Improving Taxation of Income from International Transportation——Study on Jurisdictions Covered by the Belt and Road Initiative

The goals pursued by the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and the role played by international transportation on the development of cross-border trade suggest a focused review of issues dealing with taxation of transportation income derived from the operation of ships,railways and trucks in international traffic.This article covers an analysis of some of the treaties concluded by certain BRI jurisdictions and the possible ways of improvement of the tax regime applicable to taxation of international transportation either through international administrative cooperation or treaty legislation.

Impact of T_(i)/T_(e )ratio on ion transport based on EAST H-mode plasmas

At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.

Stability of tokamak plasmas with internal transport barriers against high n ideal magnetohydrodynamic ballooning mode

A ballooning mode equation for tokamak plasma, with the toroidicity and the Shafranov shift effects included, is derived for a shift circular flux tokamak configuration. Using this equation, the stability of the plasma configuration with an internal transport barrier （ITB） against the high n （the toroidal mode number） ideal magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） ballooning mode is analysed. It is shown that both the toroidicity and the Shaftanov shift effects are stabilizing. In the ITB region, these effects give rise to a low shear stable channel between the first and the second stability regions. Out of the ITB region towards the plasma edge, the stabilizing effect of the Shaftanov shift causes the unstable zone to be significantly narrowed.

Flow Shear Stabilization of Ion Temperature Gradient Modes in an Internal Transport Barrier

Ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven instability is studied withgyro-kinetic theory in an internal transport barrier (ITB) of tokamak plasmas. The stabilizationeffects of a parallel velocity shear on the modes are investigated. It is found that the modestructures and stability properties, as well as the effects of a velocity shear, in an ITB aresignificantly different from that in off-ITB regions.

Recent results of fusion triple product on EAST tokamak

High fusion triple product has been obtained in the advanced scenarios with high normalized beta(βN)on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).A record value of ni0Ti0τE1.0×1019m^(-3)ke V s for EAST deuterium plasma has been achieved,which is due to the formation of strong and broad internal transport barriers(ITBs)in ne,Teand Tiprofiles.Analysis shows that the strong ITB formation could be attributed to the reduction of transport from ITG modes.Based on the analysis,the physical mechanisms and methods to furtherimprove the plasma performance are discussed.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY RAILWAY BETWEEN CIM AND SMGS

China and some of its trade partners in Western Europe apply different legal regimes for international carriage of goods by railway -- respectively Agreement on International Railway Freight Transportation （SMGS） and Uniform Rules Concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Rail （CIM）. For transportation of goods by railway between China and Western Europe both the CIM and the SMGS are often applicable. China＇s initiative ＂the Belt and Road＂ promotes development of railway transport in Eurasia and creates new incentives for comparative study between those two international legal systems. This article provides a brief historical outline of comparative studies between the CIM and SMGS. This article also purports to show that some similarities and differences between the two regimes might be better understood from the perspective of comparative legal history. Taking into account inter alia the common origin of the current versions of the CIM and SMGS in the 4th revision of the CIM of 1933, differences and similarities between two legal regimes have been analysed with regard to the following topics： the scope of application of the CIM and SMGS, the nature of the carrier＇s liability under the CIM and SMGS; exclusivity of the CIM, exclusivity of the contract of carriage under the SMGS, period of responsibility; persons for whom the carder is liable.

Remarks on the International Symposium of China's Urban Transport

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Blind spots in climate finance for innovation Peter WARREN

International climate finance is a sub-set of green finance and refers to investments specifically in climate change mitigation and adaptation activities,which primarily involve public finance and the leveraging of private finance in developing countries.In addition to continued international support for scaling low carbon solutions and facilitating replicability in developing countries,there remains an important need to increase the amount of climate finance provided to innovation,particularly demonstration(for technology innovation)and pilot implementation(for policy innovation),and to channel a greater proportion of Official Development Assistance(ODA)to‘hard-to-abate'areas,such as industrial decarbonisation,international transport and cross-sectoral issues like cooling and behavioural insights,to accelerate the commercialisation and implementation of technological,linancial and policy solutions to contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to‘well-below'2℃ in these countries.Linking research,development and demonstration(RD&D)support with technical assistance is important in providing the route to obtain wider donor finance(concessional finance)and private finance to enable deployment through scalability and replicability.