P300 change and cognitive behavioral therapy in subjects with Internet addiction disorder A 3-month follow-up study

Event-related potential studies of cognitive function in addiction behaviors have focused on the P300 event-related potential component. The current study investigated the association between P300 component and Internet addiction disorder. We found that individuals with Internet addiction disorder exhibited significantly longer P300 latencies than controls （N2： P = 0.035; P3a： P = 0.031 P3b： P = 0.043） and similar P300 amplitudes compared to control participants. After 3 months of cognitive behavioral therapy, P300 latencies decreased significantly in the P3a and P3b （P3a： P = 0.045; P3b： P = 0.062）. These results suggest that deficits in cognitive function may be involved in Internet addiction disorder, and that clinical psychological treatment may be effective.

Decreased frontal lobe function in people with Internet addiction disorder

In our previous studies, we showed that frontal lobe and brainstem functions were abnormal in online game addicts. In this study, 14 students with Internet addiction disorder and 14 matched healthy controls underwent proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure cerebral function. Results demonstrated that the ratio of N-acetylaspartate to creatine decreased, but the ratio of cho- line-containing compounds to creatine increased in the bilateral frontal lobe white matter in people with Internet addiction disorder. However, these ratios were mostly unaltered in the brainstem, suggesting that frontal lobe function decreases in people with Internet addiction disorder.

Determinants of internet addiction among medical students in Casablanca: a cross-sectional study

Objective:This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca,Morocco.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study conducted among students at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy in Casablanca between October and March 2020.An online questionnaire was administered to students to collect data and internet addiction was assessed by the Young questionnaire.A score threshold≥50 was adopted to define addiction.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with internet addiction.Results:Out of a total of 4093 FMPC students enrolled in the 2020-2021 academic year,506 agreed to participate in this study,including 303 females and 203 males.The mean addiction score assessed on the Young scale was(49.08±16.11).The prevalence of Internet addiction was 44.5%(225/506,95% CI:40% to 49%).Multiple regression analysis showed that being older than 20 years(OR=0.17,95% CI:0.40 to 0.64),being female(OR=1.70,95% CI:1.04 to 2.78),being in the dissertation year(6th year)(OR=5.17,95% CI:2.23 to 11.44),having a history of psychiatric consultation(OR=2.64,95% CI:1.34 to 5.21),having divorced parents(OR=2.64,95% CI:1.05 to 5.87),use of sleeping medication(OR=2.9,95% CI:1.05 to 3.70),sleep disorders(OR=2.06,95% CI:1.25 to 3.79),sleep deprivation(OR=2.26,95% CI:1.39 to 3.65),excessive daytime sleepiness(OR=5.39,95% CI:2.19 to 13.24),anxiety disorders(OR=1.47,95% CI:1.18 to 2.30),duration of internet connection(>4 h)(OR=11.43,95% CI:4.85 to 27.66),and having frequent conflicts with parents(OR=2.37,95% CI:1.49 to 3.79)and friends(OR=0.26,95% CI:0.11 to 0.65)were independently associated with internet addiction.Conclusion:The prevalence of Internet addiction among medical students in Casablanca remains high.Targeted action on the determinants would be of great value in prevention.

Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research

AIM: To provide a comprehensive overview of clinical studies on the clinical picture of Internet-use related addictions from a holistic perspective. A literature search was conducted using the database Web of Science.METHODS: Over the last 15 years, the number of Internet users has increased by 1000%, and at the same time, research on addictive Internet use has proliferated. Internet addiction has not yet been understood very well, and research on its etiology and natural history is still in its infancy. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet Gaming Disorder in the appendix of the updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders(DSM-5) as condition that requires further research prior to official inclusion in the main manual, with important repercussions for research and treatment. To date, reviews have focused on clinical and treatment studies of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder. This arguably limits the analysis to a specific diagnosis of a potential disorder that has not yet been officially recognised in the Western world, rather than a comprehensive and inclusive investigation of Internet-use related addictions(including problematic Internet use) more generally. RESULTS: The systematic literature review identified a total of 46 relevant studies. The included studies used clinical samples, and focused on characteristics of treatment seekers and online addiction treatment. Four main types of clinical research studies were identified, namely research involving(1) treatment seeker characteristics;(2) psychopharmacotherapy;(3) psychological therapy; and(4) combined treatment. CONCLUSION: A consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and measures is needed to improve reliability across studies and to develop effective and efficient treatment approaches for treatment seekers.

