A novel high-efficient P/N/Si-containing APP-based flame retardant with a silane coupling agent in its molecular structure for epoxy resin

A flame retardant containing multiple antiflaming elements usually exhibits high-efficient flame retardancy. Here, a novel P/N/Si-containing ammonium polyphosphate derivative(APTES-APP) is synthesized from ammonium polyphosphate(APP) and silane coupling agent(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane(APTES)via cation exchange, which is quite different in the chemical structure from APTES-modified APP for retaining silicon hydroxyls. APTES-APP is highly efficient for the epoxy resin. 8%(mass) APTES-APP imparts excellent flame retardancy to the epoxy resin, with a V-0 rating at the UL-94 test(1.6 mm)and an LOI value of 26%(vol). The peak heat release rate and total smoke production of the flameretardant epoxy resin are decreased by 68.1% and 31.3%, respectively. The synergy of P/N/Si contributes to the well-expanded char residue with a strong and dense surface layer, which is a very good barrier against heat and mass transfer. Besides, there is no significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of flame-retardant epoxy resin thanks to silicon hydroxyls forming hydrogen bonds with epoxy molecules. Meanwhile, other molecules can be grafted onto APTES-APP via these silicon hydroxyls, if needed.Briefly, this work has developed a new strategy for amino silane as flame retardants. In conjunction with a low-cost and simple preparation method, APTES-APP has a promising prospect in the high-performance flame-retardant epoxy.

Flame-retardant Mechanism of Magnesium Oxychloride in Epoxy Resin

Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride （M OC） in EP was in-vestigated by limiting oxygen index （LOI）, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant in EP. When the content of MOC is 50%, the LOI of EP reaches 29.6% and mass of residual char reaches 9.6%. The flame retarde mechanism of MOC is due to the synergies of diluting, cooling, catalyzing char forming and obstructing effects.

A Novel Bio-Based Zirconium Phosphonate as a Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for Epoxy Resin

Although epoxy resin has been widely used in various fields,it still suffers from some problems including brittleness and flammability.In this study,a new phosphonic acid,N,N-bis(phosphomethyl)glycine(GDMP),was prepared by Mannich reaction with bio-based glycine and then a novel layered zirconium phosphonate(ZrGDMP)was synthesized using GDMP and zirconyl chloride hydrate as reactants.The chemical structure of ZrGDMP was well characterized by 1 H and 31P NMR,SEM,XRD and XPS.The effect of ZrGDMP on the flame retardancy,smoke suppression,strengthening and toughening performances of the epoxy matrix was investigated and evaluated.TGA results indicated that compared with pure EP,ZrGDMP-EP composites showed higher char yield due to the catalytic charring effect of ZrGDMP.The pure EP exhibited high flammability,while ZrGDMP-EP composites possessed excellent thermal stability and remarkable fire resistance.The PHRR,THR,and TSP values of 3wt%ZrGDMP-EP were obviously declined by 39.6%,40.2%,and 24.9%compared to these of pure EP.Moreover,the tensile and impact tests implied that the addition of ZrGDMP can significantly reinforce the toughness as well as the strength of EP in terms of higher impact strength(24.8 kJ/m^(2))and tensile strength(57.7 MPa),which was mainly contributed to the uniform dispersion of ZrGDMP within the EP matrix.

Influence of aliphatic epoxy monomer on the blowing-out effect in the flame retardant epoxy resins

An aliphatic epoxy monomer＂polypropyleneglycol-diglycidylether（PPGDGE,YF878）＂is loaded in the epoxy resins（EP）to evaluate the influence of epoxy structure on the blowing-out effect,which is caused by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide（DOPO）and octaphenyl silsesquioxane（OPS）.The flame retarding properties of these EP composites were tested using the LOI and UL-94 procedures.The pyrolytic gases produced and the thermal stability of the EP composites with different flame retardants were detected by TGA-FTIR in air.The negative effect of YF878 was detected from the TTI,HRR,and p-HRR results after the cone calorimeter test.The char produced by the EP composites after the cone calorimeter test was investigated by FTIR.It is proposed that the aliphatic chain of the YF878 is easy to break down and produce combustible gases,so it does not easily form a crosslinked structure in the condensed phase.These results are very helpful for investigation of the conditions under which the blowing-out effect in epoxy resins can be caused by synergy of phosphorous and silicon.

