CONJUGATE MODEL FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF POROUS WALL IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS FLOW

Heat and mass transfer of a porous permeable wall in a high temperature gas dynamical flow is considered. Numerical simulation is conducted on the ground of the conjugate mathematical model which includes filtration and heat transfer equations in a porous body and boundary layer equations on its surface. Such an approach enables one to take into account complex interaction between heat and mass transfer in the gasdynamical flow and in the structure subjected to this flow. The main attention is given to the impact of the intraporous heat transfer intensity on the transpiration cooling efficiency.

Mathematical Model of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Unsaturated Soils *1

A systematic study of coupled heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils under complex boundary conditions was carried out and a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils was established by non equilibrium thermodynamic theory. The gradient of volumetric moisture content, the gradient of temperature, the salt mass concentration and vapor pressure were the primary driving forces influencing the process of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils. Based on the thermodynamic analysis and the mass and energy conservation principles, a set of mass and energy equations were developed. The initial and boundary conditions of soil column for one dimension were also given out.

Heat and Mass Transfer in Process of Fluidized-Bed Spray Granulation

This article presents a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer for the process of fluidized-bed spray granulation, which can be applied in the analysis of bed temperature profile, temperature and humidity of outlet gas and moisture content of particles. Effects of operation parameters on the batch granulation are investigated. The theoretical calculation agrees reasonably well with the experimental data.

Modeling of Heat Transfers in Bioreactive Household Waste Storage Facilities: Spatial and Temporal Distributions

In order to enhance the production of biogas and to study the thermal behavior of waste, a numerical study of fluid flows and heat transfers within household waste was developed to predict the distributions of thermal fields. The mathematical model is based on the conservation of mass and energy equations. The resulting system of equations is discretized using the finite volume method and solved using the Thomas algorithm. The results of the model studied are compared with the numerical and site measurements results from other authors. The results have been found to be in good agreement. The results show that the mathematical model is able to reproduce the thermal behavior in anaerobic phase in landfills. The isotherms revealed that temperatures are lower in the upper part of the waste cell, very high in the core and decrease slightly in the bottom of the cell due to the biodegradation of waste.

Effects of thermophoresis particle deposition and of the thermal conductivity in a porous plate with dissipative heat and mass transfer

Network simulation method（NSM） is used to solve the laminar heat and mass transfer of an electricallyconducting,heat generating/absorbing fluid past a perforated horizontal surface in the presence of viscous and Joule heating problem. The governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential similarity equations,in a single independent variable,畏. The resulting coupled,nonlinear equations are solved under appropriate transformed boundary conditions. Computations are performed for a wide range of the governing flow parameters,viz Prandtl number,thermophoretic coeffcient（a function of Knudsen number）,thermal conductivity parameter,wall transpiration parameter and Schmidt number. The numerical details are discussed with relevant applications. The present problem finds applications in optical fiber fabrication,aerosol filter precipitators,particle deposition on hydronautical blades,semiconductor wafer design,thermo-electronics and problems including nuclear reactor safety.

Numerical method and model for calculating thermal storage time for an annular tube with phase change material

For calculating the thermal storage time for an annular tube with phase change material （PCM）, a novel method is proposed. The method is suitable for either low-temperature PCM or high-temperature PCM whose initial temperature is near the melting point. The deviation fit is smaller than 8% when the time is below 2x104 s. Comparison between the predictions and the reported experimental data of thermal storage time at same conditions is investigated and good agreements have been got. Based on this method, the performance of the thermal storage unit and the role of natural convection are also investigated. Results show a linear relation between the maximum amount of stored heat and thermal storage time, and their ratio increases with the height of the thermal storage unit. As the thickness of the cavity increases, natural convection plays an increasingly important role in promoting the melting behavior of paraffin. When the thickness of the cavity is small, natural convection restrains the melting behavior of paraffin.

Transfer and Reaction Performances of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NzO with CO over Monolith Catalysts

This work tries to identify the relationship between geometric configuration of monolith catalysts, and transfer and reaction performances for selective catalytic reduction of N2O with CO. Monolith catalysts with five different channel shapes (circle, regular triangle, rectangle, square and hexagon), was investigated to make a comprehensive comparison of their pressure drop, heat transfer Nu number, mass transfer Sh number and N2O conversion. It was found that monolith catalysts have a much lower pressure drop than that of traditional packed bed, and for monolith catalysts with different channel shapes, pressure drop decreases in the order of regular triangle > rectangle > square > hexagon > circle. The order of Nu is in regular triangle > rectangle ≈ square > hexagon > circle, similar to that of Sh. N2O conversion follows the order of regular triangle > rectangular ≈ square ≈ circle > hexagon. The results indicate that chemical reaction including internal diffusion is the controlling step in the selective catalytic reduction of N2O removal with CO. In addition, channel size and gas velocity also have influence on N2O conversion and pressure drop.

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global wanning. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for （CoupModel） the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the CoupModel for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination （R2） is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0-20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water ex- changes between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thaw- ing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeoer and permafrost degradation.

