International Politics of Western Literary Theory:Literary Theory as Doctrine and as Discipline

European literary criticism was rapidly transformed into literary theory through the United States after Rene Wellek and Austin Warren’s textbook Theory of Literary Theory by Harcourt,Brace and Co.(1949).Within a short period of time,American new criticism,European psychoanalysis,semiotics,structuralism,hermeneutics,deconstructivism,and so on,as well as the western Marxism,feminism,new historicism,post-colonial criticism,and cultural studies,all the critical methods little referenced to postwar Western ideology and Soviet Ideology,and are even known for their profound criticism of some problems in capitalist society.These intuitively scientific or neutral literary theories flourished during the Cold War years that contained the Soviet Union.During this period,“political correctness”not only influenced the direction of social development in the West,but also directly influenced the academic pattern and the development trend of universities at that time,so that“literary criticism”,which was originally only based on personal experience,benefited and became“literary theory”in the discipline and curriculum system.As a result,the discipline of literary theory,which benefited from the Cold War pattern,is often in conflict with the specific literary theory that transcends ideology.However,the Cold War ended with the failure of the Soviet Union and its socialist realism theory system,and the western literary theory unexpectedly gained full legitimacy like Fukuyama’s“the end of history”.In the post-Cold War era,Western literary critics reasonably expanded the controversial theories and this has become the most concerned topic for 30 years.Thus,the international politics of the disguised Western literary theory was highlighted.Such Western literary theory has been generalized in China in the last 40 years,because Chinese academic yet has not understood the difference between theory as discipline and theory as doctrine,even anti-western in recent years.

The Relationship Between Anti-terrorism and Human Rights Protection: Perspective of International Politics

This article briefly outlines how anti-terrorism struggles became linked and their relationship thereafter with human rights issues in international political life. With equal relevance and value to human development, anti-terrorism efforts and human rights protection are themselves not mutually exclusive or contradictory. Their conflict in everyday life has sometimes resulted from the fact that they are both manipulated in the service of certain political ends. What's more, there has never been p erfect human rights protection in the world so far, which often makes human rights problems an easy charge against almost every government. No anti-terrorist activities in either the US or Europe have been really constrained by the idea of human rights no matter how beautiful their rhetoric has been. Now both human rights and anti-terrorism have been made into a tool of diplomacy and international politics. With the war in Afghanistan over, the United States is enhancing its human rights diplomacy together with its anti-terrorism diplomacy. Truly efficient, comprehensive international cooperation on anti-terrorism is still far away.

Exploring Root-causes of Internet Impact On International Politics

Internet has opened up a new international political space.Internet impact on international politics is its outward manifestation of the inherent operating logic.Internet with it unique inherent rules guides or negates behavior of an actor to force it to obey its intrinsic laws so as to better safeguard the interests.This paper comes up with Internet boosting role in international structure changes,namely a catalyst,synchronized and structural role.Internet,as an information medium enables certain social factors to promote changes in international politics,and as advanced technology,can contribute to continuous mutual recognition between the progress of international politics and the passing times,expand socially interactive exchanges and provide conditions for the international community to further world socialization.

Kant and Confucius:Moral Ethics Behind Western and Eastern Approaches to International Relations

International relations(IR)as a discipline is currently experiencing a crisis that may be viewed as a protest against the Euro-centric theories in humanities and the Western view on global politics,some of the most vocal opponents coming from Asia,with China at its core.This paper aims to compare the principles that depict moral ethics serving as a base for political idealism in the West and the East with Kant’s views as a foundation for Western idealism and Confucius’s ethical theory as a ground for an ideal society from the Asian perspective.The comparison is conducted along the following axes:the notions of autonomy,will,and freedom,initially developed to depict an ideal world order in the Kantian view.As a result of this comparison,the common feature between the two types of ethics,namely the strive for human dignity,becomes apparent.In conclusion,the paper suggests that researchers should concentrate on common features in the two philosophies instead of juxtaposing their apparent differences,which politically reflect the opposition of individualism and collectivism.Stress on human dignity shall become a unifying factor in modern international politics instead.

Assessment of and Countermeasures against International Political Risk for Chinese Oil Companies

Considering the circumstances of Chinese oil companies and the latest development of international politics and world oil situation, this paper analyzes the implication and main factors of international political risk for Chinese oil companies, and presents the principles, mode and scoring method for the assessment of international political risk. Strategies and suggestions to manage international political risk in their overseas business are provided for Chinese oil companies.

