Design Strategy of Infrared 4-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone-Type Chromophores based on Intramolecular Charge Transfer:a Theoretical Perspective

Partial genetically encoded 4-hy-droxybenzylidene-imidazolinone(HBI)-type chromophores are new promising fluorescent probes,which are suitable for imaging and detection of living cells.How-ever,the lack of infrared chro-mophores hinders the develop-ment seriously.Here more than 30 HBI-type chromophores with reg-ular structure modifications were employed and typical spectral redshift change laws and mechanisms were investigated by quantum methods.Results show that both one-photon spectrum(OPS,absorption/emission)and two-photon absorption(TPA)can achieve large redshift via either extending conjugated lengths of frag-3 or enlarging conjugated areas of frag-1 of HBI skeleton.Spectral redshifts of all chromophores are highly related to intramolecular charge transfer(ICT),but neutral ones are closely related to the total ICT or electron-accept-ing-numbers of frag-3,and the high correlative factor of anions is the aromaticity of frag-2 bridge.The frag-2 bridge with high aromaticity can open a reverse charge transfer channel in anion relative to neutral,obtaining significant redshift.Based on analysis,a new 6-hydroxyl-naphthalene-imidazolinone(HNI)series,which have larger conjugated area in frag-1,are pre-dicted.The OPS and TPA of anionic HNI ones acquire about 76−96 nm and 119−146 nm red-shift relative to traditional HBI series respectively as a whole.The longest emission of anionic HNI-4 realizes more 244 nm redshift relative to HBI-1.Our work clarifies worthy spectral reg-ularities and redshift mechanisms of HBI-type chromophores and provides valuable design strategy for infrared chromophores synthesis in experiment.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Coupled Charge Transfer Reaction of Baicalein

The excited state intramolecular proton transfer （ESIPT） coupled charge transfer of baicalein has been investigated using steady-state spectroscopic experiment and quantum chemistry calculations. The absence of the absorption peak from S1 excited state both in the experi-mental and calculated absorption spectra indicates that S1 is a dark state. The dark excited state S1 results in the very weak fluorescence of solid baicalein in the experiment. The fron- tier molecular orbital and the charge difference densities of baicalein show clearly that the S1 state is a charge-transfer state whereas the S2 state is a locally excited state. The only one stationary point on the potential energy profile of excited state suggests that the ESIPT reaction of baicalein is a barrierless process.

Intramolecular Charge Transfer Dual Fluorescence pH Sensing using p-Dibutylaminobenzoic Acid-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex

The intramolecular charge transfer dual fluorescence of p-dibutylaminobenzoic acid-b-cyclodextrin inclusion complex showed a substantially higher sensitivity toward aqueous solution pH variation when compared with that of p-dibutylaminobenzoic acid alone, which established a new principle for direct CT fluorescence sensing in aqueous solution by using the CT fluorophore-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Direct Fluorescence Sensing of Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution Using Intramolecular Charge Transfer Emission from Aggregates of Pentaerythrityl Tetra(p-dimethylaminobenzoate)

Pentaerythrityl tetra(p-dimethylaminobenzoate) (PTDMAB) was synthesized and shown to emit in water-rich aqueous dioxane solutions the intramolecular charge transfer fluorescence that was sensitive to the presence of metal ions.

Hydrogen-bonded Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited State of Dimethylaminobenzophenone using Time Dependent Density Functional Theory