Synthesis, Characterization and Flame-retardant Properties of Epoxy Resins and AACHH Composites

Flame retardant epoxy resins were prepared by a simple mixed method using ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxy hydrate （AACHH） as a halogen-free flame retardant. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope and limiting oxygen index（LOI） experiments. Effects of AACHH content on LOI of epoxy resins/AACHH composite and flame retardant mechanism were investigated and discussed. Results show that AACHH exhibites excellent flame-retardant properties in epoxy resin（EP）. When the content of AACHH was 47.4%, the LOI of EP reached 32.2%. Moreover, the initial and terminal decomposition temperature of EP increased by 48 ℃ and 40 ℃, respectively. The flame retarded mechanism of AACHH is due to the synergic flame retardant effects of diluting, cooling, decomposition resisting and obstructing.

Phosphorylated Salicylic Acid as Flame Retardant in Epoxy Resins and Composites

A novel,versatile flame retardant substructure based on phosphorylated salicylic acid(SCP)is described and used in the synthesis of new flame retardants for HexFlow
RTM6,a high-performance epoxy resin used in resin transfer molding processes as composite matrix.The starting material salicylic acid can be obtained from natural sources.SCP as reactive phosphorus chloride is converted with a novolak,a novolak containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO)substituents or DOPO-hydroquinone to flame retardants with sufficient thermal stability and high char yield.Additionally,these flame retardants are soluble in the resin as well as react into the epoxy network.The determined thermal stability and glass transition temperatures of flame retarded neat resin samples as well as the interlaminar shear strength of corresponding carbon fiber reinforced composite materials showed the applicability of these flame retardants.Neat resin samples and composites were tested for their flammability by UL94 and/or flame-retardant performance by cone calorimetry.All tested flame retardants decrease the peak of heat release rate by up to 54%for neat resin samples.A combination of DOPO and SCP in one flame retardant shows synergistic effects in char formation and the mode of action adapts to neat resin or fiber-reinforced samples,so there is efficient flame retardancy in both cases.Therefore,a tailoring of SCP based flame retardants is possible.Additionally,these flame retardants efficiently reduce fiber degradation during combustion of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resins as observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Facile Synthesis of a Novel Bio-Based P-N Containing Flame Retardant for Effectively Reducing the Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resin

In this work,a bio-based flame retardant(Cy-HEDP)was synthesized from cytosine and HEDP through a facile salt-forming reaction and embedded into epoxy matrix to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance.The product Cy-HEDP was well characterized by FTIR,^(1)H and^(31)P NMR and SEM tests.On the basis of the results,by adding 15 wt%Cy-HEDP,the EP15 can pass UL-94 V-0 rating,and the total smoke production(TSP)as well as total heat release(THR)can be decreased by 61.05%(from 22.61 to 8.7 m^(2)/m^(2))and 39.44%(from 103.19 to 62.50 MJ/m^(2))in comparison to the unfilled EP,reflecting the attenuated smoke toxicity and impeded heat generation.According to the analysis results of residual char,it can be concluded that Cy-HEDP possessed the ability to promote the formation of continuous and dense char layers,which would be a physical barrier to insulate oxygen and prevent heat feedback during the combustion of EP.This work provide inspiration towards developing bio-based flame retardant,probably extending the prospects to other polymeric material system.

A Study on a Magnesium-Based Layered Composite Used as a Flame Retardant for Phenolic Epoxy Resins

The effects of a magnesium-based layered composite on the flammability of a phenolic epoxy resin(EP)are studied.In order to produce the required composite material,first,magnesium hydroxide,aluminum salt and deionized water are mixed into a reactor according to a certain proportion to induce a hydrothermal reaction;then,the feed liquid is filtered out using a solid-liquid separation procedure;finally,the material is dried and crushed.In order to evaluate its effects on the flammability of the EP,first,m-phenylenediamine is added to EP and vacuum defoamation is performed;then,EP is poured into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold,cooled to room temperature and demoulded;finally,the magnesium-based layered composite is added to EP,and its flame retardance is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis,limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry.The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the baseline of magnesium-based layered composite is stable and the front shape is sharp and symmetrical when the molar ratio of magnesium to aluminium is 3.2:1;with the addition of magnesium-based layered composite,the initial pyrolysis temperature of EP of 10%,15%and 30%magnesium-based layered composite decreases to 318.2°C,317.9°C and 357.1°C,respectively.After the reaction,the amount of residual carbon increases to 0.1%,3.45%and 8.3%,and the limiting oxygen index increases by 28.3%,29.1%and 29.6%,respectively.The maximum heat release rate of cone calorimeter decreases gradually.The optimum molar ratio of Mg:Al for green synthesis is 3.2:1,and the NO_(3)-intercalated magnesium-based layered composite has the best flame retardance properties.