Causes of Internet Addiction Disorder

The Internet Addiction Disorder diagnostic manual approved by psychologists on November 8 divides Internet addiction into five categories,which are addiction to online games,pornography,social networking,Internet information and Internetshopping.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internet addiction in young adults

AIM: To report the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI) studies pertaining internet addiction disorder(IAD) in young adults.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review on Pub Med, focusing our attention on f MRI studies involving adult IAD patients, free from any comorbid psychiatric condition. The following search words were used, both alone and in combination: f MRI, internet addiction, internet dependence, functional neuroimaging. The search was conducted on April 20^(th), 2015 and yielded 58 records. Inclusion criteria were the following: Articles written in English, patients' age ≥ 18 years, patients affected by IAD, studies providing f MRI results during resting state or cognitive/emotional paradigms. Structural MRI studies, functional imaging techniques other than f MRI, studies involving adolescents, patients with comorbid psychiatric, neurological or medical conditions were excluded. By reading titles and abstracts, we excluded 30 records. By reading the full texts of the 28 remaining articles, we identified 18 papers meeting our inclusion criteria and therefore included in the qualitative synthesis.RESULTS: We found 18 studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 17 of them conducted in Asia, and including a total number of 666 tested subjects. The included studies reported data acquired during resting state or different paradigms, such as cue-reactivity, guessing or cognitive control tasks. The enrolled patients were usually males(95.4%) and very young(21-25 years). The most represented IAD subtype, reported in more than 85% of patients, was the internet gaming disorder, or videogame addiction. In the resting state studies, the more relevant abnormalities were localized in the superior temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal and parietal regions. When analyzing the task related fmri studies, we found that less than half of the papers reported behavioral differences between patients and normal controls, but all of them found significant differences in cortical and subcortical brain regions involved in cognitive control and reward processing: Orbitofrontal cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and parietal regions, brain stem and caudate nucleus.CONCLUSION: IAD may seriously affect young adults' brain functions. It needs to be studied more in depth to provide a clear diagnosis and an adequate treatment.

Increased regional homogeneity in internet addiction disorder： a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Background Internet addition disorder （lAD） is currently becoming a serious mental health problem among Chinese adolescents. The pathogenesis of lAD, however, remains unclear. The purpose of this study applied regional homogeneity （ReHo） method to analyze encephalic functional characteristic of lAD college students under resting state. Methods Functional magnetic resonanc image （fMRI） was performed in 19 lAD college students and 19 controls under resting state. ReHo method was used to analyze the differences between the average ReHo in two groups. Results The following increased ReHo brain regions were found in lAD group compared with control group： cerebellum, brainstem, right cingulate gyrus, bilateral parahippocampus, right frontal lobe （rectal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus）, left superior frontal gyrus, left precuneus, right postcentral gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. The decreased ReHo brain regions were not found in the lAD group compared with the control group. Conclusions There are abnormalities in regional homogeneity in lAD college students compared with the controls and enhancement of synchronization in most encephalic regions can be found. The results reflect the functional change of brain in lAD college students. The connections between the enhancement of synchronization among cerebellum, brainstem, limbic lobe, frontal lobe and apical lobe may be relative to reward pathways.