How Does China Impact the Future International Political Order？ Conceptual Reflections of the ＂China Model＂ in Light of China＇s Fragmented Polity

This article ties in with the research on an emerging ＂China model＂ as an alternative to conceptions of political order introduced and promoted by the ＂West＂. While the term ＂China model＂ will remain of enormous political importance and is in need of further research, the emergence of a ＂one size fits all＂ model of Chinese policy making is rather unlikely. Instead of searching for such a model, social scientific research should analyze whether and how the fragmented Chinese polity is being impacted by such unitary ＂ideas＂ of a Chinese political order and vice versa.

America's Difficulties after the War and the International Political Consequences of the War

The U. S. A will succeed militarily in the Iraq war. However, it is far away from the true meaning of victory in war defined by distinguished strategic thinker B. H. Liddell Hart, even inaccessible. Using Hart’s own word, the true victory in war is to attain a better state of peace and improve the quality of life for the survivors after the war is over. What await America after the basic success in Iraq are grave military and political difficulties. Moreover, there may be bigger economic and financial troubles as well.

Carbon Neutrality and the Changing Landscape of Global Energy Politics

The international low-carbon energy transition has been accelerated by national carbon neutral targets.Global consumption of traditional energy sources is entering a bottleneck,the development of new and renewable energy is accelerating,and trends of energy electrification,networking,and digitalization are rising.At the same time,amid the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,some radical and political emissions reduction measures in the low-carbon transition process have exacerbated a short-term international energy supply–demand imbalance,resulting in soaring energy prices and electricity shortages in many countries.The ongoing global energy shortage underscores the complexity and long-term character of the international energy transition,suggesting that the lowcarbon transition process will face numerous new energy security issues.The energy structure shift to low carbon is driving the adjustment of both the connotations and structures of world energy politics,accelerating the evolution of the concept of energy security,strategy,and international energy security frameworks.Traditional and new energy geopolitical games are being played simultaneously,and the global energy geopolitical landscape is brewing multiple new changes.

A Study on the Discourse Guidance of Major International Political Issues in the International Students in China——Taken Zhejiang Province for Example

The purpose of this research mainly investigates the level of discourse guidance among international students in Zhejiang province.And the related level of aspects of politically conscious,political attitude,feedback,and discourse guidance are also investigated.408 Chinese university international students in Zhejiang province have involved in this study,and there is a medium level of politically conscious,high level of attitude,medium level of feedback,and low level of discourse guidance.Some discussions and suggestions are proposed.

China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

Universality and Relativism of Human Rights from Perspective of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

There has been much discussion in the recent decade on the universality or particularity or relativism or on the relations between the universal values and standard systems and cultural diversity or pluralism. But most of the discussions are concentrated on the abstract or conceptual terms, with few touching upon international human fights standards. This is strange, because the disputes will never end and it is impossible to arrive at any conclusions of value if discussions only focus on the different concepts and systems of different countries or civilizations instead of on what has been universally accepted or at least on the international human rights treaties and the customary international human rights laws that are binding to the great number of state parties.

乌克兰危机的影响及启示

The escalation of the Ukraine crisis over the past year has exerted a significant and far-reaching impact on international politics,the economy,and the military.The international order is collapsing gradually in the post-Cold War era.International politics is becoming increasingly camp-oriented,the international economy is tending more and more toward antiglobalization,the global arms race is growing progressively fiercer,and the application of new military technologies is steering humankind to a new era of war.The United States has used Ukraine to fight a proxy war with Russia and has become the principal beneficiary of this crisis by utilizing this opportunity to strengthen its alliance system,stabilize itself,control Europe,and restrain Russia.Ukraine's capacity and willingness to fight have intensified with Western support,and neither side is willing to reconcile.A standoff between Russia and Ukraine would prolong the conflict,escalating the risk of nuclear war.However,the possibility of negotiations to contain the crisis cannot be ruled out.The emergency has reminded Europe of the value of strategic autonomy and has warned Asian countries to prohibit the United States from launching new proxy wars in the region.China's Global Security Initiative and Position Paper on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis offer innovative ideas that can help the concerned parties to withdraw from the crisis and can aid the international community in building lasting peace.

