Endoscopic Surgery versus External Ventricular Drainage Surgery for Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

The efficacy and applied value of endoscopic hematoma evacuation vs. external ventricular drainage (EVD) in the treatment of severe ventficular hemorrhage (IVH) were explored and compared.From Jan.2015 to Dec.2016,the clinical data of 42 cases of IVH were retrospectively analyzed,including 18 patients undergoing endoscopic hematoma evacuation (group A),and 24patients receiving EVD (group B).The hematoma clearance rate was calculated by 3D Slicer software,and complications and outcomes were compared between the two groups.There were no significant differences in age,sex and Graeb score between groups A and B (P>0.05).The hematoma clearance rate was 70.81%±27.64% in group A and 48.72%±36.58% in group B with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).The operative time in groups A and B was 72.45±25.26 min and 28.54±15.27min,respectively (P<0.05).The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score increased from 9.28±2.72 at baseline to 11.83±2.91 at 1 week postoperatively in group A,and from 8.25±2.62 at baseline to 10.79±4.12 at 1 week postoperatively in group B (P<0.05).The length of hospital stay was 12.67±5.97 days in group A and 17.33±8.91 days in group B with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05).The GOS scores at 6 months after surgery were 3.83±1.12 in group A,and 2.75±1.23 in group B (P<0.05). These results suggested that endoscopic hematoma evacuation has an advantage of a higher hematoma clearance rate,fewer complications and better outcomes in the treatment of severe IVH,indicating it is a safe,effective and promising approach for severe IVH.

MODIFIED GRAEB CRITERIA FOR PREDICTING THE POST-HEMORRHAGIC HYDROCEPHALUS IN INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE

Objective To set up a new grading system of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and determine the value of predicting the probability of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in IVH. Methods We first modified the Graeb criteria, then compared the value of prediction for PHH assessed by the Graeb criteria with the modified Graeb criteria. One hundred and thirty one IVH patients were divided into two groups: the upper group (n=67) and the lower group (n=64). Gold standard of PHH was assessed by CT scan or by out-drainage. The diagno-stic parameters such as sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) were analyzed. In the cutoff point of SE and SP curves, diagnostic efficiency (DE), and Kappa value (K) were analyzed. The probability of PHH was estimated by binary logistic regressions. Results In all ventricular group, to Graeb criteria in the cutoff point, SE, SP, and K was 0.78, 0.84, and 0.60; and to modified Graeb criteria SE, SP, and K was 0.90, 0.84, and 0.74 respectively. The probability of PHH from point of 3-12 was 0.011, 0.032, 0.085, 0.212, 0.435, 0.689, 0.865, 0.949, 0.981, and 0.994 respectively according to modified Graeb criteria. Conclusion The modified Graeb criteria combined with logistic regression were useful methods to assess the severity of IVH and to predict the probability of PHH in IVH.

Adrenal Hemorrhage as a Rare Cause of Neonatal Anemia Associated with Hydrocephalus Secondary to Intraventricular Hemorrhage—A Case Report

Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage is frequently associated with birth trauma, perinatal asphyxia, intrauterine infection, coagulation defects and thromboembolism. It has varied clinical presentation depending on degree of hemorrhage and amount of adrenal cortex compromised by hemorrhage. The most common clinical presentations are persistent jaundice and flank mass. We report a case of left sided adrenal hemorrhage in a breech delivered male neonate with perinatal asphyxia presented with anemia and fever. On further evaluation, he was also having moderate communicating hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage. The adrenal hemorrhage was managed conservatively. Subsequent abdominal ultrasound showed resolving adrenal hemorrhage. Right ventriculoperitoneal shunt was done for hydrocephalus. Postoperative course was uneventful. The patient is asymptomatic at follow-up.

Restoration of an injured lower dorsal ascending reticular activating system in a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage

The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It is well known that the ARAS originates from the reticular formation（RF）of the brainstem,and connects to the cerebral cortex via intralaminar to the cerebral cortex （Paus, 2000; Zeman, 2001; Van der Werf et al., 2002; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang and Kwon, 2015）. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sleep and awareness which is associated with the main timekeeper of consciousness （Lin, 2000; Lin et al., 2011）.

