Low-Grade and High-Grade Invasive Ductal Carcinomas of the Breast Follow Divergent routes of Progression

Low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma is almost diploid, and has frequent losses of chromosome 16q, which is shared by other precancerous lesions of the mammary gland such as flat epithelial atypia （FEA）, atypical ductal hyperplasia （ADH）, and lownuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS）. The genetic alterations accumulate in a stepwise fashion as the precancerous lesions progress to invasve ductal carcinoma. This supports the linear progression model of breast cancer from FEA, through ADH, to low- nuclear grade DCIS as non-obligate early events in low-grade IDC evolution. In contrast, high-grade carcinoma tends to aneuploidy with complex genetic alterations--most importantly, frequent gains at chromosome 16q. Frequent losses at chromosome 16q in low-grade IDC and gains in the same arm of the same chromosome in high-grade IDC imply that these lesions are two end outcomes of different disease processes and that they do not lie in the same continuum of a process. Therefore, low-grade and high-grade IDC are two distinct diseases with a divergent route of progression.

Roles of micro RNA-140 in stem cell-associated early stage breast cancer

An increasing body of evidence supports a stepwise model for progression of breast cancer from ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC). Due to the high level of DCIS heterogeneity, we cannot currently predict which patients are at highest risk for disease recurrence or progression. The mechanisms of progression are still largely unknown, however cancer stem cell populations in DCIS lesions may serve as malignant precursor cells intimately involved in progression. While genetic and epigenetic alterations found in DCIS are often shared by IDC, m RNA and mi RNA expression profiles are significantly altered. Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cell pathways and differentially expressed mi RNA could have significant clinical benefit. As tumor grade increases, mi RNA-140 is progressively downregulated. mi R-140 plays an important tumor suppressive role in the Wnt, SOX2 and SOX9 stem cell regulator pathways. Downregulation of mi R-140 removes inhibition of these pathways, leading to higher cancer stem cell populations and breast cancer progression. mi R-140 downregulation is mediated through both an estrogen response element in the mi R-140 promoter region and differential methylation of Cp G islands. These mechanisms are novel targets for epigenetic therapy to activate tumor suppressor signaling via mi R-140. Additionally, we briefly explored the emerging role of exosomes in mediating intercellular mi R-140 signaling. The purpose of this review is to examine the cancer stem cell signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression, and the role of dysregulation of mi R-140 in regulating DCIS to IDC transition.

Metaplastic breast cancer with chondrosarcomatous differentiation combined with concurrent bilateral breast cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND Metaplastic breast carcinoma(MBC)is a rare subtype of invasive breast cancer comprising malignant epithelial and mesenchymal cells.Compared with other invasive breast cancers,MBC is not only histologically distinctly heterogeneous but also has a rapid and aggressive growth pattern,which leads to a significant risk of recurrence and mortality.CASE SUMMARY In this study,we report the case of a patient with a large left breast mass diagnosed with bilateral invasive ductal carcinoma in both breasts after a preoperative core needle aspiration biopsy of the bilateral breast mass.The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and underwent bilateral breast modified radical mastectomy.Postoperative pathology suggested carcinosarcoma with predominantly chondrosarcoma in the left breast and invasive ductal carcinoma(luminal B)in the right breast.As the patient did not achieve complete pathological remission after six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy,we administered six months of intensive capecitabine treatment.Then the patient was switched to continuous treatment with endocrine therapy using letrozole+goserelin,and the patient is currently in stable condition.However,as MBC of the breast is concurrently diagnosed with chondrosarcoma differentiation,our case is sporadic.CONCLUSION Given the variety of immunohistochemical types of bilateral breast cancer,achieving effective chemotherapy should be a key research focus.