Density functional theory and time-dependent density-functional theory have been used to investigate the photophysical properties and relaxation dynamics of dimethylaminobenzophe- none （DMABP） and its hydrogen-bonded DMABP-MeOH dimer. It is found that, in non- polar aprotic solvent, the transitions from So to S1 and S2 states of DMABP have both n→π and π→π＊ characters, with the locally excited feature mainly located on the C=O group and the partial CT one characterized by electron transfer mainly from the dimethylaminophenyl group to the C=O group. But when the intermolecular hydrogen bond C=O…H-O is formed, the highly polar intramolecular charge transfer character switches over to the first excited state of DMABP-MeOH dimer and the energy difference between the two low- lying electronically excited states increases. To gain insight into the relaxation dynamics of DMABP and DMABP-MeOH dimer in the excited state, the potential energy curves for con- formational relaxation are calculated. The formation of twisted intramolecular charge trans- fer state via diffusive twisting motion of the dimethylamino/dimethylaminophenyl groups is found to be the major relaxation process. In addition, the decay of the Si state of DMABP-MeOH dimer to the ground state, through nonradiative intermolecular hydrogen bond stretching vibrations, is facilitated by the formation of the hydrogen bond between DMABP and alcohols.

Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Donor-acceptor Dyad and Donor-bridge-acceptor Triad

The ground and excited state properties of the [60]fullerene, diphenylbenzothiadiazole-triphenylamine （PBTDP-TPA） dyad and fullerene-diphenylbenzothiadiazole-triphenylamine （fullerene-PBTDP-TPA） triad were investigated theoretically using density functional theory with B3LYP functional and 3-21G basis set and time-dependent density functional theory with B3LYP functional and STO-3G basis set as well as 2D and 3D real space analysis methods. The 2D site representation reveals the electron-hole coherence on excitation. The 3D transition density shows the orientation and strength of the transition dipole moment, and the 3D charge difference density gives the orientation and result of the intramolecular charge transfer. Also photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer （ICT） in PBTDP-TPA-fullerene triad are identified with 2D and 3D representations, which reveals the mechanisms of ICT in donor-bridge-acceptor triad on excitation. Besides that we also found that the direct superexchange ICT from donor to acceptor （tunneling through the bridge） strongly promotes the ICT in the donor-bridge-acceptor triad.

Optical Properties and Response Mechanism Analysis of Multi-branched Fluorescent Probes Based on Intramolecular Charge Transfer

In this work, the optical properties of fluorescent probes used for detection of biothiol were studied by employing time-dependent density functional theory. By calculating the single photon absorption and emission properties of probe Mol.1, Mol.2 and Mol.3 before and after reaction with cysteine and homocysteine, we have investigated the effect of carboncarbon triple bond and benzene ring on the properties of fluorescent probes. It is found that the oscillator strength of probe molecules increases gradually with the improvement of the structure of the electron donor triphenylamine and the addition of carbon-carbon triple bonds, and better properties of fluorescence probes have also been demonstrated. At the same time, the effect of different number of side branches on the molecular properties of the probe was also studied. The results showed that compared with single-branched molecule Z1 and tribranched probe Mol.3, two side probe molecules Z2 had higher oscillator strength and better detection effect. In addition, the new single-branched probe Mol.4 with the addition of carbon-carbon triple bonds and benzene rings has better probe properties and simpler structure than the tribranched probe Mol.3.

Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Polydimethylsilylene Bearing Pyrenyl Groups

Polydimethylsilylenes bearing pyrenyl groups exhibit emissions fromtwisted intramolecular charge transfer state between the aromatic ring and thesilicon backbone both in polar and nonpolar solvents.

Dynamic NMR and Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited States

In this paper the results of dynamic NMR studies on ethylmethylamino-tertiary-butyl-phenylborane (EMABPB) with or without light are reported. The NMR data were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR equipped with our custom-made optical probe and with our custom-made 450 watts (W) monochromatic light sources. The molecular photochemistry including twisted intramolecular charge-transfer-excited-state (TICT) of the EMABPB in several solvents has been investigated. These results indicate that the aminoborane demonstrates multiple configurations in CD3Cl and CD2Cl2 resulting in the shifts of the signals of the alkyl groups on the nitrogen and boron. This indicates that there are some time-dependent changes at constant temperature over the irradiation interval. At ﹣60°C and the presence of light (λ = 265 nm), we observed a large change in the populations of the two sites, and this by itself indicates a modification in the rotation around the boron nitrogen bond in the excited state. By considering the existence of the TICT state, many important energy technologies may be developed with higher efficiency by controlling the back-electron transfer processes.