Effect of electro-acupuncture combined with psychological intervention on mental symptoms and P50 of auditory evoked potential in patients with internet addiction disorder

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture(EA) combined with psychological intervention on the symptom of somzatization or obsession and mental symptom of depression or anxiety and P50 of Auditory Evoked Potential(AEP) on internet addiction disorder(IAD).METHODS: One hundred and twenty cases of IAD were randomly divided into an EA group, a psycho-intervention(PI) group and a comprehensive therapy(EA plus PI) group. Patients in the EA group were treated with EA. Patients in the PI group were treated with cognition and behavior therapy. Patients in the EA plus PI group were treated with electro-acupuncture plus psychological intervention. Scores of IAD, scores of the symptom checklist90(SCL-90), latency and amplitude of P50 of AEP were measured before and after treatment.RESULTS: The scores of IAD after treatment significantly decreased in all groups(P < 0.05), and thescores of IAD in the EA plus PI group were significantly lower than those in the other two groups(P < 0.05). The scores of SCL-90 assembled and each factor after treatment in the EA plus PI group significantly decreased(P < 0.05). After treatment in the EA plus PI group, the amplitude distance of S1P50 and S2P50(S1-S2) significantly increased(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: EA combined with PI could relieve the mental symptoms of IAD patients, and the mechanism is possibly related to the increase of cerebrum sense perception gating function.

A Comparative Analysis of Psychological Disorders between Internet Addicted Students and Ordinary Internet Users in Zabol University of Medical Sciences

Nowadays, using the Internet, for academic and non-academic activities, is an integral part of students’ daily life. Studies showed that excessive use of the Internet has negative effects on physical and mental health. The present research was conducted in order to compare the psychological disorders of Internet addicted students and ordinary Internet users in Zabol University of medical sciences. It applied a causal-comparative method. Through applying purposive sampling method, 252 undergraduate and postgraduate students of Zabol University of Medical Sciences were selected in May 2015. Data collection was performed using standard questionnaires of Young’s Internet Addiction Test and the Symptom Check List 90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Data analysis was carried out using independent t-test with SPSS21. Results indicated that the Internet addicted students, compared with ordinary Internet users had more psychological disorders. Considering the high prevalence of psychological disorders in the Internet addicted students, teaching appropriate use of the Internet to students is an important factor in controlling the Internet addiction.

Problematic Internet use in drug addicts under treatment in public rehab centers

BACKGROUND Problematic Internet use(PIU)or Internet addiction has been recognized to be a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations,urges,or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that leads to impairment or distress resembling substance abuse.AIM To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Internet use and abuse in a group of drug addicts from Southern Italy,by means of a specific questionnaire[“Questionario sull’Utilizzo delle Nuove Tecnologie”(QUNT)].METHODS All subjects(183)were heavy smokers,almost 50%of them used heroin and/or opioid compounds,30%alcohol,10%cannabis,8%cocaine,and 5%were polydrug users.Almost 10%of the individuals were also suffering from gambling disorder.RESULTS The time spent online was more than 4 hours a day in the total sample,with a slight prevalence in male subjects.Cocaine and cannabis users spent more than 6 hours online,significantly more than opioid and alcohol abusers.Distribution of the QUNT factors was not different in both sexes.Cocaine users showed higher scores at the“loss of control”,“pornography addiction”,and“addiction to social networks”factors,for the stimulant effect of this substance.Moreover,15 out of the total 17 cocaine users were pathological gamblers.Positive and statistically significant relationships were observed between some QUNT factors and body mass index.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that PIU is less severe in subjects taking sedative substances,such as heroin/opioids and alcohol,than in subjects taking stimulants.Alternatively,it may be used as a“stimulant”trigger in cocaine and cannabis users.Flattening effect of abuse drugs was noted on possible sex-related differences in QUNT items.We observed a sort of“protective”effect of a love relationship and/or living together with a partner,as those engaged subjects showed lower scores on different items than single subjects or those living alone.The relationship between time spent online(and related sedentary lifestyle)and body mass index would suggest that Internet use might be a contributing factor to increasing weight gain and obesity amongst adolescents and young adults worldwide.Our findings also highlighted the specific vulnerability of drug addicts who use stimulants,rather than sedative compounds,to other kinds of behavioral addictions,such as gambling disorder.