Formulating Novel Halogen-Free Synergistic Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins for Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Composites

The most common process to manufacture advanced composites is the costly autoclave.One of the out-of-autoclave alternatives is the low-cost vacuum assisted resin infusion(VARI)which produces quality parts with less pollution.Epoxy resin is a widely used composite matrix resin,but its high flammability limits its use as interior composite parts for vehicles.The usual flame retardant for epoxy involves halogen,which is effective but has high smoke toxicity.As a result,halogen-free flame retardant epoxy resin systems become dominant.In this paper,phosphorus flame retardant was combined with benzoxazine(BOZ)to produce synergistic effect and achieve satisfactory flame retardance,as well as mechanical improvement for the epoxy resin.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),thermal gravitational analysis(TGA),the cone calorimeter(CC),and limiting oxygen index(LOI)were used to characterize the resins.The results showed significant improvement on the flame retardance of the synergistically modified resins.Specifically,the carbon residue increased by 113.6%,and the char thickness increased by 6 to 7 times,compared to those of the flammable benchmark resin.The LOI reached 33 and passed the UL94 V-0 vertical burn rating.The modified resins also exhibited adequate stability and viscosity suitable for VARI processes.

A Vanillin-Derived,DOPO-Contained Bisphenol as a Reactive Flame Retardant for High-Performance Epoxy Thermosets

Quest for bio-based halogen-free green flame retardant has attracted many concerns in recent years.Herein a reactive functional flame retardant containing phosphorus VDP is synthesized from vanillin,9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophene-10-oxide(DOPO)and phenol via a facile way.VDP is characterized with^(1)H NMR,^(31)P NMR,FTIR and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry,and used as a new reactive flame retardant for bisphenol epoxy thermosets.Thermogravimetry analysis shows that when the VDP loading is only 0.5P%(based on phosphorus content),the residue increases from 14.2%to 21.1%at 750℃ in N_(2)compare with neat DGEBA.Correspondingly,the limit oxygen index increased to 29.6%,and flame retardancy reaches UL-94 V0 grade.Micro combustion calorimetry(MCC)and cone calorimetry analyses demonstrate that VDP can significantly lower flammability of the epoxy thermoset.With only 0.5P%of VDP,the heat release rate,total heat release rate and smoke production are reduced markedly.At the same time,the mechanical properties of the modified epoxy thermosets are also improved.The impact strength increases by 34%and the flexural strength increased by 23%,with 1.5P%of VDP.In short,VDP not only improves the flame retardancy,but also improves the mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets.

Recent advances in constructing new type of epoxy resin flame retardant system using ammonium polyphosphate

In recent years,research has focused heavily on the investigation of functionalized ammonium polyphosphate(APP)flame retardants to improve the fire safety of epoxy resins(EP).The reason for this is the dual nature of APP's performance in fire protection of EP.This article provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in the use of functionalized APP flame retardants to improve the fire resistance of EP materials.It then presents the improvement of the modification of the functionalized APP flame retardants in terms of the hydrophobicity,compatibility and catalytic ability of the flame retardants,as well as the effects on the fire resistance,heat resistance,smoke reduction and mechanical properties of the EP composites.After the summary and comparison of the relevant studies,it is clear that the functionalized APP flame retardants can effectively improve the fire safety of EP composites and offset the adverse effects of APP in EP flame retardant applications.In addition,APP flame retardants can obtain various excellent functions through the use of materials with different properties,and the interaction between APP and materials can also lead to more efficient fire protection.However,the current problem is to find ways to streamline the process and minimise the costs associated with functionalized APP flame retardants,as well as to use them effectively in industrial production.We hope that this review can provide valuable hints and insights for the practical application of functionalized APP in EP and perspectives for future research.

PROMOTION EFFECT OF MELAMINE ON FLAME RETARDANCY OF EPOXY RESINS CONTAINING CAGED BICYCLIC PHOSPHATE

Caged bicyclic phosphate （CBP） and its dimelamine salt （PDS） were synthesized and added to epoxy resins to obtain the flame retarded epoxy resin composites. The flammability of the composites was characterized by the limiting oxygen index （LOI） and cone calorimeter tests. The LOI values of flame retarded composites increase consistently with the increase of flame retardant amounts, and they are almost the same when the loading of CBP is the same as that of PDS, although the phosphorus content of PDS is much lower than that of CBP. The total heat release increases in the order of CBP30/ER 〈 PDS30/ER 〈 PDS15/ER 〈 CBPI5/ER, whereas that of specific extinction area is CBP15/ER 〉 CBP30/ER 〉 PDS30/ER ≌ PDS15/ER. PDS exhibits more effective inhibition of oxidation of combustible gases. In the tests of thermogravimetric analyses （TG） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, it is found that the degradation of the composites is influenced greatly by the addition of flame retardants. By scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, a thick and tight char-layer is observed for PDS30/ER, resulting from the interaction of nitrogen species with phosphorus species. Therefore, the combination of CBP with melamine in the flame retarded system can improve the flame retardancy greatly.