用于芥子气检测的ICT荧光探针及其薄膜基气相传感器

芥子气(Sulfur Mustard, SM)的快速检测是有效应对SM释放与泄漏危害的关键,能够显著促进医疗救助与健康防护工作的顺利开展与高效执行。本文综述了用于SM检测的分子内电荷转移(Intramolecular Charge Transfer, ICT)荧光探针的研究现状,总结了4种ICT荧光探针的传感机制;通过分析探针的结构与性能探讨了此类探针及其薄膜基气相传感器的应用,并指出未来的薄膜基SM传感器应具备高稳定性、高灵敏度、快速响应以及裸眼可视化等特性。

一种基于ICT协同AIE的Zn(Ⅱ)荧光探针

以2,2′:6′,2″-三联吡啶-4′-甲醛、4-氨基-N,N-二苯基苯胺为原料,合成了一种D-π-A型化合物L,并通过X-射线单晶测定了其晶体结构.该化合物能够发生分子内电荷转移(intramolecular charge transfer, ICT).三联吡啶具有较强的配位能力,作为Zn(Ⅱ)离子识别基团.当其与Zn(Ⅱ)发生配位后,吸电子能力增强,发生ICT所需能量降低,因此荧光明显增强并发生红移.通过电喷雾质谱、Job′s plot、荧光滴定等实验确定在检测体系中L与Zn(Ⅱ)配位的化学计量比为2∶1.由于生成的Zn(Ⅱ)配合物在THF/H2O介质中表现出聚集诱导发光(aggregation induced emission, AIE)性质.因此基于ICT协同AIE,化合物L可用于检测水介质中的Zn(Ⅱ)离子.

Exploring the effect of aggregation-induced emission on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer for a bis-imine derivative by quantum mechanics and our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics calculations

We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalene-2-ol and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde. Especially, the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) methods for HNP monomer are introduced. Moreover, the "our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics"(ONIOM) method(TDDFT:universal force field(UFF)) is used to reveal the aggregation-induced emission(AIE) effect on the ESIPT process for HNP in crystal. Our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon the photoexcitation for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal, which is distinctly monitored by the optimized geometric structures and the potential energy curves. In addition, the results of potential energy curves reveal that the ESIPT process in HNP will be promoted by the AIE effect. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal have been calculated. The calculation demonstrates that the electron density decrease of proton donor caused by excitation promotes the ESIPT process. In addition, we find that the variation of atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population(ADCH) charge for proton acceptor induced by the AIE effect facilitates the ESIPT process. The results will be expected to deepen the understanding of ESIPT dynamics for luminophore under the AIE effect and provide insight into future design of high-efficient AIE compounds.

Theoretical investigation on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer in Me_(2)N substituted flavonoid by the time-dependent density functional theory method

Time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT)method is used to investigate the details of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT)process and the mechanism for temperature effect on the Enol^(*)/Keto^(*)emission ratio for the Me_(2)N-substited flavonoid(MNF)compound.The geometric structures of the S_(0) and S_(1) states are denoted as the Enol,Enol^(*),and Keto*.In addition,the absorption and fluorescence peaks are also calculated.It is noted that the calculated large Stokes shift is in good agreement with the experimental result.Furthermore,our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon photoexcitation,which is distinctly monitored by the formation and disappearance of the characteristic peaks of infrared(IR)spectra involved in the proton transfer and in the potential energy curves.Besides,the calculations of highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)reveal that the electronegativity change of proton acceptor due to the intramolecular charge redistribution in the S_(1) state induces the ESIPT.Moreover,the thermodynamic calculation for the MNF shows that the Enol^(*)/Keto^(*)emission ratio decreasing with temperature increasing arises from the barrier lowering of ESIPT.