An AAS Dependent Method for Quantitative Analysis of Essential Trace Elements from Blood Samples of Pakistani Female Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is the second leading cancer in the world. The long-term exposure of some metallic compounds induces different forms of cancer, including breast cancer. Trace elements are essential metals for the physiological functions of the cell on a molecular level and also contribute in treatment of many diseases. The aim of study was to compare the level of essential trace elements, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc in breast cancer patients with normal healthy adult women. Total forty-five patients (age range from 25 - 73 years) were included in this study and divided into three groups according to three different stages of breast cancer including tumor-II, tumor-III and tumor-IV. Blood was collected from all participants after taking history, clinical data and taking consent. However, about fifteen non-cancer healthy women in age range from 26 - 69 years were subjected to this study. The elemental concentrations were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer subsequent to microwave-induced acid digestion. The results of Na, K, Zn, Fe, Ca, were observed to decrease in blood samples of breast cancer patients as compared to non-cancer subjects. The results are reliable with other numerous literature reported studies, the efficiency, and deficiency of these trace metals may contribute an important role in the progress of breast cancer.

Enhancing Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Channel-Wise Attention Mechanisms in Deep Learning

Breast cancer,particularly Invasive Ductal Carcinoma(IDC),is a primary global health concern predominantly affecting women.Early and precise diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment planning.Several AI-based tech-niques for IDC-level classification have been proposed in recent years.Processing speed,memory size,and accuracy can still be improved for better performance.Our study presents ECAM,an Enhanced Channel-Wise Attention Mechanism,using deep learning to analyze histopathological images of Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma(BIDC).The main objectives of our study are to enhance computational efficiency using a Separable CNN architecture,improve data representation through hierarchical feature aggregation,and increase accuracy and interpretability with channel-wise attention mechanisms.Utilizing publicly available datasets,DataBioX IDC and the BreakHis,we benchmarked the proposed ECAM model against existing state-of-the-art models:DenseNet121,VGG16,and AlexNet.In the IDC dataset,the model based on AlexNet achieved an accuracy rate of 86.81%and an F1 score of 86.94%.On the other hand,DenseNet121 outperformed with an accuracy of 95.60%and an F1 score of 95.75%.Meanwhile,the VGG16 model achieved an accuracy rate of 91.20%and an F1 score of 90%.Our proposed ECAM model outperformed the state-of-the-art,achieving an impressive F1 score of 96.65%and an accuracy rate of 96.70%.The BreakHis dataset,the AlexNet-based model,achieved an accuracy rate of 90.82%and an F1 score of 90.77%.DenseNet121 achieved a higher accuracy rate of 92.66%with an F1 score of 92.72%,while the VGG16 model achieved an accuracy of 92.60%and an F1 score of 91.31%.The proposed ECAM model again outperformed,achieving an F1 score of 96.37%and an accuracy rate of 96.33%.Our model is a significant advancement in breast cancer diagnosis,with high accuracy and potential as an automated grading,especially for IDC.

Application of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of using dual-energy computed tomography (CT) before therapy to discriminate between normal breast tissue and tumor tissue in patients with breast cancer, without the need to use a contrast medium. The following patient data were extracted by interview and from the hospital’s radiology information system: height, weight, age, menstrual cycle, CT images of normal tissue and tumors with or without contrast medium, and the histopathological diagnosis of the aspiration biopsy. The median age of the 43 participants was 56 years (range, 30 - 80 years). The CT values were evaluated using a clinical analytical program based on the three-material decomposition technique. Breast cancer was classified into ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma. In all conditions, regardless of contrast medium, the CT values of tumor tissues were higher than those of normal breast tissue, indicating the effectiveness of dual-energy CT (DE-CT) in the diagnosis of breast cancer. By contrast, DE-CT showed limited potential for distinguishing ductal carcinoma in situ from invasive ductal carcinoma. There have only been a few reports regarding CT examination of breast cancer, and it is expected this study encourage the development of DE-CT imaging to improve tumor detection in patients with breast cancer.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically detected ductal carcinoma in situ