Influence of Beta-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Tin Phenylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Composites

To enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin(EP),beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD)is successfully introduced into the layered tin phenylphosphonate(SnPP),which is incorporated into EP matrix for preparing EP/β-CD@SnPP composites.The results indicate that the addition ofβ-CD@SnPP obviously improve the thermal stability and residual yield of EP composites at higher temperature.When the amount ofβ-CD@SnPP is only 4 wt%,EP/4β-CD@SnPP composites pass V-1 rating,and LOI value is up to 30.8%.Meanwhile,β-CD@SnPP effectively suppress the heat release and reduce the smoke production of EP/β-CD@SnPP composites in combustion,and the peak heat release rate(PHRR),total heat release(THR),smoke production rate(SPR)of EP/6β-CD@SnPP composites reduce by 28.4%,33.0%and 44.8%by comparison with those of pure EP.The good flame retardancy and smoke suppression are ascribed to the synergistic effect of excellent carbon-forming capability and fire retardancy ofβ-CD@SnPP.

季膦萘磺酸盐离子液体与甲基膦酸二甲酯协同阻燃环氧树脂

合成了一种新型季膦萘磺酸盐室温离子液体[TBP]NS,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振波谱(1H NMR和31P NMR)确定了其结构,并将其与甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)复配用于制备阻燃环氧树脂.阻燃性能测试结果表明,当在环氧树脂(EP)中加入质量分数为6%的[TBP]NS和4%的DMMP时,所得阻燃环氧树脂EP/4%[TBP]NS/6%DMMP的极限氧指数达到31.2%, UL-94垂直燃烧通过V-0级别.与纯环氧树脂相比,该阻燃环氧树脂的峰值热释放速率(PHRR)降低了59%,总热释放(THR)降低了43%,峰值CO释放速率(PCOP)降低了41%,残炭率升高了97%.[TBP]NS和DMMP在氧指数、垂直燃烧和锥形量热测试中均展现出优异的协同阻燃作用,并且表现出良好的炭化能力和降热效果.在力学性能方面,与单纯加入DMMP的环氧树脂相比,EP/4%[TBP]NS/6%DMMP的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和弯曲强度均有提高.

呋喃基磷杂菲阻燃剂的合成及在阻燃环氧树脂中的应用

以5-羟甲基糠醛、糠胺、三氯氧磷和9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为原料合成了一种呋喃基磷杂菲阻燃剂(Furan-2DOPO),并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱(^(1)H NMR和^(31)P NMR)对其结构进行了表征.进一步利用Furan-2DOPO对环氧树脂进行阻燃改性,得到一系列阻燃环氧固化物.考察了Furan-2DOPO的用量对阻燃环氧固化物的力学性能、热稳定性以及阻燃性能的影响.研究结果表明,当Furan-2DOPO的添加量(质量分数)仅为5%时(磷质量分数为0.47%),环氧固化物的氧指数达到31.0%,且能够通过UL-94垂直燃烧V-0级测试.与未改性环氧树脂相比,添加2.5%和5%Furan-2DOPO的环氧固化物的最大热释放速率分别下降了31%和35%.此外,2种添加Furan-2DOPO的环氧固化物的拉伸强度均比未改性环氧树脂提升了约28%.炭层分析结果表明,Furan-2DOPO具有良好的催化成炭性能,有利于减少燃烧过程中可燃性气体的逸出,从而提升阻燃性能.