Politics of Oil and Natural Gas vis-à-vis the Foreign Policy of Iran

This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy.Because these resources play a major role in government power,they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy and relations with other countries.Our review led us to conclude that despite Iran’s abundant reserves􀃼the world’s fourth-largest crude oil and largest natural gas reserves-international powers influenced the country’s foreign policy sufficiently for Iran to decrease its oil production.The authors will demonstrate how fluctuations in oil and natural gas production were the outcome of a globalized structure that affected instability in Iran’s foreign policy in specific ways.Our conceptual investigation of energy politics after the 1979 revolution revealed different policies that caused numerous concerns for the new government.While Iran’s politicians strove to retain the Islamic Republic above all,both doctrine and foreign policy revolved circuitously from a radical 1979 Revolution position to renewed radical position in 2005 with two intermediate shifts in position.One was pragmatic shift in the late 1980s,and the second took a more moderate tone in late 1990s by focusing almost entirely on the production of oil and natural gas.

Diplomatic Relations and Investment Location of Chinese Multinationals:An International Political Economy Perspective

Past research has suggested that diplomacy can play a significant role as a mechanism to pave the way for multinational enterprises(MNEs)in foreign countries.Drawing on the international political economy perspective,this article analyzes the influence of the diplomatic activities of the Chinese government on the location of Chinese MNEs.It develops several hypotheses regarding the influence of three essential tools in the Chinese government's current diplomatic agenda:high-level visits by the Chinese President,the establishment of Confucius Institutes,and the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 972 country-year observations from 2013 to 2021.The results show that high-level government visits and Confucius Institutes positively impacted the location of China's outward foreign direct investments,with the effect being lower in BRI countries.The impact of Confucius Institutes was higher for state-owned enterprises.

Human Rights as Placeholders

Two prevailing ＂traditional＂ notions of human rights also cause the current skeptical mood concerning human rights. Either human rights are seen in a morally exaggerated way as ＂trump cards＂ in political negotiations, or they are pruned back to a purely juridical level, absorbed into legal instances that accord them at most the rank of constitutional rights. In contrast to this, the author defends a political conception of human rights that overcomes the problems besetting both conceptions, but without having to sacrifice their critical, normative content or a realistic role for human rights in international politics. A political conception of human rights assumes, the author argues firstly, that human rights grow out of concrete experiences of injustice and are the product of political struggles. Human rights are, secondly, placeholders for the public thematization of oppression, humiliation, marginalization, and despotism. A third characteristic feature of a political conception of human rights is that human rights raise claims to a rule system that permits access to the freedoms and resources formulated by human rights. And finally, the obligations imposed by human rights are not duties of assistance but institutional duties to realize the conditions for exercising human rights. Human rights, the author concludes, can be ＂used＂ by any person to criticize existing ordering structures and can be activated for political purposes directed to the common good.

China’s New Silk Route Initiative:Political and Economic Implications for the Middle East and Southeast Asia

The liberal economic policies which have been developed in China in the 1980s have significantly produced a“new demographic”reality with an increasing proportion of about 350 to 400-million strong Chinese middle class.This new reality is starting to affect the conduct and direction of China’s foreign policy particularly toward countries in Middle East and Southeast Asian regions,which hold considerable amount of energy resources,such as crude oil and gas.The“One Belt One Road”initiative(OBOR),proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013,signals the reinvigoration of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Route as a necessary measure to meet future Chinese demand for energy and open markets for its surplus products.Over the last two years,various Middle East countries,such as Iran,Saudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates,Turkey,Israel have watched China in cultural and political arenas.China’s economic needs have triggered this development.The same year,China’s president visited Indonesia and pledged a$40 billion fund to develop infrastructures along the route.With the new silk route proposal,China would be able to guarantee not only the stable energy supply from the Middle East but also access the markets of Southeast Asian countries.However,diverse views arising from this proposal questioned China’s real intentions.Has China’s proposal been designed to reorder Asia and contain US pivot to Asia?Does it signal the enlargement of China’s regional influence using its economic might?What does this policy say about ASEAN member countries,particularly the Philippines?This article however argues that China’s regional and international expansion is a natural byproduct of its economic weight;it also argues that the Middle East and maritime Southeast Asian countries can expect maximum economic and political gains from joining the“One Belt One Road”initiative.