ACT联合rTMS对青少年游戏障碍患者网瘾程度及内隐认知偏倚的影响

目的探讨接受与现实疗法(ACT)联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)在青少年游戏障碍(GD)患者中的应用效果。方法选取2021年1月至2022年1月该院收治的100例青少年GD患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各50例。对照组采取认知行为疗法,观察组采取ACT联合rTMS,比较2组中文网络成瘾量表修订版(CIAS-R)评分、内隐认知偏倚情况和学习倦怠评分。结果2组治疗前CIAS-R各维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后CIAS-R各维度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗前内隐认知偏倚情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组治疗后内隐认知偏倚情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗前学习倦怠各维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后学习倦怠各维度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ACT联合rTMS治疗青少年GD患者的效果显著,能降低网瘾程度,改善内隐认知偏倚和学习倦怠情况,有利于其健康成长。

氟伏沙明联合利培酮对青少年网络成瘾患者情绪障碍的疗效

目的:分析青少年网络成瘾患者应用氟伏沙明联合利培酮治疗对其情绪障碍的影响。方法:选取2022年6月~2023年6月期间本院收治的78例青少年网络成瘾患者作为研究对象,随机将患者分为对照组和研究组,各39例。对照组采用利培酮治疗;研究组在对照组基础上联合氟伏沙明治疗。分析比较两组的治疗效果、社交网络成瘾性、情绪障碍严重程度及应对方式。结果:研究组的治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组中文网络成瘾性量表(Revised Chen internet addiction scale,CIAS-R)评分、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders,SCARED)评分、积极应对与消极应对评分均无明显差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组的CIAS-R评分、SCARED评分、消极应对评分均降低,且研究组明显低于对照组(P<0.05);两组积极应对评分明显增高,且研究组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:氟伏沙明联合利培酮治疗青少年网络成瘾,能提高临床疗效,抑制青少年网瘾程度,改善患者情绪障碍及应对方式。

青少年抑郁症住院病人非自杀性自伤行为现状及危险因素的分析

目的探究住院抑郁症青少年非自杀性自伤行为的现状及其相关的风险因素。方法纳入2021年9月至2022年1月于山西医科大学第一医院住院治疗的首发中重度青少年抑郁症病人120例,分为无自伤自杀行为组(n=29),非自杀性自伤(non-suicidal self-injury,NSSI)组(n=65),自杀未遂(suicide attempt,SA)组(n=26)。使用自制调查表收集一般资料;汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)-24评估病人的情绪状态;使用自尊量表(SES),艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、网络成瘾测试(IAT)评估病人的社会心理因素。结果无自伤自杀行为组、NSSI组、SA组抑郁、焦虑的得分逐渐增高,SA组HAMD与HAMA得分高于无自伤自杀行为组[(27.6±4.54)分比(22.83±4.80)分;(20.3±4.14)分比(17.21±4.60)分,均P<0.05];NSSI组和SA组CTQ总分、情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、神经质、精神质、ASLEC总分、人际关系、受惩罚、IAT得分高于无自伤自杀行为组;NSSI组及SA组内外向及SES得分显著低于无自伤自杀行为组[(37.33±3.10)分比(35.98±2.34)分比(39.70±3.37)分;22.00(18.50,24.00)分比17.50(15.00,22.00)分比26.00(23.00,29.50)分,均P<0.001)];SA组躯体虐待、情感忽视、其他、IAT得分高于NSSI组[(9.00(8.00,10.25)分比8.00(7.00,9.00)分;14.50(13.00,17.00)分比13.00(12.00,14.00)分;8.00(7.00,10.00)分比6.00(6.00,8.00)分;55.00(54.00,56.00)分比53.00(51.00,54.00)分,均P<0.001)];NSSI组学习压力得分高于无自伤自杀行为组[(11.68±5.29)分比(8.72±5.33)分,P<0.05],以上均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示精神质、IAT为NSSI的危险因素,SES为保护性因素。结论青少年抑郁症病人NSSI行为的患病率较高,精神质、网络成瘾是自伤自杀行为的危险因素,自尊的程度是保护因素。

网络成瘾(游戏障碍)的诊疗与思考

本文目的是探讨网络成瘾(游戏障碍)及其诊疗与研究热点。游戏障碍本质上属于成瘾行为,受到增加正性情绪、缓解负性情绪驱使。本文从一个复杂的共病临床案例引入成瘾行为及游戏障碍的相关问题,对游戏障碍诊断的争议和未来可能的变化、游戏障碍的治疗、目前存在的主要问题与研究热点等进行了讨论。