环糊精诱导胶束形成的TICT荧光探针法研究

β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) induced aggregation and micelle formation of cetyltrimethylam-mnium broAnde (CTMAB) in aqueous solution is demonstrated by the dual fluorescence of p-N, N-dAnethyladrinobenzoic acid (DMABOA) typical of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). The locally excited (LE) state of DMABOA is proved to have the characteristic of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with a polarity higher than that of ground state but lower than that of TICT state. The peak positions of the two fluorescence bands and theiI intensity ratio are employed to probe the interaction of β-CD with CTMAB. It is conc1uded that β-CD induces CTMAB aggregation as well as Ancelle formation and may change Ancelle structure. The results also indicate that TICT in aqueous solution may be affected by the anisotropy or viscosity of the medium,increasing viscosity disadvantaging the TICT process.

固体三芳基硼-相变材料可调比率荧光温度计

温度响应相变材料(PCMs)的微区黏度和自由体积等性质在熔点附近会发生可逆且快速的变化,这种变化可以放大荧光探针的响应性.本文合成了2个对高黏度具有比率响应发光的新型三芳基硼化合物4-(1-{4-[双(4-溴-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基)硼烷基]-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基}哌啶-4-基)吗啉(MPDB1)和4,4-({[(4-溴-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基)硼烷二基]双(2,3,5,6-四甲基-4,1-亚苯基)}双(哌啶-1,4-二基))二吗啉(MPDB2),并将其与相变材料结合,制备了高灵敏度比率荧光温度计.由于化合物的高黏度响应性质,其在相变材料中的温度荧光响应范围低于体系熔点,因此得到在量程范围内为纯固体的相变材料荧光温度计,具有良好的加工性.作为黏度探针,一取代的MPDB1的荧光响应范围为100~3000 mPa·s,灵敏度高;而二取代的MPDB2则在100~46000 mPa·s的黏度区域有荧光响应,覆盖范围广.作为温度探针,MPDB1-聚乙二醇20000(PEG20000)体系的荧光温度响应区间为-10~50℃,最大相对灵敏度(Sr)为3.5%(10℃),绝对灵敏度(Sa)为4.6%(30℃),灵敏度较高,且其温度测量范围可以通过取代基数目和选用不同熔点的聚乙二醇介质调整,具有较强的适用性.

一种ICT型荧光探针的光谱性质与识别机制研究

以经典的金属离子响应型多羧酸识别基团为结构基础,连接苯乙烯类发色团苯并咪唑荧光基团,在识别基团与荧光基团之间构筑分子内电荷转移(ICT)机制,合成得到一种荧光探针T13;通过荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱等手段,初步阐明了探针T13对Zn^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Hg^(2+)的识别机制。结果表明,探针T13对目标物Zn^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Hg^(2+)均表现出特征响应与稳定荧光性能;识别过程中荧光强度与目标物浓度线性相关,探针与目标物的络合比为1∶1,能够用于水环境中Zn^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Hg^(2+)的定性检测和定量分析。为探针结构优化、性能筛选与探针-目标离子的生物学成像研究提供了理论基础。

吩噻嗪及其衍生物的TICT性质研究

测定了吩噻嗪（ＰＴＨ），Ｎ－吡啶吩噻嗪（ＰＹＺ），Ｎ－苯基吩噻嗪（ＰＨＺ）及模型化合物Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基氨苯氰（ＤＭＡＢＮ］在苯溶液中的非辐射量子产率（Φｎｒ）。分别考察了ＰＨＺ，ＰＹＺ，ＰＴＨ及ＤＭＡＢＮ在不同溶剂中非辐射跃迁量子产率的变化行为。通过与具有典型ＴＩＣＴ性质的ＤＭＡＢＮ所得结果相比较，发现ＰＹＺ及ＤＭＡＢＮ的Φｎｒ与溶剂极性参数ＥＴ（３０）具有一定的依赖关系。结合稳态荧光和动态荧光的实验结果，证明ＰＹＺ类似ＤＭＡＢＮ具有ＴＩＣＴ性质，而ＰＨＺ及ＰＴＨ并非如此。