白泥填料在膨胀阻燃环氧树脂中的协效阻燃和抑烟作用

为实现氨碱白泥的资源化利用,以氨碱白泥为原料,通过烘干、粉碎和表面改性制备白泥填料,并将其作为阻燃协效剂应用于膨胀阻燃环氧树脂,系统研究了白泥填料对膨胀阻燃环氧树脂的阻燃性能、抑烟性能和成炭能力的影响。结果表明,添加白泥填料能够显著降低膨胀阻燃环氧树脂的热释放和生烟量,表现出优异的协效阻燃和抑烟作用。当添加5%烷基化白泥填料时,阻燃和抑烟效率最高,峰值热释放速率和峰值生烟速率降低至234.6 kW/m^(2)和0.048 m^(2)/s,极限氧指数提高到30.5%。此外,白泥填料具有优异的协效成炭作用,添加5%烷基化白泥填料可以促进膨胀阻燃环氧树脂生成更多的芳香结构和含磷的交联结构,增强炭层的致密性和隔热隔质性,提高炭层质量,在700℃下残炭量达到24.5%。

焦磷酸哌嗪@COF阻燃剂的制备及其对环氧树脂的阻燃作用

通过溶液合成法制备了一种共价有机框架(COF),再将COF包覆在焦磷酸哌嗪(PAPP)上形成PAPP@COF杂化阻燃剂,并将其应用于EP中。通过氧指数测定仪、垂直燃烧测定仪和锥形量热仪分析了PAPP@COF杂化阻燃剂对EP的阻燃及消烟性能的影响。结果表明,加入2%(质量分数,下同)的PAPP@COF时,EP复合材料的氧指数达到了30.0%,热释放速率峰值为911.35 k W/m^(2),烟释放速率峰值为0.394 m^(2)/s,相比于纯EP分别降低了37.36%和34.27%。PAPP@COF杂化阻燃剂对EP有优异的阻燃和消烟作用,为COF类阻燃剂的研究提供了一定的基础。

香草醛衍生含磷席夫碱的合成及与DOPO协效阻燃环氧树脂

本文以苯基磷酰二氯、香草醛和4-氨基苯酚为主要原料,合成了一种含磷席夫碱阻燃剂(PH-VAN-AP),并采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和核磁共振磷谱证明其结构符合预期。将DOPO与PH-VAN-AP作为复配阻燃剂PH/DOPO加入环氧树脂(EP)中,通过垂直燃烧(UL-94)、极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热测试(CCT)对其阻燃性能进行了表征,并利用热失重和差示扫描量热分析了环氧树脂的热稳定性、热降解过程及玻璃化转变温度(T_(g))。结果表明,PH/DOPO兼有气相和凝聚相2种阻燃机理,能有效提高EP的燃烧性能。具体而言,当仅添加PH/DOPO至体系的3%(质量分数)时,顺利通过了UL-94测试并达到V-0等级,其LOI由24.7%提高至34.8%。此外,峰值热释放速率(PHRR)和总热释放(THR)分别降低了257 kW/m^(2)和8 MJ/m^(2),材料的残留量提高了6.8%。添加3%的PH/DOPO,环氧树脂的Tg由149.5℃降至148.1℃,变化不大,表明PH-VAN-AP一定程度上改善了由于DOPO加入EP后导致T_(g)下降的问题。

阻燃改性环氧树脂的抗紫外老化研究

以阻燃改性环氧树脂为研究对象,添加不同配比的光稳定剂Tinuvin 770和抗氧剂Irganox 1010,研究紫外老化对材料性能的影响。对紫外老化前后材料的化学结构、表面形貌、力学性能、阻燃性能和热性能等进行测试分析,研究表明紫外线会破坏阻燃剂的结构,使得环氧树脂发生降解和氧化。两种助剂的加入使紫外老化后试样的力学性能保留率和阻燃性能得到提升,其中,只添加抗氧剂Irganox 1010的试样在老化28 d后性能表现最优异,拉伸、弯曲强度保留率从未添加助剂试样的80.37%、81.61%分别提升到100.10%、92.50%,极限氧指数(Limiting oxygen index, LOI)由34.4%提升到37.5%,老化后的试样也表现出更好的热稳定性。结果表明,添加抗氧剂Irganox 1010对提升阻燃改性环氧树脂的抗紫外老化效果最佳。

环氧树脂阻燃剂研究新进展

回顾了近5年来国内外环氧树脂阻燃剂方面研究的最新进展,重点论述了金属阻燃剂、9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物阻燃剂、多面体低聚硅倍半氧烷阻燃剂、生物基阻燃剂等在环氧树脂中的阻燃性能与作用机理,同时也介绍了以上各阻燃剂对环氧树脂协同阻燃效果和机理。力学性能的平衡与改善是当前阻燃改性存在的热点,综述了环氧树脂通过改性提高阻燃性能并改善力学性能的研究现状,指出提升阻燃效率并提高阻燃剂在材料中的分散性,是改善环氧树脂力学性能的基础。最后对环氧树脂阻燃剂的不足之处与未来研究趋势进行展望。