压力与中学生网络游戏成瘾:非适应性认知的中介作用

目的基于Davis认知行为模式探讨非适应性认知在压力和网络游戏成瘾(IGD)关系间的中介作用,并分析家庭凝聚力和IGD之间的关系。方法于2021年11月从福州市和厦门市随机选取5所初中,采用青少年生活事件量表、非适应性认知量表、家庭凝聚力量表和网络游戏成瘾量表对850名中学生进行调查,采用Pearson相关分析和中介效应分析进行统计学处理。结果(1)控制人口学变量后,压力能够正向预测IGD(r=0.381,P<0.01);(2)非适应性认知在压力和IGD的关系中起部分中介作用(β=0.67,t=27.54,P<0.01);(3)家庭凝聚力能负向预测IGD(β=0.09,t=-3.48,P<0.01),为预防IGD的保护因素。结论压力直接影响IGD的同时通过非适应性认知影响IGD。

关于网络成瘾的心理学研究

网络成瘾指一种心理上对网络的依赖,其概念与药物成瘾既有相似又有差异。目前还缺乏编制精良、应用广泛的测量工具。多数研究采用调查的方法,严格的实验研究很少。一些研究者提出理论模型从心理层面对其进行解释,其中具代表性的有:Young提出的ACE模型,Davis的认知-行为模型,以及Grohol的阶段模型,分别探讨了网络依赖的发生与网络的致瘾特征,网络用户的个体特质以及外在环境之间的关系。

大学生网络成瘾者心理行为特点的在线研究

目的:了解大学生的网络成瘾行为及与人格特征和网络使用状况的相互关系。方法:使用《网络使用调查问卷》、《网络成瘾诊断问卷》和《艾森克人格问卷简式量表》对北京高校的811名大学生进行了在线调查。结果:①网络成瘾者比率为12.9%,男生成瘾比例稍高于女生;②成瘾者的每天上网时间显著多于非成瘾者,上网目的与非成瘾者不同,同时表现出性别差异;③成瘾者EPQ神经质得分显著高于非成瘾者,说谎得分显著低;男性成瘾者在外向性上的得分显著低于非成瘾者。结论:网络成瘾者的成瘾行为与其人格特征相关,并且有性别差异。

大学生网络成瘾的心理健康状况研究

目的:了解大学生网络成瘾的现状及心理健康状况,为采取有效干预措施提供依据。方法:采用分层整群抽样方法,应用网络成瘾诊断量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、社会支持量表(SRSS)对360名大学生进行现况调查。结果:大学生上网率为96.7%,成瘾率为9.20%。其中男生成瘾率(12.58%)明显高于女生成瘾率(6.35%)。成瘾者的SCL-90、HAMD、HAMA等量表评分及各因子分明显高于非成瘾者,SRSS评分明显低于非成瘾者,差异有显著性意义。结论:大学生网络成瘾率较高,网络成瘾严重影响大学生的心理健康。

电针结合心理干预对网瘾患者焦虑状态及血清NE变化的影响

目的:观察电针治疗互联网成瘾综合征(IAD)患者的疗效并初步探讨其作用机制。方法:将47例IAD患者随机分为心理治疗组和电针合心理组,心理治疗组采用认知行为疗法,4天1次,治疗10次为一疗程;电针合心理组,选取百会、四神聪、合谷、太冲、内关、三阴交等穴,予电针治疗,隔天1次,共治疗20次,并行心理治疗同心理治疗组。观察治疗前后患者的IAD评分、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)评分及血清去甲肾上腺素(NE)的变化。结果:电针合心理组总有效率为91.3%,心理治疗组为59.1%,电针合心理组优于心理治疗组(P<0.05)。2组IAD评分、SAS评分、HAMA评分、血清NE含量均较治疗前显著降低(均P<0.01),且电针合心理组均显著低于心理治疗组(P<0.05)。结论:电针结合心理干预疗法能显著改善IAD患者焦虑状态,其机制可能与降低体内NE含量有关。