AIM:To study the indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) in clinically-detected ductal carcinoma in situ(CD-DCIS).METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS by an image-guided core needle biopsy(CNB) between June 2006 and June 2012 was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital.The accuracy of performing SLNB in CD-DCIS,the rate of sentinel and non-sentinel nodal metastasis,and the histologic underestimation rate of invasive cancer at initial diagnosis were analyzed.The inclusion criteria were a preoperative diagnosis of pure DCIS with no evidence of invasion.We excluded any patient with evidence of microinvasion or invasion.There were two cases of mammographically detected DCIS and 18 cases of CDDCIS.All our patients were diagnosed by an imageguided CNB except two patients who were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration(FNA).All patients underwent breast surgery,SLNB,and axillary lymph node dissection(ALND) if the SLN was positive.RESULTS:Twenty patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS underwent SLNB,2 of whom had an ALND.The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years(range,35-70).Twelve patients(60%) were premenopausal and 8(40%) were postmenopausal.CNB was the diagnostic procedure for 18 patients,and 2 who were diagnosed by FNA were excluded from the calculation of the underestimation rate.Two out of 20 had a positive SLNB and underwent an ALND and neither had additional non sentinel lymph node metastasis.Both the sentinel visualization rate and the intraoperative sentinel identification rate were 100%.The false negative rate was 0%.Only 2 patients had a positive SLNB(10%) and neither had additional metastasis following an ALND.After definitive surgery,3 patients were upstaged to invasive ductal carcinoma(3/18 = 16.6%) and 3 other patients were upstaged to DCIS with microinvasion(3/18 = 16.6%).Therefore the histologic underestimation rate of invasive disease was 33%.CONCLUSION:SLNB in CD-DCIS is technically feasible and highly accurate.We recommend limiting SLNB to patients undergoing a mastectomy.

数字乳腺断层摄影、超声及MRI检查在测量IDC病灶直径中与病理测量值的相关性分析

目的:探究数字乳腺体层合成(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)、超声检查(ultrasonography,US)及核磁共振成像(magnetic resonanceimaging,MRI)检查在测量乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasiveductalcarcinoma,IDC)病灶大小中与病理测量值的相关性。方法:选取2019年1月—2021年6月于达州市中心医院经病理检查确诊为IDC的女性患者83例,对所有患者行DBT、US和MRI扫描,分别于DBT、US和MRI图像上进行病灶大小测量,并与病理结果相比较。采用Pearson相关性分析三种检查方法在测量IDC病灶大小中与病理测量值的相关性。结果:83例患者中共有88个病灶,其中1例患者为多灶性病变,2例患者为同时性双乳癌。88个病灶直径为7~42 mm,平均(25.36±4.62)mm。通过DBT检查,病灶直径为10~45 mm,平均(29.78±6.32)mm。88个病灶中,14例DBT低估病灶大小超过5 mm,29例高估病灶超过5 mm,45例测量结果与病理结果差异小于5 mm。通过US检查,病灶直径为9~47 mm,平均(28.95±6.78)mm;88个病灶中,12例US低估病灶直径超过5 mm,27例高估病灶超过5 mm,49例测量结果与病理结果差异小于5 mm。通过MRI检查,病灶直径为8~44 mm,平均(27.16±5.39)mm;88个病灶中,11例MRI低估病灶直径超过5 mm,22例高估病灶超过5 mm,55例测量结果与病理结果差异小于5 mm。三种检查结果之间差异显著(F=1.58,P<0.01)。经Pearson相关性分析,DBT、US、MRI与病理结果之间均呈正相关性(P<0.05)。结论:DBT、US、MRI在测量病灶直径结果之间存在明显差异,这三种检查方式对病灶直径的测量结果与病理学检查结果均呈正相关,其中MRI与病理学结果相关性最好,US次之,DBT较差。

