Determination of inter- and intra-subtype/species varia-tions in polymerase acidic protein from influenza A virus using amino-acid pair predictability

The polymerase acidic protein is an important family of proteins from influenza A virus, which is classified as many different subtypes or spe-cies. Thus, an important question is if these classifications are numerically distinguishable with respect to the polymerase acidic protein. The amino-acid pair predictability was used to transfer 2432 polymerase acidic proteins into 2432 scalar data. The one-way ANOVA found these polymerase acidic proteins distinguish-able in terms of subtypes and species. However, the large residuals in ANOVA suggested a pos-sible large intra-subtype/species variation. Therefore, the inter- and intra-subtype/species variations were studied using the model II ANOVA. The results showed that the in-tra-subtype/species variations accounted most of variation, which was 100% in total for both inter- and intra- subtype/species variations. Our analysis threw lights on the issue of how to de-termine a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between subtypes as well as hosts.

用XRF基本参数法定量计算多层薄膜的厚度

针对多层薄膜材料，用ＸＲＦ基本参数（ＦＰ）法定量分析计算多层薄膜试样的厚度。除了考虑直接受人射束激发产生初级荧光外，还考虑试样中其它元素初级荧光辐射而引起的层间和层内二次荧光。以计算三层膜荧光强度为例，提出各种不同情况下计算初级和次级荧光强度的表达式。讨论二次荧光相对于，总强度的贡献。计算方法也能很好地用在大于三层膜及块样的Ｘ荧光强度计算。

Indwelling catheter and conservative measures in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in fulminant acute pancreatitis

AIM： To study the effect of combined indwelling catheter, hemofiltration, respiration support and traditional Chinese medicine （e.g. Dahuang） in treating abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis were divided randomly into 2 groups of combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring and routine conservative measures group （group 1） and control group （group 2）. Routine non-operative conservative treatments including hemofiltration, respiration support, gastrointestinal TCM ablution were also applied in control group patients. Effectiveness of the two groups was observed, and APACHE Ⅱ scores were applied for analysis. RESULTS： On the second and fifth days after treatment, APACHE Ⅱ scores of group 1 and 2 patients were significantly different. Comparison of effectiveness （abdominalgia and burbulence relief time, hospitalization time） between groups 1 and 2 showed significant difference, as well as incidence rates of cysts formation. Mortality rates of groups 1 and 2 were 10.0% and 20.7%, respectively. For patients in group 1, celiac drainage quantity and intra-abdominal pressure, and hospitalization time were positively correlated （r = 0.552, 0.748, 0.923, P 〈 0.01） with APACHE Ⅱ scores. CONCLUSION： Combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring, short veno-venous hemofiltration （SVVH）, gastrointestinal TCM ablution, respiration support have preventive and treatment effects on abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis.

The Onset of the Monsoon over the Bay of Bengal:The Observed Common Features for 2008-2011

In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were collected and used to perform a composite analysis of the monsoon onset process in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).The sea surface temperature(SST) in the central BoB increases dramatically during the monsoon transition period and reaches its annual maximum just before the onset of the monsoon.This process is illustrated by the northward-propagating deep convection phase of the intraseasonal oscillation and the establishment of a steady southwest wind.It is argued that the SST peak plays a potential role in triggering the onset of the monsoon in the BoB and its vicinity.The general picture of the BoB monsoon onset summarized here reveals the possibility of regional land-ocean-atmosphere interaction.This possibility deserves further examination.

Glycolysis in energy metabolism during seizures

Studies have shown that glycolysis increases during seizures, and that the glycolytic metabolite lactic acid can be used as an energy source. However, how lactic acid provides energy for seizures and how it can participate in the termination of seizures remains unclear. We reviewed possible mechanisms of glycolysis involved in seizure onset. Results showed that lactic acid was involved in seizure onset and provided energy at early stages. As seizures progress, lactic acid reduces the pH of tissue and induces metabolic acidosis, which terminates the seizure. The specific mechanism of lactic acid-induced acidosis involves several aspects, which include lactic acid-induced inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme 6-diphosphate kinase-1, inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, activation of the acid-sensitive 1A ion channel, strengthening of the receptive mechanism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter Y-aminobutyric acid, and changes in the intra- and extracellular environment.

A Fast Assembly of （-）-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [（-）-EGCG] via Intra- and Inter-molecular Mitsunobu Reaction

This paper described a concise construction of （-）-EGCG （1f） （with an overall yield of 20% for seven steps based on the starting cinnamyl alcohol derivative 3）, featuring asymmetric dihydroxylation （ADH）, intra- and inter-molecular Mitsunobu reaction as key steps. Our strategy disclosed herein constitutes a new effective general synthetic approach toward the analogues of （-）-EGCG （1f）.

Relationship between disseminated intravascular coagulation and levels of plasma thrombinogen segment 1＋2, D-dimer, and thrombomodulin in patients with multiple injuries

Objective： To explore the relationship between disseminated intravascular coagulation （DIC） and levels of plasma thrombinogen segment 1 ＋2 （Fl＋2）, D-dimer （D-D）, and thrombomodulin （TM） in patients with severe multiple injuries. Methods： In this study, 66 patients （49 males and 17 females, aged 15-74 years, mean=38.4 years） with multiple injuries, who were admitted to our hospital within 24 hours after injury with no personal or family history ofhematopathy or coagulopathy, were divided into a minor injury group （ISS 〈16, n=21） and a major injury group （ISS≥16, n=45） according to the injury severity. The patients in the major injury group were divided into a subgroup complicated with DIC （DIC subgroup, n=12） and a subgroup complicated with no DIC （non-DIC subgroup, n=33）. Ten healthy people （7 males and 3 females, aged 22-61 years, mean=36.5 years±9.0 years）, who received somatoscopy and diagnosed as healthy, served as the control group. Venous blood samples were collected once in the control group and 1, 3 and 7 days after trauma in the injury groups. The F1 ＋2 and TM concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, and D-D concentrations were measured by automated latex enhanced immunoassay. Results： FI ＋2, D-D and TM levels were higher in the minor and major injury groups than in the control group. They were markedly higher in the major injury group than in the minor injury group. In the non-DIC subgroup, Fl＋2 levels declined gradually while D-D and TM levels declined continuously. In the DIC subgroup, F1＋2 and D-D levels remained elevated while TM levels exhibited an early rise and subsequent decrease. Plasma F1＋2, D-D and TM levels were higher in the DIC patients than in the non-DIC patients. Injury-induced increases in F1 ＋2, D-D and TM plasma levels had significant positive correlation with each other at each time point. Conclusions： Besides being related to trauma severity, F1＋2, D-D and TM levels correlate closely with the occurrence of posttraumatic DIC. Therefore, changes in plasma F1 ＋2, D-D and TM levels may predict the occurrence of DIC.