MECHANISM OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE IN DOGS

Objective To probe the mechanism of pathological changes of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH). Methods The evaluation of neurological status,serial CT scans and pathological examination were applied on the canine model of IVH. The ventricular volume and blood clot volume were measured based on the CT images. Results The normal adult canine ventricle tend to be slitlike. After injection, the ventricle was obviously dilated by the blood clot. The linear regression of ventricular volume against blood clot volume was significant in the first week. From then on, however, while the clots continued to shrink, the ventricular volume showed progressive enlargement. The clots were lysed completely within 3 to 4 weeks. The linear regression of the degree of ventricular dilatation against the first clot volume was also significant. In the pathological examination, we found the ependymal lining of ventricular system was destroyed and neurons in the subependymal areas developed acidophil necrosis, which was prominent around Sylvian aqueduct. Conclusion Hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation(HVD) is a prominent feature of IVH and also is a strong indicator for poor prognosis. Ischemic changes of periventricular neurons in some important structures may be the most direct cause for poor outcome of IVH. It may be induced by periventricular vascular structures compressed by HVD, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral vasospasm and others.

Advances in surgical treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)is a dangerous acute cerebrovascular disease.The 30-day mortality rate of patients with IVH is 5 times that of patients with cerebral hemorrhage.In recent years,more and more studies have shown that timely clearance of intraventricular hematoma is closely related to good prognosis.The advantages of surgical intervention in patient management are impressive.This article briefly reviews the positive advances in the surgical treatment of IVH such as external ventricular drainage(EVD)combined with intraventricular fibrinolysis(IVF)and continuous lumbar cistern drainage(LCD),as well as their safety and efficacy,especially the remarkable role of neuroendoscopy in the removal of intraventricular hematomas.

Necrostatin-1 decreases necroptosis and inflammatory markers after intraventricular hemorrhage in mice

Necrostatin-1,an inhibitor of necroptosis,can effectively inhibit necrotic apoptosis in neurological diseases,which results in the inhibition of inflammation,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and reactive oxygen species production and substantial improvement of neurological function.However,the effects of necrostatin-1 on intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)remain unknown.In this study,we established a mouse model of IVH by injecting autologous blood into the lateral ventricle of the brain.We also injected necrostatin-1 into the lateral ventricle one hour prior to IVH induction.We found that necrostatin-1 effectively reduced the expression levels of the necroptosis markers receptor-interacting protein kinase(RIP)1,RIP3,mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein(MLKL),phosphorylated(p)-RIP3,and p-MLKL and the levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-αin the surrounding areas of the lateral ventricle.However,necrostatin-1 did not reduce ependymal ciliary injury or brain water content.These findings suggest that necrostatin-1 can prevent local inflammation and microglial activation induced by IVH but does not greatly improve prognosis.

Endoscopic surgery for intraventricular hemorrhage:A comparative study and single center surgical experience

BACKGROUND Intraventricular hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency,and a dangerous condition associated with high morbidity and mortality.Previously,hematoma evacuation is generally executed by external intracranial drainage(EVD)or surgical evacuation.Nowadays,endoscopic evacuation is emerging as a good alternative because it brings relatively less invasion and injury.However,successful endoscopic evacuation requires skilled manipulation of endoscopic devices and the evidence supporting its efficacy differs in different reports.AIM To improve the technique usage and provide more evidence of endoscopic evacuation efficacy,we summarize our surgical experience and compared the outcomes of the endoscopic evacuation with EVD using real-world data.METHODS We retrospectively studied 96 consecutive patients with intraventricular hemorrhage who underwent either endoscopic surgery(n=43)or non-endoscopic surgery(n=53)for hemorrhage evacuation between November 2013 and September 2019 in our center.Patients’conditions prior to and after the operation were evaluated and analyzed to assess the efficacy of the operation.The consciousness status improvement and perioperative in-hospital parameters in the two types of operation groups were assessed and compared.RESULTS Patients in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic groups presented with a similar state of consciousness,with a comparable Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)index.The average operation time of the endoscopic group was longer than that of the nonendoscopic group(median 2.42 h vs 1.08 h,P<0.001).Although the endoscopic group was older and had a baseline Graeb score that indicated more severe hemorrhage than the non-endoscopic group(Graeb median:Endoscopic group=9 vs non-endoscopic group=8,P=0.023),the clearance rate of hematoma was as high as 60.5%.Both the endoscopic and non-endoscopic groups showed an improved GCS index after surgery.However,this improvement was more marked in patients in the endoscopic group(median improvement of GCS index:Endoscope group=4 vs non-endoscopic group=1,P<0.001).Additionally,the endoscopic group had a lower Graeb score than the non-endoscopic group after the operation.The intensive care unit stay of the endoscopic group was significantly shorter than that of the non-endoscopic group(median:endoscopic group=6 d vs non-endoscope group=7 d,P=0.017).CONCLUSION Endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hemorrhage was generally an effective and efficient way for hemorrhage evacuation,and contributed remarkably to the improvement of consciousness in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage.