Modeling and numerical analysis of evaporative condensing regenerator

A two-dimensional steady state model was developed and solved numerically to predict the performance of evaporative condensing regenerator.Two-dimensional parameter distributions of air,solution and refrigerant were calculated by the mathematical model.The solution content first increases and then decreases along the solution flow direction.At y/Hr=0.98(where Hr is the height of regenerator),air humidity increases from 1.99% to 2.348% firstly and then decreases.The experimental results were used to validate mathematical model.It is indicated that the simulation results agree with experimental data well.The results not only show that the mathematical model can be used to predict the performance of regenerator,but also has great value in the design and improvement of evaporative condensing regenerator.

Influence of furnace temperature and non-uniform heat flux density on direct reduction process of newly designed carbon containing pellet

In this study,innovative ellipsoid pellet with craters on its surface was designed,and the direct reduction process was compared with ellipsoid(without craters)and sphere pellets.In addition,furnace temperature and uneven heat flux density effects on the pellet direct reduction process were also studied.The results show that ellipsoid pellet is better than that of spherical pellet on metallization ratio.However,under the condition of non-uniform heat flow,the ellipsoid pellet final metallization rate and zinc removal rate were lower.Although the heat transfer effect of ellipsoid pellet with craters was not improved significantly,the metallization rate and zinc removal rate were found improved,which will have a cumulative effect on the pellets direct reduction process in rotary hearth furnace.Under varying furnace temperature conditions,the pellet temperature was higher than that of the constant furnace temperature.After 1200 s,pellet Fe concentration increased to 123.6%,metallization rate and zinc removal rate increased to 113.7%and 102.2%,respectively.These results can provide references for the carbon-containing pellet design used in rotary hearth furnace.

Numerical Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Cooling the Circuit Board

In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with the surrounding fluid has been investigated numerically. Computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method has been used for modeling the conjugate heat transfer through the chip and the circuit board. Conjugate heat transfer has broad applications in engineering and industrial applications in design of cooling off electronic components. Effects of various inlet velocities have been studied on the heat transfer variation and temperature of the circuit board. Numerical results show that the temperature of the chip reduces as the velocity of the inlet fluid flow increases.

Numerical Analysis of Complicated Heat and Mass Transfer inside a Wustite Pellet during Reducing to Sponge Iron by H_2 and CO Gaseous Mixture

Heat and mass transfer through a wustite pellet during converting to sponge iron was investigated. Pellet was reduced by a gaseous mixture containing CO and Hz. The grain model was considered to simulate gas solid reac- tion rate. A finite volume method （FVM） was implemented for solving the governing equations. The heat transfer mechanism around the pellet includes radiation and convection and within the pellet, effective heat transfer is consid- ered as a blend of particles conduction and intraparticle radiation. Heat and mass distribution along the radius of pel- let for two cases of reducing gases composed of pure H2 and pure CO was investigated. Local fractional reduction through the pellet was plotted to examine the heat and mass transfer behavior within the pellet and find their rele- vance with reduction degree. Afterwards, the impacts of pertinent parameters including gas ratio, pellet size and po rosity were studied.

Heat mass transfer model of fouling process of calcium carbonate on heat transfer surface

A new heat mass transfer model was developed to predict the fouling process of calcium carbonate on heat transfer surface. The model took into account not only the crystallization fouling but also the particle fouling which was formed on the heat transfer surface by the suspension particles of calcium carbonate in the su- persaturated solution. Based on experimental results of the fouling process, the deposition and removal rates of the mixing fouling were expressed. Furthermore, the coupling effect of temperature with the fouling process was considered in the physics model. As a result the fouling resistance varying with time was obtained to describe the fouling process and the prediction was compared with experimental data under same conditions. The results showed that the present model could give a good prediction of fouling process, and the deviation was less than 15% of the experimental data in most cases. The new model is credible to predict the fouling process.

Improved filtered mesoscale interphase heat transfer model

Mesoscale structures that form in gas-solid flows considerably affect interphase heat transfer.A filtered interphase heat transfer model accounts for the effects of unresolved mesoscale structures is required in coarse-grid simulations.In the literature,researchers obtain the filtered interphase heat transfer coefficient using a correction(Q)to the microscopic interphase heat transfer coefficient.Available models are based on filtered data in the range 0<Q<1.However,the percentage of filtered data in the range Q<0 and Q>1 is non-negligible.This percentage can reach approximately 20%when the dimensionless filter size is smaller than 1.028(66.7×the particle diameter).We proposed an improved filtered interphase heat transfer model by considering the data in the range Q<0 and Q>1.We evaluated the predictive power of our model in an a priori test.Our model has much better performance than other models when the dimensionless filter size△<8.222.