多模态影像组学列线图术前预测乳腺浸润性导管癌腋窝淋巴结转移的价值

目的探讨多模态影像组学列线图术前预测乳腺浸润性导管癌腋窝淋巴结(axillary lymph node,ALN)转移的价值。材料与方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2023年6月在我院经手术病理证实为乳腺浸润性导管癌的224例患者的临床及影像资料。首先,选取T2WI图像和动态对比增强MRI(dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)第二期图像的病灶最大层面及同一病灶的钼靶(mammography,MG)头尾位、内外斜位图像勾画感兴趣区,并且提取病灶感兴趣区特征,按照7∶3比例将样本随机分为训练集156例和测试集68例,通过最小绝对收缩和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回归进行特征降维筛选,选择5种机器学习分类器[支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、K近邻(K nearest neighbors,KNN)、极端梯度提升决策树(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)、逻辑回归(logistic regression,LR)、随机森林(randomforest,RF)]构建多模态影像组学模型并选择预测性能最佳分类器建立MRI、MG影像组学模型。通过单-多因素logistic回归筛选临床高危因素构建临床模型。最终选择影像组学评分联合临床高危因素构建影像组学列线图模型。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)评价模型预测乳腺癌患者ALN状态的性能,利用校准曲线评价模型的拟合能力,决策曲线评估预测模型的临床实用性。结果最终得到14个最佳影像组学特征。在测试集中5种机器学习分类器AUC值范围为0.764~0.864,其中SVM的AUC值最高(0.864)。淋巴结触诊(P<0.001)及MRI_ALN(P=0.005)是评估ALN是否转移的独立危险因素。列线图模型训练集AUC、敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为0.941、90.7%、88.9%、88.5%;测试集分别为0.926、84.4%、86.1%、85.3%。结论列线图模型性能最佳,在术前预测ALN状态具有重要的价值,可以协助临床制订科学有效的诊疗方案。

乳腺髓样癌临床病理特征、治疗及预后的分析

目的:探讨和比较乳腺髓样癌(medullary breast carcinoma, MBC)与浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinom, IDC)患者的临床病理特征、治疗和预后差异。方法:回顾性分析SEER数据库以及真实世界多中心(包括:四川省三家医院)2000年至2018年诊断为MBC和IDC的患者资料,对比分析临床病理特征、治疗及预后差异。结果:MBC与IDC患者相比,发病年龄更小、肿瘤直径更大、组织学分级更高、三阴型占比更多、TNM分期更晚、预后更好;单因素Cox回归分析显示,发病年龄、组织学分级、肿瘤大小、T分期、N分期、M分期、TNM分期、是否手术、手术方式、是否放疗及化疗与总生存率(overall survival, OS)具有相关性;发病年龄、种族、肿瘤大小、T分期、N分期、M分期、TNM分期、是否手术、手术方式及是否放疗与乳腺癌特异性生存率(breast cancer-specific survival, BCSS)具有相关性。多因素Cox模型校正后显示,发病年龄、T分期、N分期、M分期、肿瘤大小、是否手术及是否化疗是OS、BCSS的独立预后因素。MBC患者的10年OS和10年BCSS分别为83.0%和91.8%,与IDC相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。PSM分析结果显示,无论是SEER数据还是真实世界多中心临床数据,MBC患者的OS、BCSS均较IDC患者好,差异有统计学意义。结论:MBC较IDC更具侵袭性,预后却更好;排除混杂变量影响后,SEER数据分析显示MBC预后仍较IDC好,差异具有统计学意义,预后更好的原因是MBC的独特病理类型及规范化诊疗,因此临床上更应该注重规范化诊疗。