Interobserver reliability between pediatric radiologists and residents in ultrasound evaluation of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants

BACKGROUND Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants.Timely identification and grading of IVH affect decision-making and clinical outcomes.There is possibility of misinterpretation of the ultrasound appearances,and the interobserver variability has not been investigated between radiology resident and board-certified radiologist.AIM To assess interobserver reliability between senior radiology residents performing bedside cranial ultrasound during on-call hours and pediatric radiologists.METHODS From June 2018 to June 2020,neonatal cranial ultrasound examinations were performed in neonatal intensive care unit.Ultrasound findings were recorded by the residents performing the ultrasound and the pediatric attending radiologists.RESULTS In total,200 neonates were included in the study,with a mean gestational age of 30.9 wk.Interobserver agreement for higher grade(Grade III&IV)IVH was excellent.There was substantial agreement for lower grade(Grade I&II)IVH.CONCLUSION There is strong agreement between radiology residents and pediatric radiologists,which is higher for high grade IVHs.

Evacuation of Spontaneous Thalamic and Intraventricular Hemorrhage under the Operating Microscope Improves Mortality Compared with External Ventricular Drainage——Mini-Cranioctomy for Thalamic and Ventricular Hemorrhage

We performed direct hematoma evacuation of thalamic and intraventricular hemorrhage using mini-craniotomy in recent years. The present study evaluated the outcome and complications in 18 patients with spontaneous thalamic and intraventricular hemorrhage treated by mini-craniotomy hematoma evacuation with external ventricular drainage and 24 patients treated by only external ventricular drainage. Patients treated by mini-craniotomy were less likely to require days of ventricular drainage settlement, had a less suffering meningitis, had good hematoma evacuation rate and had a less mortality rate compared with those undergoing only external ventricular drainage. Frontal mini-craniotomy microscope operation is a simple and effective method for hematoma evacuation that causes fewer complications.

Selective verbal memory impairment due to left fornical crus injury in a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage

The fornix, a part of the Papez circuit, transfers information of episodic memory between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon （Aggleton and Brown, 1999）. The right medial temporal lobe is known to be specialized for visual memory and the left medial temporal lobe for verbal memory （Tucker et al., 1988; Aegleton and Brown, 1999）.

Influence of deferoxamine on hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage and expressions of Wnt1 and Wnt3a in rat

Objective To observe the effect of deferoxamine on chronic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and the role of Wnt (Wnt1 and Wnt3a) . Methods A total of 130 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: normal control group, sham IVH group,IVH group and deferoxamine-treated group.

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Intra-Hospital Outcomes Relating to Peri-Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Newborns of Gestational Age Less than 34 Weeks

Peri-intraventricular hemorrhage is one of the main causes of neurological impairment in premature newborns. To control their risk factors is necessary in view of the increasing survival of extreme preterm infants. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of peri-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns, identify the risk factors and observe the frequencies of intra-hospital outcomes of interests. Methods: This study was done in Brazil. This was an observational, analytical longitudinal and prospective study. The subjects included were newborns of gestational age less than 34 weeks who were admitted to two public hospitals between May and November 2015. To assess possible associated factors, obstetric, perinatal and neonatal data were analyzed (chorioamnionitis, antenatal corticosteroids, gestational age, newborn weight, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, resuscitation in the delivery room, surfactant in the delivery room, newborn transferred from another hospital, respiratory distress syndrome: RDS, sepsis, umbilical vein catheterization, assisted ventilation, exogenous surfactant in the Neonatal ICU, use of sodium bicarbonate, inotropic agents, adrenaline, volume expanders and blood products). The hospital outcomes studied were assisted ventilation time, hospital stay and death. The data analysis was performed by chi-square test or Fisher’s test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Out of 156 newborns, 46 (29.9%) presented peri-intraventricular hemorrhage and 28.2% of these had a severe form of the disease. There were significant associations (p < 0.05) with the following risk factors: gestational age, birth weight, low Apgar score, delivery room resuscitation, RDS, surfactant use, sepsis, packed red blood cell transfusion, mechanical ventilation and umbilical vein catheterization. The newborns with peri-intraventricular hemorrhage presented longer times on assisted ventilation, longer hospital stays and higher risk of death. Conclusion: The prevalence of peri-intraventricular hemorrhage was high in the population studied, especially the severe form. Perinatal and neonatal risk factors were associated with a higher risk of developing the disease and the outcomes studied were more evident in these newborns.

