International Standardization of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology:Overlaps,Gaps and Challenges

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.

Comparison of seismic actions and structural design requirements in Chinese Code GB 50011 and International Standard ISO 3010

This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.

Ophthalmology residency training in Jordan:an evaluation of quality and comparison with international standards

AIMTo evaluate Jordanian ophthalmology residency programs in achieving competencies outlined by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and residents' satisfaction with available training programs in Jordan, and to highlight weakness points that may be improved and strengthened.

A Review of White Granulated Sugar Standard Development in China and Comparative Study on the Chinese White Granulated Sugar Standard with International Standard

The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthening the quality management of sugar products.This paper systematically combs the development of national standard and industrial standard of white granulated sugar,and analyzes the technical requirements such as sensory indicators,physical and chemical indicators and health indicators.From the development of China's white granulated sugar product standard,the sucrose content of the same level of white granulated sugar has not been adjusted,while the standard for indexes other than sucrose content,have been improved to meet the needs of the development of China's sugar industry and the development of domestic and foreign trade.Through comparison with the international standard of white granulated sugar,it is concluded that China’s national standard of white granulated sugar has kept pace with international standard.

Application of International Standards in the Design of Monoblock Contrete Sleepers for Argentinian Railways

It is presented a State of the Art of international standards in the field of monoblock concrete sleepers design and calculation.Taking into account the fact that the Argentinian broad track gauge(1,676 mm)is different to international track gauge(1,435 mm)that is worldwide used,a comparative analysis is developed in order to evaluate the performance of internationals standards in the design of the sleepers used in Argentinian railways.Recommendations for future research are provided.

China and IEC international standardization activities

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), one of the currently worlswide largest and most authoritative international standardization organizations,is specialized in developing and promulgating international standards for the electric and electronic fields, which are widespread adopted through out the world and play an important role in the international trade of electric and electronic products. Moreover, according to the 2005 statistics by the World Bank, the population of countries participating in the IEC activities accounts for 92% of the world total and their trade volume accounts for 95% of the global total. ……

Analysis of monopoly risks in international standardization activities from the perspective of market competition and relevant suggestions

With the development of International SDOs,the relationship between standardization activities and market competition has become closer and more complex.Some International SDOs may restrict enterprises from participating in relevant standardization activities without justifiable reasons,which is contrary to the international consensus on the principles of openness,fairness and transparency in standardization,in which there is a risk of monopoly that excludes and restricts competition.Enterprises can consider defending their legitimate rights and interests through anti-monopoly litigation.A sustainable international standardization ecological environment should be actively created to fundamentally reduce the above-mentioned risks.

Great Achievements in RF Connector International Standardization

This text introduces the great achievements made in recent years in the international standardization of the radio frequency （RF）connector. It analyses why the standards should be prepared and the benefits of standardization on our RF connector industry.

Review and Outlook of China Electronic and IT Industry Footprints in IEC International Standardization Activities

Year 2006 is the year marking the 100th anniversary of the founding of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC is mainly engaged in the international standardization for electrical and electronic technology field aiming at promoting international trade and technology cooperation and exchange, improving product and service quality, upgrading productivity and protecting the environment as well as human health and safety. Most countries worldwide adopt standards developed and promulgated by IEC, providing a platform to international trade and technical exchange. China has being a member since 1957. Electronic and IT are the most developed and energetic filed in recent decades. Number of IEC TC/SC specialized in electronic and IT amounts up to 52.……

First ISO International Standard on Chinese Materia Medica

ISO 18662-1：2017, Traditional Chinese medicine - Vocabulary - Part 1： Chinese Materia Medica （CMM） was officially released recently. The standard is the first terminology standard published by ISO/TC 249, Traditional Chinese medicine, which provides an important basis to standardize and uniform the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine in the international community.

The Achievements of Participating International Standardization Activities Made by Chinese Electrotechnical Industry

Chinese electrotechnical industry includes power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution equipment, multi-purpose equipment, and basic electrical material. The industry has 46 national technical committees (TC) and sub-committees (SC), which mirrors to 70 TCs and SCs of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). During the past five years, leaded by Standardization Administration of China (SAC),China Electrical Equipment Industry Association (CEEIA) obtained many great achievements in promoting participation of international standardization activities by improving unified management and concentrating industrial strength:……

A Study to View International Standard Terminology from the English Translation of Terms Related to Tongue Proper in an Original Foreign Work

By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translations of specific terms of tongue proper,such as tongue colors,forms of tongue,motilities of tongue and sublingual veins in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine and WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.From a cross-cultural perspective,this paper emphasized the significance of the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terminology,and analyzed the merits and demerits of the English translations of TCM terms related to tongue proper from 2 different books,so as to provide references for the standardization of TCM terminology.