超声检查征象logistics回归鉴别乳腺化生性癌和浸润性导管癌

目的 探讨乳腺病变超声检查征象在乳腺化生性癌和浸润性导管癌中的鉴别诊断价值。方法 选取在我院经手术病理证实的117例乳腺肿瘤患者的超声声像图,根据病理结果分为化生性癌组36例和浸润性导管癌组81例,就其超声检查征象进行单因素分析,将超声检查征象中有统计学意义的参数设为自变量进行Logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析显示,超声检查肿瘤大小、回声类型、后方回声和生长方位在鉴别乳腺化生性癌和浸润性导管癌中差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素中肿瘤大小、回声类型、后方回声和生长方位是鉴别二者的独立影响因素,建立的回归方程为:Logistic (Y)=-2.209+1.335X1+2.186X2-1.149X3-1.734X4 (X1:肿瘤大小;X2:回声类型;X3:后方回声;X4:生长方位),ROC曲线下面积0.901,Logistic回归模型鉴别乳腺化生性癌和浸润性导管癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别是61.1%、96.3%和87.2%。结论 多因素分析在鉴别乳腺化生性癌和浸润性导管癌中有较好的诊断效能,超声检查显示肿瘤大小、回声类型、后方回声和生长方位可作为综合判断二者的可靠指标。

乳腺浸润性导管癌高频超声不同参数弹性成像的特征分析及对淋巴结转移的诊断

目的:观察乳腺浸润性导管癌高频超声、不同参数弹性成像的特征,并分析其对淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法:回顾性选取2021年1月至2023年1月于本院就诊且经病理学检查证实的96例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者,依据淋巴结转移情况将患者分为转移组与未转移组,所有患者入院时均接受高频超声与超声弹性成像检查,对比不同淋巴结转移情况的患者高频超声及超声弹性成像参数,采用Logistic回归分析其与乳腺浸润性导管癌患者淋巴结转移的关系,绘制ROC探讨高频超声、超声弹性成像参数对淋巴结转移的诊断价值。结果:96例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者中淋巴结转移59例(61.46%),未转移37例(38.54%);淋巴结转移组腋窝淋巴结皮质厚度、腋窝淋巴结纵径、纵横径比值大于未转移组,周边型或混合型血流模式占比、淋巴门消失占比高于未转移组(P<0.05);转移组最大弹性模量值、弹性数据离散度值、病灶与周边组织比值大于未转移组(P<0.05);经Logistic回归分析,结果显示,腋窝淋巴结皮质厚度大、腋窝淋巴结纵径大、纵横径比值大、周边型或混合型血流模式、淋巴门消失、最大弹性模量值大、弹性数据离散度值大、病灶与周边组织比值大是乳腺浸润性导管癌患者淋巴结转移的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05);绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,腋窝淋巴结皮质厚度、腋窝淋巴结纵径、纵横径比值、血流模式、淋巴门消失、最大弹性模量值、弹性数据离散度值、病灶与周边组织比值对乳腺浸润性导管癌患者淋巴结转移具有一定预测价值(AUC=0.833、0.782、0.758、0.721、0.646、0.714、0.685、0.730),联合诊断价值更高(AUC=0.908)。结论:乳腺浸润性导管癌患者高频超声、超声弹性成像特征与淋巴结转移密切相关,可用于淋巴结转移的术前诊断。

乳腺派杰氏病45例临床分析

目的:研究分析乳腺派杰氏病的临床特点及影响其预后的因素。方法:对我院收治的45例经病理诊断的乳腺派杰氏病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果:45例中有乳头和/或乳晕区糜烂、出血等湿疹样表现者40例(其中伴乳头下方肿块11例);单纯表现为乳头下肿块5例;伴同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大13例。本组25例作根治术,20例作改良根治术。派杰氏病不伴深部肿块者的5年和10年生存率分别为95.5%和78.6%,而伴有深部肿块者的5年和10年生存率分别为53.8%和36.4%,两者的5年和10年的生存率比较均有统计学意义(其P值分别为<0.01和<0.05);无乳头下方浸润者的5年和10年生存率分别为100%和88.9%,而有乳头下方浸润者的5年和10年生存率分别为69.6%和43.8%,前者亦优于后者(P<0.05);腋窝淋巴结阴性者的5年和10年生存率分别为92.0%和76.5%,而阳性者则分别为50.0%和25.0%,前者同样优于后者(P<0.05)。结论:乳腺派杰氏病多数有典型的临床表现,凡有湿疹样表现者均要考虑本病的可能性;本病预后的关键在于早期治疗。不伴深部肿块、没有深部浸润和腋淋巴结阴性者的手术治疗有很好效果,伴有肿块、有深部浸润和腋淋巴结阳性者的预后差,且均有统计学意义。