颅脑超声对宫内窘迫新生儿脑损伤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨颅脑超声对宫内窘迫新生儿脑损伤的诊断价值。方法对146例宫内窘迫新生儿行颅脑超声及常规MRI检查,并将超声检查结果与MRI结果进行对比分析。根据脑损伤情况分为脑损伤组(n=46)和无脑损伤组(n=100),分析比较2组新生儿大脑中动脉和前动脉血流动力学指标[收缩期血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)及阻力指数(RI)],采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析其对脑损伤的诊断价值。结果146例宫内窘迫新生儿中46例存在影像学异常征象,阳性检出率31.74%(46/146),其中MRI的检出率为91.30%(42/46),明显高于颅脑超声的65.22%(30/46,χ^(2)=9.200,P=0.002)。缺氧缺血性脑病(12.33%比5.48%,χ^(2)=4.222,P=0.040)、硬膜或蛛网膜下腔出血(2.74%比0,χ^(2)=4.056,P=0.044)的MRI检出率明显高于颅脑超声(P<0.05),脑室周围-脑室内出血的颅脑超声检出率明显高于MRI(11.64%比4.79%,χ^(2)=4.540,P=0.033)。脑损伤组新生儿大脑中动脉和前动脉PSV、EDV小于无脑损伤组,RI大于无脑损伤组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,大脑中动脉和前动脉PSV、EDV和RI诊断脑损伤的曲线下面积分别为0.710、0.786、0.625和0.740、0.819、0.613。结论颅脑超声可早期发现宫内窘迫新生儿脑组织结构改变及血流动力学变化,在脑室周围-脑室内出血方面的检出率优于MRI,但脑损伤诊断效果不如MRI,临床可根据患儿情况选择合适检查方案。

倍他米松磷酸钠注射液治疗早产有效性和安全性研究进展

倍他米松是地塞米松的同分异构体,具有抗炎、抗过敏、抗内毒素和免疫抑制等功能。倍他米松磷酸钠(BSP)注射液是倍他米松的磷酸盐制剂,作为一种糖皮质激素(ACS)类药物,其临床应用较广。BSP治疗早产已有充分的证据并被纳入各国指南,然而这些证据主要集中在高收入国家,中低收入国家相关证据则较少。我国关于BSP在产科应用疗效和安全性临床研究方面存在不足。关于倍他米松和地塞米松疗效和安全性直接比较的临床研究较少,BSP治疗早产后儿童期和成年期随访研究尚不足。因此,需进一步开展相关研究,为早产临床科学合理用药提供决策依据。

脑室-腰大池序贯引流治疗重度脑室出血后继发引流依赖性脑积水的原因分析

目的探究对重度脑室出血患者行脑室-腰大池序贯引流后发生脑积水的影响因素。方法选择2017年1月至2022年1月泉州市第一医院神经外科收治的重度脑室出血患者99例。根据是否继发脑积水分为实验组(n=33)和对照组(n=66),比较分析两组患者的临床数据。结果实验组患者Graeb评分更高,脑脊液引流速度≤8-10 ml/h的比例更高,引流时程≤7 d的比例更高,上述差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组患者治疗有效率为72.73%,显著低于对照组(88.76%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑室-腰大池序贯引流治疗重度脑室出血是安全有效的。高Graeb评分、脑脊液引流速度慢(≤8-10 ml/h)、引流时程短(≤7 d)等均是脑室出血引流术后继发引流依赖性脑积水的独立危险因素,针对性地减少上述危险因素,可减少脑积水的发生率,改善预后。

