases from 3 to 2 when the total number of countries involved increases. However, a situation that can guarantee 4 to be the size of stable IEAs could not be found.

International Environmental Order and the Emergence of New Powers

This paper analyzes the emergence of new powers on the international scene and its relationship with natural resources. Divided into three parts, the paper first discusses the changes in the concept of natural resource. Then, the reasons that led to increased demand for them, and the consequences it generates. Finally, the text discusses possibilities of cooperation between emerging countries in search of new technologies, which should be based on renewable resources to change the present situation of unequal access and use natural resources in the world.

Norms of International Law on Environmental Protection in Wartime: Application and Improvement

The enormous environmental damage caused by war makes it necessary for international law to balance the reality of military necessity with the need to ensure the survival of human beings and other life forms. International law provides a large number of norms for environmental protection in wartime, constituting a legal order including general and special norms of wartime law and wartime environmental protection obligations of international law in peacetime. It explicitly prohibits unreasonable environmental damage caused by military needs in wartime. Contrary to the cognition that there is no international norm to protect the environment in wartime,the key reason that causes the effect of environmental protection in wartime is not as good as expected lies in the different degrees of defects in the application of these complex norms. It is a more important and practical path choice to renew the general principles of wartime environmental protection, expand the scope of application of wartime laws and special environmental norms, strengthen the wartime application of international law in peacetime, and give full play to the maximum effectiveness of the existing normative system than to expect the new convention to accomplish the whole task at one stroke.

Effect of hemoperfusion cartridge on different internal environmental indicators

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to observe the effect of hemoperfusion(HP) cartridge on different internal environment indicators at different time points in patients with acute blood poisoning and to find alternative indicators for the detection of blood poisoning.METHODS:The levels of internal environment indicators(blood pH,P_vCO_2,P_vCO_2,blood lactate,potassium,free calcium,bicarbonate,and blood glucose) before and after HP treatment were recorded for patients with acute poisoning at time points of 30 minutes and 120 minutes.After calculating the difference value 5,the statistical software was used to analyze the statistical difference of the influence caused by HP cartridge at two time points.According to the formula,adsorption rate%=(a-v)/a×100,the adsorption rate of each indicator was calculated respectively.RESULTS:The difference of indicators at different time points in inlet and outlet such as blood glucose,free-calcium,and lactate was statistically significant(P<0.05),but the difference in indicators such as pH,P_vCO_2,P_vO_2,potassium,sodium,and bicarbonate was not statistically significant(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:During HP treatment,the indicators of blood glucose,free-calcium and lactate were significantly affected by HP cartridge,and the effect varies with time.

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations.However,we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today's science and technology.The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present.In this paper,the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators.The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value.Also,the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established.Generally,three aspects of climate justice can be derived.First,the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice.Second,the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change.Third,climate justice requires that any state follow the "no-harm principle," which is regarded as an international customary rule.According to the principle,the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility,which incurs international punishment.Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice,including the approach of State Responsibility(SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law.Based on clear rules,the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility.The International Environmental Regulation(IEB),which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change,takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage.International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism(IEDSM),which includes the means such as consultations,negotiations,nonmandatory ways and international arbitration,international judicial ways to solve these disputes,functions as a procedural safeguard.As an active promoter of global climate governance,China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility(CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations,actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation,fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation,vigorously develop a low-carbon economy,and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.

Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas （New ApproachmOnline Sensors for Pest Detection）

Common denominator and one of the goals in the ＂storage＂ of many, even different, commodities （agricultural, etc.） is their protection against invasion by biological pests; protection of objects of cultural heritage deposited in museums, galleries, archives and other institutions of a similar type is one of the specific case. The present article is an overview of basic （potential） biological pests of some ＂storage＂ commodities （with emphasis on the protection of objects of cultural heritage） as well as methods used for their detection. In the final section, a modular system of the ongoing assessment of the environmental characteristics of depositaries and exhibitions （including ＂biological＂） is briefly presented; its advantage is the possibility of on-line monitoring of the evaluated parameters （temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.） including the detection of presence of crawling and airborne insects.

The International Conference on Environmental Concerns and Emerging Abatement Technologies

"The International Conference on Environmental Concerns and Emerging Abatement Technologies" co-sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Netherlands Organization for

2013 5th International Conference on Chemical,Biological and Environmental Engineering-ICBEE 2013

The ICBEE 2013 is sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological ＆ Environmental Engineering Society. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working in India and abroad. All ICBEE 2013 papers will be published in the APCBEE Procedia （Journal under Elsevier, ISSN： 2212-6708）, and will be included in ScienceDirect. One Excellent Paper will be selected from each oral session. The Certificate for Excellent Papers will be awarded in the Welcome Banquet on September 15, 2013.

Study on Effective Approaches of Funds Gap Management in Commercial Banks

Funds gap management, as the key point of interest rate management, has become a major approach to prevent financial crisis. This paper presents three ways of how to control the funds gap from the points of improving exterior environment, enhancing the supervision for central government to commercial banks and improving the internal control of the commercial banks.

PROPAGATION OF INTERNAL INERTIO-GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRA IN VERTICAL WIND SHEAR ENVIRONMENTS

The variation of the spectral structure of the internal inertio-gravity waves (ⅡGWs) propagating in the atmospheric wind shear environments is discussed in this paper. From the hydrodynamic equation set in Boussinesq approximation, a spectral propagation equation ⅡGWs satisfy is derived, then the spectral correspondence in the upper atmosphere is numerically calculated, after a forced spectrum is given as a Van- Zandt one at the lower boundary. The results show that if ⅡGWs do not encounter the critical-layer absorp- tion, then their spectral structure may be not changed significantly; otherwise it may be changed greatly, and a few of spectral components are filtered. Also the isotropy of the assumed VanZandt spectrum is distorted in upward-propagating process. That is the directional filtering effect of the atmospheric wind on the gravity wave spectrum.