基于MRI、钼靶和病理的列线图预测肿块型乳腺浸润性导管癌前哨淋巴结转移的价值

目的探讨基于MRI、钼靶影像特征联合临床病理因素构建的列线图在预测肿块型乳腺浸润性导管癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)转移中的价值。材料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实为浸润性导管癌患者的临床病理及影像资料312例,按3∶1随机分成训练组(234例)与验证组(78例),两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。在训练组中,SLN阴性组158例,阳性组76例,对两组患者的临床病理因素、MRI、钼靶影像特征进行分析。通过多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出独立预测因子,构建预测SLN转移的列线图模型。使用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线、校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验拟合优度对模型进行评价。结果临床病理因素、MRI、钼靶影像特征在训练组及验证组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在训练组中,肿瘤最大径、临床T分期、淋巴结触诊、孕激素受体、人类表皮生长因子受体2、脉管浸润、MRI[肿块形状、乳腺影像报告和数据系统(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS)分类、腋窝淋巴结状态]、钼靶(BI-RADS分类、腋窝淋巴结状态)这11个变量在SLN阴性组和阳性组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过多因素Logistic回归分析得到,肿瘤最大径、淋巴结触诊、MRI(腋窝淋巴结状态)、钼靶(腋窝淋巴结状态)以及脉管浸润为预测SLN转移的独立危险因素。基于这5个变量构建模型,训练组及验证组ROC曲线下面积分别为0.908和0.897;Hosmer-Lemeshow检验拟合优度P值分别为0.883和0.579(P>0.05)。结论基于MRI及钼靶的术前影像学特征联合临床病理因素构建的列线图模型能较好地预测肿块型浸润性导管癌患者SLN转移情况。

DWI及DCE-MRI对乳腺纯导管原位癌、导管原位癌伴微浸润及浸润导管癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)及动态增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)特征对乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)、导管原位癌伴微浸润(DCIS-Mi)和浸润性导管癌(IDC)的鉴别诊断价值。方法:39例DCIS、43例DCIS-Mi和42例IDC患者,术前均行乳腺DCE-MRI和DWI检查。比较3组DWI和MRI-DCE特点。结果:纯DCIS、DCIS-Mi及IDC的最小ADC值(ADCMin)的中位数分别为1.35(1.33,1.36)、1.25(1.23,1.26)和1.08(1.06,1.12)×10-3mm^2/s,呈降低趋势且组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);最大与最小ADC值的差值(ADCDR)的中位数分别为0.13(0.11,0.14)、0.21(0.19,0.24)和0.34(0.31,0.37)×10-3mm^2/s,呈增高趋势且组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADCMin值取1.285×10-3mm^2/s是鉴别纯DCIS和DCIS-Mi最佳阈值,取1.175×10-3mm^2/s是鉴别DCIS-Mi和IDC最佳阈值;ADCDR值取0.165×10-3mm^2/s鉴别纯DCIS和DCIS-Mi最佳阈值,取值0.265×10-3mm^2/s是鉴别纯DCIS-Mi和IDC最佳阈值。DCIS-Mi主要表现为非肿块强化,倾向于节段分布,内部强化特点为不均匀或簇环状强化,少数肿块样DCIS-Mi常边缘呈毛刺状或不规则,内部强化特点为不均匀或边缘强化;非肿块样纯DCIS趋向于线样分布,内部强化特点一般较均匀,肿块样DCIS往往边缘清晰,内部强化特点均匀或不均匀;IDC多表现为肿块样强化,其边缘和内部强化特点常表现多种形成。结论:DCE-MRI联合DWI有助于鉴别乳腺纯DCIS、DCIS-Mi和IDC,尤其ADCMin、ADCDR、簇环状强化和边缘强化强化对诊断DCIS-Mi有一定帮助。