Multi-Scale Numerical Simulation of Flow,Heat and Mass Transfer Behaviors in Dense Gas-Solid Flows:A Brief Review

Dense gas-solid flows are very common in actual production and industrial fields,so it is significant to understand their hydrodynamic characteristics and heat and mass transfer behaviors.This article provides a brief review of multi-scale numerical simulation of flow,heat and mass transfer behaviors in dense gas-solid flows.It describes multiscale models(direct numerical simulation,discrete particle model,and two-fluid model)and the results of related research.Finally,it discusses possible future developments in research on the flow,heat and mass transfer characteristics of dense gas-solid two-phase flows.

A Mathematical Model for Preeze-Drying

Based on the experiments on freeze-drying carrot and potato slabs, the effects of some parameters, such as heating temperature and pressure on the freeze-drying process are examined. A simple model of freeze-drying is established to predict drying time and the mass variations of materials during the drying. The experimental results agree well with those calculated by the model.

Modeling of Work of Filling Granular Filter with Active Cooling

The solid propellant gas generators having high gas capacity are widely used for fast pressurization of elastic shells of saving devices of different applications. A typical example of such devices are safety system of automobile (airbags). After collision of an automobile with an obstacle the combustion products of gas generator fill the shell during 60 – 100 milliseconds. However the temperature of combustion products even of “low-temperature” fuel compositions of gas generators appears not below 1500К and to reduce of its it is necessary to apply a various types of porous and filling granular filters. There are passive and active granular filters. The passive filter can cool of combustion products as a result of absorption of heat only. The active cooling is evaporation of the granule material and in this case takes a place more intensive cooling of combustion products in the filter. The numerical modeling of cooling process of high- temperature combustion products at their movement in bulk of granular filter of active cooling is investigated. As the material of granules was used the carbonate of magnesium. At its heating takes a place process of gasification and formation of a porous slag shell which sublimates at higher temperature. The physical model of such spherical granule can be presented as the central part consisting of the carbonate magnesium surrounded with the porous slag spherical shell through which gaseous products of gasification of the central part are filtered. The problem of distribution of heat in each granule is Stefan problem when at the given temperature on the surface of sphere there is the front of gasification moving inside of the bulk of material. It is assumed that combustion products are the perfect gas moving in the filter. The upwind difference scheme of the second order of the accuracy with TVD properties was applied to calculation of the movement of gas. The results of calculations at various values of key parameters of the active and passive filters allow to draw a conclusion about enough high efficiency of active cooling filters.

Experimental study on the frost characteristics of fin tube heat exchanger

The heat and mass transfer characteristics under frosting on surface of heat exchanger were experimentally investigated in different conditions of air temperature, relative humidity, and face velocity. The heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient decreased faster with the high relative humidity, low air temperature and initial face velocity. The air pressure drop rose faster with the high relative humidity and low air velocity.

浅层岩土体热物性参数测定的影响因素分析

浅层地热勘查中,岩土体的热物性是区域评价和工程应用的重要参数。为提高热物性参数测定的准确性,建立了具有单项因素误差影响计算功能的传热模型,分别研判岩土体热物性测试的影响因素。结果显示:不同温度的泥浆,成孔停待10d后,热导率值基本稳定;加载功率波动时,可根据波动周期规律选择合适的加载时间与数据舍弃时间,以减少求解误差;如加载过程出现中断,运用线热源简化法计算的热导率有较大误差,中断开始时间越晚、中断时间越长,误差越大;无负荷循环测试时,15min的观测时间可得到岩土体初始平均温度;岩土体温度受四季气温影响深度主要在15m以内,最低平均温度在2、3月份,最高平均温度在8、9月份,均较当地气温约滞后2个月。

基于数值模拟的红枣片不同干燥方式热质传递仿真与试验

为揭示并对比红枣片热风干燥、红外热风干燥及红外真空脉动干燥中的传热传质及干燥动力学特性,并填补关于果蔬红外真空脉动干燥数值模型的研究空白。该研究使用菲克扩散定律、安托因方程及比尔朗伯定律等控制方程分别建立了针对3种干燥方式的红枣片三维热质传递耦合数值模型,并利用试验数据对模型的可靠性进行验证。该研究基于枣片的实际几何尺寸进行建模并利用COMSOL求解。结果表明:1)与热风干燥相比,红外热风与红外真空脉动干燥分别缩短了46.43%和41.07%的干燥时间,且仿真结果与实测值吻合较好;2)温度场模拟图显示红外辐射可有效对红枣片内部进行加热,干燥20 min时红外热风和红外真空干燥的物料中心温度较热风干燥分别提高了11.33%和5.59%;3)模拟数据显示红外真空脉动干燥中的压力变化对干燥动力学产生了明显影响,其中含水率和干燥速率随压力脉动分别呈现阶梯状和峰状分布,并且干燥速率对压力变化的敏感性随着物料含水率的下降而下降;4)将测得的红枣片品质及质构特性与仿真数据进行综合对比,给出了关于分段组合干燥研究方向的见解,并对果蔬干燥数值模型的发展方向进行展望。该研究建立并验证了红枣片3种干燥方式下的数值模型,并结合模拟结果对各干燥过程的特点进行分析,对未来不同果蔬数值模型的建立及干燥机理的研究具有重要意义。