Synthesis and photochemical properties of two ICT compounds with naphthalimide and diarylamine units

Two new diarylamine-substituted 1, 8-naphthalimide derivatives are synthesized by Cu I/18-crown-6/K2CO3 catalyst system and characterized by Fourier transform infrared （FT- IR）, ^1H-NMR and elemental analyses. The UV-vis absorption and photoluminescent （PL）spectra of the systems in n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran（THF）, and CH2Cl2 are investigated. These naphthalimide molecules have an absorption band centered at about 450 nm, which is assigned to an intramolecular chargetransfer （ICT）transition, and they emit light at 492, 501 nm in a nonpolar solvent such as n-hexane, and at 600, 620 nm in a polar solvent such as CH2Cl2. From the Lippert-Mataga equation, the difference of the dipole moment between the excited state and the ground state is estimated to be 9.2 and 9.8 D for 4- （ diphenylamine ）-N-（ 2-methoxyphenyl ）-1, 8-naphthalimide （ DMN-1 ） and 4-（ 2-naphthylphenylamine ）-N-（ 2- methoxyphenyl）-1, 8-naphthalimide （DMN-2）, respectively. This large change in the dipole moment upon excitation is typical for photoinduced ICT processes.

氟取代对香豆素分子超快动力学过程的影响

设计具有高亮度、高光稳定性和环境友好型的荧光染料,是当前备受关注的前沿领域。研究发现,荧光染料的发光效率受到扭转分子内电荷转移(TICT)的影响。因此,有效地抑制TICT过程对于荧光标记物和探针的研究与开发具有至关重要的意义。香豆素及其衍生物,尤其是具有高荧光产率和长荧光寿命的7-氨基香豆素染料,一直以来都广泛应用于不同体系中,作为荧光探针的重要组成部分。然而,以往的研究主要集中在探究不同溶剂对香豆素染料分子激发态动力学过程的影响,而忽略了染料分子结构对TICT过程的重要作用。采用了飞秒时间分辨瞬态吸收(TA)光谱和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算相结合的方法,深入研究香豆素染料C460和C481在不同溶剂中的激发态动力学。研究结果揭示,在具有高强供氢能力的高极性甲醇溶剂中,C481才显著发生TICT过程。此外,量子化学计算结果表明,氟取代效应会降低分子内扭转势垒,导致非辐射失活效应加速,从而引发更为明显的荧光猝灭现象。这一研究不仅有助于优化荧光染料性能时选择合适的溶剂,还可为荧光染料分子结构的设计提供重要的指导,具有深远的研究价值。

N,N-二甲基-6-丙酰-2-萘胺氢键复合物激发态超快动力学研究

抑制扭转分子内电荷转移(TICT)的形成能够显著增强发光材料的荧光强度和光稳定性,然而,目前缺乏准确预测TICT存在的方法。本文基于Kamlet-Taft理论,通过稳态/瞬态吸收光谱结合量化计算,对N,N-二甲基-6-丙酰-2-萘胺(PRODAN)在不同溶剂中的激发态动力学进行了研究。稳态光谱表明,PRODAN氢键复合物的斯托克斯红移主要依赖溶剂极性和供氢能力。瞬态吸收光谱表明,快时间τ_(1)和τ_(2)归属为分子内电荷转移和TICT形成过程,而慢时间τ_(3)和τ_(4)归属为溶剂化和荧光辐射过程。此外,结果表明极性和供氢能力的增大会加快PRODAN氢键复合物的动力学过程。计算表明,在较高极性且强供氢能力的甲醇溶剂中能形成稳定的TICT态。研究结果为荧光探针分子结构设计和溶剂选择提供了一定的指导意义。