STAT3在乳腺浸润性导管癌中表达水平与临床病理特征相关性研究

目的:评价信号传导活化因子3(STAT3)在乳腺浸润性导管癌中表达情况及与临床病理指标的相关性。方法:利用免疫组织化学方法检测具有完整临床病理资料的129例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中STAT3表达情况,Chi-squire分析进行单因素相关分析,Logistic回归进行多因素相关分析,Multinomial logistic分析证实与浸润性导管癌组织中STAT3表达最为密切的因素,线性回归定量分析STAT3与临床病理指标相关密切程度。结果:单因素Chi-squire分析显示年龄、T分期、N分期、TNM分期、Ki-67表达、VEGF-C表达和VEGF-D表达与浸润性导管癌组织中STAT3表达相关;多因素Logistic回归分析显示VEGF-C表达、VEGF-D表达、N分期和手术时年龄是影响STAT3在浸润性导管癌组织中表达的独立相关因素;Multinomial logistic分析证实VEGF-D具有最小的AIC和BIC值,应视为对于STAT3表达的最密切影响因素;Spearman分析和线性回归分析发现STAT3在癌组织中表达水平与VEGF-D表达水平呈显著线性相关。结论:STAT3在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中表达与VEGF-D表达明显相关,可能是促进乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移的机制之一。

乳腺浸润性导管癌的超声特征及其与分子分型的相关性

目的:研究乳腺浸润性导管癌的超声表现特征,分析其与临床病理参数的关系。方法:回顾分析我院2014年1月至2018年12月乳腺外科收治的110例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者临床资料。按照不同分子亚型分为Luminal型、HER-2过表达型及TN型。观察不同亚型乳腺浸润性导管癌患者的超声征象并对比分析。结果:彩色多普勒超声检测显示,乳腺浸润性导管癌病例肿块多呈现为形态不规则、边缘毛刺、垂直生长,以内部回声无变化、无微钙化发生、血流分级2级、淋巴结转移、弹性评分≥3分为主。乳腺浸润性导管癌不同分子分型中超声征象形态、边缘、方位、内部回声、微钙化、血流分级、弹性评分组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),淋巴结转移与否差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Luminal型多见于形态不规则、边缘毛刺、垂直生长;TN型多见于形态规则、边缘光整、平行生长;HER-2过表达型多肿块内部微钙化、弹性评分≥3分。不同分子分型组间两两比较,Luminal型和TN型超声征象边缘、方位组间具有统计学差异(P<0.0128);HER-2型和TN型超声征象边缘组间具有统计学差异(P<0.0128);Luminal型和HER-2型超声征象内部回声、微钙化及弹性评分组间具有统计学差异(P<0.0128)。结论:乳腺癌超声特征与其分子分型存在一定关系,超声特征可为其分子分型提供一定参考信息。

BRCA1在散发性乳腺癌干细胞中的表达及意义

目的探讨乳腺癌易感基因1(breast cancer susceptibility gene 1,BRCA1)在散发性乳腺癌干细胞和分化细胞中的表达及意义。方法选取散发性乳腺浸润性导管癌新鲜标本30例,采用机械分离法将乳腺癌组织块制备成单细胞悬液,通过免疫磁珠两步法从中分离出乳腺癌干细胞(CD44+/CD24-细胞)和分化细胞(CD24+、CD44-、CD24-细胞),应用免疫细胞化学PV6000两步法分别检测两组细胞BRCA1的表达情况。结果乳腺癌干细胞所占比例平均为2.96%,乳腺癌干细胞BRCA1阴性组与阳性组相比,乳腺癌干细胞在乳腺癌中的比例明显升高,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);BRCA1在乳腺癌干细胞和分化细胞的阳性率分别为53.3%(16/30)8、3.3%(25/30),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 BRCA1能够抑制乳腺癌干细胞的增殖,某些乳腺癌的癌干细胞在增殖分化过程中出现BRCA1的表达。

