This paper revises the crucial outcome of adopting a single legal currency,within the environment of a classic based competing central bank infrastructure,in an uncertain monetary category definition class,from a gene...This paper revises the crucial outcome of adopting a single legal currency,within the environment of a classic based competing central bank infrastructure,in an uncertain monetary category definition class,from a generally closed economy,to a competing quasi-global market,for an unbiased monetary unit alone.The fallout effects of such a system include the transfer of capitals,the unavoidable reallocation of resources,and the non-homogenous economic development in different regional areas.The recent USA Interstate Banking Act experience,after the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994,constitutes a valid example of some necessary frameworks when opening a new financial operating infrastructure.This new paper focuses on the special conditions in the EU community States and the necessity-pending their financial integration-of a consideration of some likely negative fallout effects,in order to implement and consolidate some effective balancing measures.Nevertheless,the role that the globalization of the economic activity plays,especially in the financial community,is endorsing a rapid integration of the technology and operating techniques,that require critical volumes of trading and rapidly adjusting enterprise dimensions and operating techniques.The latter call for some form of institutional frameworks,considering the correct definition of the monetary function and its essence,requires a clear and unique common monetary framework.展开更多
This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since...This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since the 1922 Genoa summit. The last Euro solution came after the severe, unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. Furthermore, the sub-prime bubble 2007, the financial collapse 2008 and the final 2012 the banking melt down, induce to reconsider the overlapping monetary and financial fallouts. The 89 Interstate Banking Act and the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, induce a monetary and financial evolving infrastructure. This paper focuses on the conflicts at the enlarging EU community seen the unavoidable monetary and financial integration, considering that the unique definition of the monetary functions as its essence is misinterpreted, in a clear common asymmetry affecting the whole evolving situation.展开更多
This study analyzes the process of electric power system integration in various regions worldwide.This process is implemented by creating both interstate electric ties and power grids.The analysis is comprehensive and...This study analyzes the process of electric power system integration in various regions worldwide.This process is implemented by creating both interstate electric ties and power grids.The analysis is comprehensive and examines the system,spatial,technical,organizational,and market aspects of the integration.Various countries,including developed countries such as Europe and North America,as well as economically developing countries such as Central America and Africa,are involved in this process.However,the rates and scales of electric power integration differ across various regions worldwide.The analysis shows that the process of electric power integration,which has decades of history,is still ongoing,despite the growth of other trends,such as the development of distributed generation.Further electricity integration is expected to lead to the formation of a global power interconnection in the long term.展开更多
This study uses a spatial 3-stage least squares approach to model interstate banking of the United States in 1994 and 2014.The method simultaneously takes into account spatial dependence,outward and inward interstate ...This study uses a spatial 3-stage least squares approach to model interstate banking of the United States in 1994 and 2014.The method simultaneously takes into account spatial dependence,outward and inward interstate banking and their interaction,and the temporal effects in interstate banking.The study shows that a healthy economic structure,an expanding market,and permissive banking legislation encourage inward interstate banking.A healthy economic structure is a basis for strong banking firms to rise and to expand in other states.Large banking institutions were dominate in outward interstate banking while smaller firm sizes tend to be associated with inward interstate banking.By 2014,large and well-capitalized banking firms from states with a healthy economic structure had expanded into states with lower income levels,and lower capital-to-labor ratios,higher labor resource use,and lower profitability in their banking industry.Evidence shows some banking geographical fragmentation remains.展开更多
Interstation travel speed is an important indicator of the running state of hybrid Bus Rapid Transit and passenger experience. Due to the influence of road traffic, traffic lights and other factors, the interstation t...Interstation travel speed is an important indicator of the running state of hybrid Bus Rapid Transit and passenger experience. Due to the influence of road traffic, traffic lights and other factors, the interstation travel speeds are often some kind of multi-peak and it is difficult to use a single distribution to model them. In this paper, a Gaussian mixture model charactizing the interstation travel speed of hybrid BRT under a Bayesian framework is established. The parameters of the model are inferred using the Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach (RJMCMC), including the number of model components and the weight, mean and variance of each component. Then the model is applied to Guangzhou BRT, a kind of hybrid BRT. From the results, it can be observed that the model can very effectively describe the heterogeneous speed data among different inter-stations, and provide richer information usually not available from the traditional models, and the model also produces an excellent fit to each multimodal speed distribution curve of the interstations. The causes of different speed distribution can be identified through investigating the Internet map of GBRT, they are big road traffic and long traffic lights respectively, which always contribute to a main road crossing. So, the BRT lane should be elevated through the main road to decrease the complexity of the running state.展开更多