ISO International Standards—a“toolbox”of Olympic proportions for major sporting,cultural and social events

How are the winners determined in most of the events that make up the Olympic Games? Theyare,of course,the athletes who run or swim faster,jump higher,lift heavier,throw further.But how is their prowess measured? By the SI (Système inter-national) International System of Units,which

DELIBERATlON TO THE DEFINITION OF TOOTH THICKNESS FOR INVOLUTE HELICAL GEAR IN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO1122／1

The definitions of the normal chordal tooth thichness and the constant chord in interna-tional standard ISO 1122/1-1983(E) are analyzed according to the basic principle of involute cy-lindrical gear geometry. It is pointed out that in the case of spur gears, the two definitions arerespectively identical with generally recognized traditional formulas, but in the case of helical gears,they are respectively contradictory with their traditional formulas. The general principle of themethod of the two-point measuring for the tooth thickness of gears is analysized, and the calcula-tion formulas of the two-point measuring for the tooth thickness of the involute helical gear ispresented. It is proved theoretically that a constant chord can be measured with the method of thetwo-point measuring (with the tooth thickness caliper) while normal chordal tooth thickness cannot be measured with the tooth thickness caliper (the method of the two-point measuring). The is-sues of the two definitions of the tooth thickness in the international standard are analysed outagain in measurng.

Actively Adopt International Standards——The 3^(rd)Workshop of IFAN Held in Shenzhen

Initiated by IFAN,the 3th workshop of International Federation of Standards Users （IFAN） in China was held in Shenzhen on th 12th of June.It was hosted by the China Association for

Visualization analysis of the international standard ISO/TC 249 for traditional Chinese medicine

Objective This study proposes to visually review the current situation and progress of standards sets by the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249). The review aims to explore the development strategies of the standards, which will exhibit the considerable impact on the economy, trade and exchanges, and cooperation in the area of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods ISO/TC 249 standards were searched on the ISO website, and their title, proposed time, current stage, scope, and classification were obtained for further summarization. Gephi was utilized to portray the co-occurrence network graph of the ISO/TC 249 standards subject.Results In ISO/TC 249, there were 116 standards, including 81 published standards and 35 developing standards by April 30, 2022. Two withdrawal standards were published after revision, which were not counted in the total standards. The number of published standards has been increasing since the first standard was published in 2014, whose title was “Sterile acupuncture needles for single use”. Among these standards, 17.24%(20/116) standards were in review, 56.03%(65/116) in publication, 3.45%(4/116) in approval, 5.17%(6/116) in enquiry,3.45%(4/116) in committee, and 14.66%(17/116) in preparation, respectively. With 116 standards, most of the research focused on the medicament, as its classification of the International Classification for Standards(ICS) showed the proportion reaching 49.54%. The network analysis data revealed that the top five most frequent words were “materials” “root” “requirements” “products” and “system”, after removing the noise data, such as prepositions,conjunctions, and pronouns. Additionally, the word “system” co-exists with the terms “computerized” “coding” “image” “tongue” and “analysis”;the word “requirement” co-exists with“manufacturing” “decoction” “process” and “materials”;whereas the word “devices” coexists with “pulse” “electric” “skin” and “measurement”.Conclusion With the increased diversification and complexity of problems, the development of standards is also oriented to multidisciplinary fields to cultivate the interdisciplinary talents, and especially the international standardization talents of compound TCM. Multi-angle analysis, formulation, and demonstration of standards, in line with industry needs in different disciplines, enhance the availability of standards and the ability to serve the industry.

Developing ISO International Standards for the Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils Sector

Increasing volumes of oils and fats are produced annually with a large section that are traded internationally. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) body develops international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing with 23,882 standards currently published. Standards in the animal and vegetable fats and oils sector is developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 11, Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Standards are developed through consensus by national members that represent ISO in their country. Each Standard is developed within a determined timeframe and goes through various pre-determined stages such as project proposal, development, national voting and commenting on the draft Standard to final publication. ISO TC34/SC11 Standards range from sampling of oils and fats, sample preparation to analysis of its composition, the minor components, and quality and identity parameters as well as contaminants. The analysis results are used by industry for product development, labelling, research and to provide peace of mind for consumers on its safety. An important future trend is the focus on the safety concerns from either environmental contamination(e.g. mineral oils) or processing contaminants such as esters of 3-MCPDs(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol).

Reflections on Applications of International Standards for Financial Data Exchange in China Securities and Futures Markets

1.1. Development of international data exchange standards in securities field Securities market involves a large number of participants, like investors, securities companies, exchanges, clearingcorporations and so on. Businesses among the participants are completed via data exchange. Therefore, the data exchange protocols serve an important factor to determine and promote the sate and rapid development of the securities market.