长程、长时间持续脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血伴脑积水的疗效

目的探讨长程、长时间脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血伴脑积水的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2022年12月应用脑室外引流术治疗的43例脑室出血伴脑积水的临床资料,其中26例采用传统脑室外引流术治疗(传统组),17例采用长程、长时间脑室外引流术治疗(长程长时间组)。结果传统组引流管放置时间7~12 d,平均(9.76±1.14)d;长程长时间组引流管放置时间13~43 d,平均(16.17±5.29)d。长程长时间组住院时间[(18.70±6.99)d]较传统组[(15.53±3.16)d]有所增加,但两组无统计学差异(P=0.101)。长程长时间组二次脑室置管率(0%)、脑脊液漏发生率(0%)、颅内感染发生率(0%)较传统组(分别为30.77%、30.77%、26.92%)均明显降低(P<0.05)。术后3个月,长程长时间组预后良好率(100.00%;mRS评分0~2分)与传统组(96.15%)无统计学差异(P=0.605)。结论长程、长时间脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血伴脑积水,虽然延长脑室引流管留置的时间,但是没有明显增加住院时间,而且明显降低二次脑室置管率、脑脊液漏和颅内感染发生率。

婴幼儿脑室出血后脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨婴幼儿脑室出血后脑积水(posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus,PHH)的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2022年1月郑州大学第三附属医院神经外科收治的112例脑室出血(intraventricular hemorrhage,IVH)患儿临床资料,通过随访IVH患儿是否发展为脑积水来探讨PHH的相关因素。将随访过程中出现脑积水者纳入PHH组,未出现脑积水纳入无脑室扩张(resolved ventricular dilation,RVD)组。采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析探讨IVH后发生脑积水的相关因素。结果112例中,55例(55/112,49%)发生PHH;58例(51.79%)行单纯保守对症治疗,28例(25%)行腰椎穿刺,26例(23.21%)行VPS治疗。5例(4.46%)死亡,其中2例死于肺功能不全,3例死于多器官功能衰竭;107例存活患儿中,随访期间出现3例(2.80%)癫痫,1例(0.93%)视力障碍,6例(5.61%)听力障碍,5例(4.67%)脑性瘫痪。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:出生时胎龄28~32周(OR=19.078,95%CI:2.408~151.140,P=0.005)、产前未使用类固醇(OR=20.642,95%CI:1.882~226.404,P=0.013)、脑室出血级别高(OR=94.193,95%CI:16.583~535.043,P<0.001)是PHH发生的独立危险因素。结论IVH患儿低胎龄,脑室出血级别高,产前未使用类固醇均与婴幼儿PHH存在关联。围术期应关注IVH患儿胎龄、产前使用类固醇情况及脑室出血级别,及时干预,避免其发展为PHH,从而改善患儿预后。

神经内镜血肿清除术治疗重型脑室出血并铸型的作用分析

目的:明确神经内镜血肿清除术治疗重型脑室出血并铸型的临床价值。方法:将本院96例患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各48例;对照组采用侧脑室外引流术式,观察组采用神经内镜血肿清除术;比较两组患者术前术后mGS评分,术后尿激酶用量、引流管留置时间、并发症和治疗效果。结果:术前两组患者mGS评分无统计学意义,术后差异显著,观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);术后观察组尿激酶用量、引流管留置时间和并发症发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对重型脑室出血铸型患者采用神经内镜血肿清除术,有利于改善患者临床症状,降低并发症发生率。

床旁Ommaya储液囊植入术在早产儿脑积水治疗中的可行性分析

目的探讨在新生儿重症监护室(NICU)对脑积水早产儿进行床旁Ommaya储液囊植入术与在手术室进行Ommaya储液囊植入术的差异,并探讨NICU床旁Ommaya储液囊植入术在早产儿脑积水治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法选取2021年1月至2022年12月在解放军总医院第七医学中心NICU住院明确诊断为脑积水且接受Ommaya储液囊植入术的68例早产儿作为研究对象。将2021年1—12月由NICU转入手术室进行手术的35例早产儿作为手术室组,2022年1—12月开展NICU床旁手术的33例早产儿作为NICU组。回顾性分析两组患儿的一般资料和术后转归情况。一般资料包括性别、出生体重、手术时体重、出生胎龄、手术时胎龄;术后转归包括术前和术中使用呼吸机比例,术后低体温、术后感染、术后相关并发症发生率,术后撤机时间、住院天数。结果两组患儿的性别、出生体重、手术时体重、出生胎龄、手术胎龄比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿术前使用呼吸机比例、术后感染发生率及术后相关并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NICU组术中使用呼吸机比例、术后低体温发生率、术后撤机时间、住院天数均显著低于或短于手术室组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NICU床旁Ommaya储液囊植入术可降低早产儿手术后低体温发生率以及术中使用呼吸机比例,缩短术后撤机时间、住院天数,且不会增加术后感染发生率,具备一定的临床可行性。