This study investigated the impact of traffic violations on crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.A random parameters multinomial logit(MNL)model with heterogeneity in means was estimated as an alter...This study investigated the impact of traffic violations on crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.A random parameters multinomial logit(MNL)model with heterogeneity in means was estimated as an alternative to the mixed logit model.This was done to better account for unobserved heterogeneity in the crash data.As per the results,the random parameters model with heterogeneity in means not only exhibited a better fit but also uncovered more insights regarding the factors influencing crash injury severity.The advanced model showed that traffic violations,crash characteristics and environmental characteristics among other factors impact crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.With regards to traffic violations,driving too fast for prevailing conditions and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs were identified as the main violations that significantly influenced crash severity.Among other useful insights,the heterogeneity in mean specification indicated that the likelihood of severe injury crashes is increased by the interactive effect between non-trucks(vehicles not classified as trucks)and driving too fast for conditions.This is a significant implication that high speed behavior by non-truck drivers in adverse weather conditions is ranked as one of the hazardous traffic violations on Wyoming’s interstates.This study provided for the first time important information on the impact of traffic violations on crash severity of crashes that occurred on challenging roadways that characterized by mountainous terrain and severe weather conditions.Results from the study will help enforcement agencies in the state to better identify appropriate countermeasures to mitigate the impact of violations on crash severity.展开更多
The development of interstate electric ties ISETs and grids(ISGs) is a global process; recently, countries of Northeast Asia(NEA) that were previously very poorly connected have started to study the possibility of con...The development of interstate electric ties ISETs and grids(ISGs) is a global process; recently, countries of Northeast Asia(NEA) that were previously very poorly connected have started to study the possibility of constructing ISETs and ISGs. This paper describes the current state of the interstate transmissions in the NEA region, considering the prospective projects of ISETs in NEA. The results of the system optimization study on prospective NEA ISGs are provided. The proposals on the development of electric power cooperation in NEA are formulated.展开更多
文摘This paper revises the crucial outcome of adopting a single legal currency,within the environment of a classic based competing central bank infrastructure,in an uncertain monetary category definition class,from a generally closed economy,to a competing quasi-global market,for an unbiased monetary unit alone.The fallout effects of such a system include the transfer of capitals,the unavoidable reallocation of resources,and the non-homogenous economic development in different regional areas.The recent USA Interstate Banking Act experience,after the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994,constitutes a valid example of some necessary frameworks when opening a new financial operating infrastructure.This new paper focuses on the special conditions in the EU community States and the necessity-pending their financial integration-of a consideration of some likely negative fallout effects,in order to implement and consolidate some effective balancing measures.Nevertheless,the role that the globalization of the economic activity plays,especially in the financial community,is endorsing a rapid integration of the technology and operating techniques,that require critical volumes of trading and rapidly adjusting enterprise dimensions and operating techniques.The latter call for some form of institutional frameworks,considering the correct definition of the monetary function and its essence,requires a clear and unique common monetary framework.
文摘This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since the 1922 Genoa summit. The last Euro solution came after the severe, unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. Furthermore, the sub-prime bubble 2007, the financial collapse 2008 and the final 2012 the banking melt down, induce to reconsider the overlapping monetary and financial fallouts. The 89 Interstate Banking Act and the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, induce a monetary and financial evolving infrastructure. This paper focuses on the conflicts at the enlarging EU community seen the unavoidable monetary and financial integration, considering that the unique definition of the monetary functions as its essence is misinterpreted, in a clear common asymmetry affecting the whole evolving situation.
基金the State Assignment Project(No.FWEU-2021-0001)of the Fundamental Research Program of the Russian Federation 2021-2030.