Caveolin-1在乳腺浸润性导管癌间质内癌相关成纤维细胞中的表达水平与乳腺癌分子亚型的相关性

目的检测Caveolin-1(Cav-1)在乳腺浸润性导管癌间质内癌相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)中的表达,分析Cav-1与乳腺癌分子亚型、HER-2基因状态的相关性及其与预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学法检测168例乳腺癌组织Cav-1在CAFs中的表达情况。用荧光原位杂交(FISH)方法检测乳腺癌组织中HER-2基因的扩增状态。结果 Cav-1在HER-2过表达型和Luminal B型的阳性表达率均为83.3%,显著高于Luminal A型(58.1%)和Basal-like型(35.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乳腺癌HER-2基因扩增占39.3%(66/168),与HER-2蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.625,P<0.05)。HER-2基因扩增组的Cav-1阳性表达率为83.3%,显著高于未扩增组的55.9%(P<0.05)。Cav-1表达水平与HER-2蛋白(r=0.253)及基因(r=0.305)表达均呈正相关(P<0.05),与预后亦明显相关(P=0.041)。结论乳腺癌间质内Cav-1表达与分子分型相关,HER-2蛋白表达水平增高及基因扩增与间质Cav-1表达水平增高呈正相关(P<0.05),乳腺癌间质CAFs中Cav-1高表达提示患者预后较好。

乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌(IMPC)29例临床分析

目的研究乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌(invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast,IMPC)的临床病理特征以及生存预后分析。方法选择2006年6月至2013年6月在本院收治的IMPC 29例,中位随访42个月,分析其临床病理特点、局部复发率、远处转移率及总生存率(overall survival,OS)等生存预后指标;与320例浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma,IDC)病例进行对照,分析比较两组间的临床病理特点及生存预后指标。为进一步探讨IMPC病理类型对于生存预后的影响,将58例IDC与29例IMPC进行2∶1配对对照研究,分析比较两组间的生存预后指标。结果 29例IMPC中23例(79.3%)发生淋巴结转移,其中4枚及以上淋巴结转移的有15例(51.7%),18例(62.1%)伴有脉管侵犯。分子分型以Luminal B型为主(21例)。3年无局部复发生存率(local recurrence free survival,LRFS)、无转移生存率(metastasis free survival,MFS)、OS分别为:74%、86%、90%。Cox回归分析得出淋巴结转移个数是IMPC局部复发的影响因素(P=0.048)。与IDC组比较,IMPC组肿瘤体积大(3.70cmvs.2.81cm,P=0.007),淋巴结转移率高(79.3%vs.45.0%,P<0.001),淋巴结转移个数多(5.90 vs.2.16,P=0.003),淋巴结分级高分级比例较高(N2:24.1%vs.7.5%,N3:27.6%vs.6.9%,P<0.001),脉管侵犯率高(62.1%vs.20.0%,P<0.001),手术方式中标准根治术比例高(24.2%vs.3.1%,P<0.001),化疗方式中新辅助化疗比例高(31.0%vs.9.1%,P<0.001),其余方面差异无统计学意义。Log Rank检验生存分析得出IMPC组的LRFS显著低于IDC组(P=0.001),但两组间的MFS及OS差异无统计学意义(P=0.074及0.106)。将58例IDC与29例IMPC进行配对对照研究,Log Rank检验生存分析得出两组间的LFRS、MFS与OS差异均无统计学意义(P=0.586、0.965、0.920)。结论乳腺IMPC是一类预后较差的特殊类型乳腺癌,其较高的淋巴脉管侵犯性而非这一病理类型,与肿瘤的生存预后相关。