A Two-factor Model of Intra-industry Trade: A Demonstration of Robustness of Krugman’s(1980) Model

Using Cobb-Douglas production function with increasing returns to scale,this paper presents an intra-industry trade model which contains two factors,capital and labor.Thus,this paper extends Krugman’s(1980)single-factor model to a two-factor model with the entry cost.Firstly,an equilibrium analysis of closed economy is carried out.After the condition of existence and uniqueness of equilibrium is obtained,the analytic solutions are given.Secondly,it provides an analysis on trade effects.The results show that,under setup of symmetry among firms,the intra-industry trade can only enable consumers to benefit from product diversification without making firms achieve economies of scale.Obviously,this conclusion is consistent with Krugman(1980),which thus indicates robustness of Krugman’s(1980)model.

A Review of Ionic Liquids, Their Limits and Applications

Since environmental pollution caused by chemical and energy industries has increased for several decades, there is a social expectation that scientists and engineers try to design sustainable chemical processes, to generate less hazardous materials and more environmentally friendly sources of energy production. In this review the roles of Ionic Liquids (ILs) and IL based solvent systems as proposed alternative for conventional organic solvents are described. Since there are already many reviews on benefits of ILs, after a very brief review of ILs we focus mostly on aspects that are not covered in other reviews, in particular the known limits of these solvents. In addition, different methods to measure the physicochemical properties relevant to their use in energy storage applications such as fuel cells and batteries are introduced. The physicochemical properties that are reviewed are thermal properties, conductivity and chemical reactivity. The focus of the review is on the literature after 2008, with the exception of some important historic articles on ILs.

Transforming GML to Presentation Languages by Extending XSLT

Diversity of practices and methods in all fields is the basis of emerging standards in different areas. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has standardized eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a very convenient tool to structure data for numerous purposes. OGC standardized Geography Markup Language (GML), which is an XML-based language, to store and transport geospatial data. Despite the fact that it is a medium to separate georeferenced data from presentation, GML by itself is not intended to visualize geo-referenced data. One of the solutions to visualize GML is to use eXtensible Style sheet Language Transformation (XSLT) as transformer to a visualization language such as Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). Unlike the usual procedure, the major advantage of the proposed approach is that the transformation process is shifted to the client-side. XSLT as a median language is a general-purpose transformation tool. As it is not specialized for map cartography, map making process is very complicated using this primitive language. To facilitate transformation process, in this research, XSLT is extended to meet cartography requirements. Furthermore, a graphical user interface (XCartoT) is designed to set all the map properties interactively. XCartoT provides a user-friendly interface for cartographers to automatically generate necessary XSL files for their intended maps. The goal of this research is to develop a major step towards the geospatial Web.

Mathematical Model of Leptospirosis: Linearized Solutions and Stability Analysis

In this paper the transmission of leptospirosis, an infectious disease caused by bacteria, is studied. Leptospirosis is currently spreading in Thailand and worldwide. A Susceptible-Infected-Removed sir model is used to study the stability analysis, analytical solution and global behavior of the spreading of the disease. The model was analysed using the techniques of non-linear dynamical systems. Two equilibrium points were found and the stability conditions for these equilibrium points were established. It will be shown that the linearised solutions of the sir equations are in good agreement with numerical solutions.

Matrix Quasi-Exactly Solvable Jacobi Elliptic Hamiltonian

We construct a new example of 2 × 2-matrix quasi-exactly solvable (QES) Hamiltonian which is associated to a potential depending on the Jacobi elliptic functions. We establish three necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for the previous operator to have an invariant vector space whose generic elements are polynomials. This operator is called quasi-exactly solvable.

Revealed Comparative Advantage, Intraindustry Trade and the US Manufacturing Trade Deficit with China

This paper uses 4-digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter-industry, with only a small portion being vertical intra-industry trades （IIT）. Our results confirm that Sino-US trade is complementary. We construct an imbalanced index of IIT, and identify the goods groups that aggravate and reduce the US trade deficit with China. We suggest an approach for calculating a dynamic IIT index that might mitigate the aggregation bias of the existing methodologies. Our improved index reveals that the dynamic imbalances of US-Chinese IIT in manufactured goods are worse than their static IIT imbalances, which means that it would be difficult to correct the deficit of US trade with China in the following couple of years. Adjusting and improving the structures of industries and products is China ＇s major task for sustainable trade growth.

Global Value Chains, Horizontal Intra-lndustry Trade and the Heterogeneous Firm

This paper examines global value chains at the level of the heterogeneous firm. The context is a world of horizontal intra-industry trade, characterized by imperfect competition and product differentiation at the firm level. Standard microeconomic tools are employed to assess the effects of inter-firm dissimilarities in both demand and supply on firms＇ responses to changes in trade policy. In this set-up, dissimilarities in firm characteristics play roles similar to factor endowments and technology differences in traditional trade models. When cross-border production sharing （＂fragmentation＂） is introduced into this framework, those differences in firm characteristics determine the degree to which individual firms will enter into production networks. In this context, horizontal and vertical intra-industry tradel elements interact in their effects on firm decisions. Traditional comparative advantage considerations still govern the choice of off-shored activities, while direct competition between imports and exports expands the range of possible outcomes. Finally, it is shown that cross-border production sharing reduces the sensitivity of firms to variations in exchange rates, matching a phenomenon that has been observed in traditional country-level models.

Evolutionary Characteristics of China＇s Intermediate Manufactures

China ＇s economic development is characterized by progressive integration with international production chains as an assembly producer. Japan and South Korea are the major partners providing intermediate products to China. The present paper analyzes the Chinese intermediate sector＇s present condition and evolutionary characteristics revealed in bilateral trade with Japan and South Korea. The analysis uses the framework of new trade theory represented by ＂intra-industry trade＂. Trade statistics from 1997 to 2004 are analyzed using the database published by the OECD. Results show that China＇s inter-industrial evolution is characterized by its expanding positioning in the manner of the flying geese development paradigm of .4sian countries. Furthermore, intra-industrial evolution is characterized by a concentration on price competitiveness. The framework and results of the industrial analysis presented in this paper assist in the understanding of China ＇s manufacturing evolution and of the policy-making decisions taken in the process.

Venture capital reputation: a blessing or a curse for entrepreneurial firm innovation--a contingent effect of industrial distance

This study investigates whether venture capital reputation is a blessing or a curse for entrepreneurial firm innovation by using data from 1,553 observations of venture capital investments on entrepreneurial firms in China's New Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market. Advantages that venture capital brings to entrepreneurial firms have been widely ack no wledged in exta nt research. However, our research emphasizes the potential resource outflows rather tha n in flows when firms are embedded in a shared reputable venture capital, and finds that the curse effect of venture capital reputation on entrepreneurial firms is manifested. Furthermore, we develop the concept of venture capital ntra-industrial reputationM and "extra-industrial reputation" to give a contingent answer to the z/blessing or curse" question. The conclusions are draw n in dicating that the curse effect is contingent o n in dustrial dista nee. Venture capital intra-industrial reputation is positively linked to entrepreneurial firm innovation, whereas extra-industrial reputation exerts a strong negative impact, which is responsible for the curse effect.