文摘This study analyzes the process of electric power system integration in various regions worldwide.This process is implemented by creating both interstate electric ties and power grids.The analysis is comprehensive and examines the system,spatial,technical,organizational,and market aspects of the integration.Various countries,including developed countries such as Europe and North America,as well as economically developing countries such as Central America and Africa,are involved in this process.However,the rates and scales of electric power integration differ across various regions worldwide.The analysis shows that the process of electric power integration,which has decades of history,is still ongoing,despite the growth of other trends,such as the development of distributed generation.Further electricity integration is expected to lead to the formation of a global power interconnection in the long term.
文摘This study uses a spatial 3-stage least squares approach to model interstate banking of the United States in 1994 and 2014.The method simultaneously takes into account spatial dependence,outward and inward interstate banking and their interaction,and the temporal effects in interstate banking.The study shows that a healthy economic structure,an expanding market,and permissive banking legislation encourage inward interstate banking.A healthy economic structure is a basis for strong banking firms to rise and to expand in other states.Large banking institutions were dominate in outward interstate banking while smaller firm sizes tend to be associated with inward interstate banking.By 2014,large and well-capitalized banking firms from states with a healthy economic structure had expanded into states with lower income levels,and lower capital-to-labor ratios,higher labor resource use,and lower profitability in their banking industry.Evidence shows some banking geographical fragmentation remains.
文摘Interstation travel speed is an important indicator of the running state of hybrid Bus Rapid Transit and passenger experience. Due to the influence of road traffic, traffic lights and other factors, the interstation travel speeds are often some kind of multi-peak and it is difficult to use a single distribution to model them. In this paper, a Gaussian mixture model charactizing the interstation travel speed of hybrid BRT under a Bayesian framework is established. The parameters of the model are inferred using the Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach (RJMCMC), including the number of model components and the weight, mean and variance of each component. Then the model is applied to Guangzhou BRT, a kind of hybrid BRT. From the results, it can be observed that the model can very effectively describe the heterogeneous speed data among different inter-stations, and provide richer information usually not available from the traditional models, and the model also produces an excellent fit to each multimodal speed distribution curve of the interstations. The causes of different speed distribution can be identified through investigating the Internet map of GBRT, they are big road traffic and long traffic lights respectively, which always contribute to a main road crossing. So, the BRT lane should be elevated through the main road to decrease the complexity of the running state.
基金funded by the Wyoming Department of Transportation
文摘This study investigated the impact of traffic violations on crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.A random parameters multinomial logit(MNL)model with heterogeneity in means was estimated as an alternative to the mixed logit model.This was done to better account for unobserved heterogeneity in the crash data.As per the results,the random parameters model with heterogeneity in means not only exhibited a better fit but also uncovered more insights regarding the factors influencing crash injury severity.The advanced model showed that traffic violations,crash characteristics and environmental characteristics among other factors impact crash injury severity on Wyoming’s interstate highways.With regards to traffic violations,driving too fast for prevailing conditions and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs were identified as the main violations that significantly influenced crash severity.Among other useful insights,the heterogeneity in mean specification indicated that the likelihood of severe injury crashes is increased by the interactive effect between non-trucks(vehicles not classified as trucks)and driving too fast for conditions.This is a significant implication that high speed behavior by non-truck drivers in adverse weather conditions is ranked as one of the hazardous traffic violations on Wyoming’s interstates.This study provided for the first time important information on the impact of traffic violations on crash severity of crashes that occurred on challenging roadways that characterized by mountainous terrain and severe weather conditions.Results from the study will help enforcement agencies in the state to better identify appropriate countermeasures to mitigate the impact of violations on crash severity.
文摘The development of interstate electric ties ISETs and grids(ISGs) is a global process; recently, countries of Northeast Asia(NEA) that were previously very poorly connected have started to study the possibility of constructing ISETs and ISGs. This paper describes the current state of the interstate transmissions in the NEA region, considering the prospective projects of ISETs in NEA. The results of the system optimization study on prospective NEA ISGs are provided. The proposals on the development of electric power cooperation in NEA are formulated.
