Impacts of Cloud-Induced Mass Forcing on the Development of Moist Potential Vorticity Anomaly During Torrential Rains

The impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the development of the moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomaly associated with torrential rains are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR 1? × 1? data. The MPV tendency equation with the cloud-induced mass forcing is derived, and applied to the torrential rain event over the Changjiang River-Huaihe River Valleys during 26–30 June 1999. The result shows that positive anomalies are located mainly between 850 hPa and 500 hPa, while the maximum MPV, maximum positive tendency of the MPV, and maximum surface rainfall are nearly collocated. The cloud-induced mass forcing contributes to the positive tendency of the moist potential vorticity anomaly. The results indicate that the MPV may be used to track the propagation of rain systems for operational applications.

Star Formation in Self-Gravitating Molecular Cloud: The Critical Mass and the Core Accretion Rate

Understanding how stars form in molecular clouds is one of the ongoing research areas in astrophysics. Star formation is the fundamental process to which our current understanding remains incomplete due to the complexity of the physics that drives their formation within molecular clouds. In this article theoretical modelling of the lowest possible mass of the cloud needed for collapse and the core accretion rate has been presented for the molecular cloud collapsing under its gravity. In many of previous studies the critical mass of star forming cloud under its gravity has been modelled using kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. However, we test the effect of thermodynamic efficiency factor together with other physical processes in describing the critical mass, and controlling or triggering the rate of mass falling onto the central core. Assuming that, the ratio of radiation luminosity to gravitational energy released per unit time of the collapsing MC is less than unity. Following this conceptual framework we have formulated the critical mass and the core accretion rate of the self-gravitating molecular cloud.

A modified method of discontinuity trace mapping using three-dimensional point clouds of rock mass surfaces

This paper presents an automated method for discontinuity trace mapping using three-dimensional point clouds of rock mass surfaces.Specifically,the method consists of five steps:(1)detection of trace feature points by normal tensor voting theory,(2)co ntraction of trace feature points,(3)connection of trace feature points,(4)linearization of trace segments,and(5)connection of trace segments.A sensitivity analysis was then conducted to identify the optimal parameters of the proposed method.Three field cases,a natural rock mass outcrop and two excavated rock tunnel surfaces,were analyzed using the proposed method to evaluate its validity and efficiency.The results show that the proposed method is more efficient and accurate than the traditional trace mapping method,and the efficiency enhancement is more robust as the number of feature points increases.

A state-of-the-art review of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics using three-dimensional surface models

In the last two decades,significant research has been conducted in the field of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics from three-dimensional(3D)models.This provides several methodologies for acquiring discontinuity measurements from 3D models,such as point clouds generated using laser scanning or photogrammetry.However,even with numerous automated and semiautomated methods presented in the literature,there is not one single method that can automatically characterize discontinuities accurately in a minimum of time.In this paper,we critically review all the existing methods proposed in the literature for the extraction of discontinuity characteristics such as joint sets and orientations,persistence,joint spacing,roughness and block size using point clouds,digital elevation maps,or meshes.As a result of this review,we identify the strengths and drawbacks of each method used for extracting those characteristics.We found that the approaches based on voxels and region growing are superior in extracting joint planes from 3D point clouds.Normal tensor voting with trace growth algorithm is a robust method for measuring joint trace length from 3D meshes.Spacing is estimated by calculating the perpendicular distance between joint planes.Several independent roughness indices are presented to quantify roughness from 3D surface models,but there is a need to incorporate these indices into automated methodologies.There is a lack of efficient algorithms for direct computation of block size from 3D rock mass surface models.

Alfvénic Fluctuations in an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Observed Near 1 AU

As for the present situation of coronal mass ejection （CME） triggering models, the distributions of Alfv@n waves in flux ropes are different from model to model, and thus examining those distributions in interplanetary coronal mass ejection （ICME） is an effective way to connect ICME observations with these theoretical models of CME triggering. However, previous observations of Alfv@nic fluctuations in ICMEs were rare with locations ranging from 0.3 AU to 0.68 AU only, which is usually explained as rapid dissipation of those remnant waves. Here we present an observation of Alfv@n waves in a magnetic cloud （MC） near 1 AU, in situ detected by WIND in February 17,-~20, 2011. The MC was generated by a CME accompanied with the first X-class flare in the 24th solar cycle. The slope of the power spectral densities of magnetic fluctuation in the MC, are similar to those modes in ambient solar wind, but more anisotropic. The results will also be helpful for studies of CME theories and ICME thermodynamics.

Pion Cloud Effects on △-N Mass Splitting from Quark Models

Pion cloud effects on △-N mass splitting are studied based on quark models. Pseudo-scalar pion-quarkcoupling is discussed in the relativistic and nonrelativistic frameworks. We separately calculate the pion cloud effects bythe one-pion exchange potential and by another method which is consistent with the baryon chiral perturbation theory.Remark able discrepancy in the mass splitting between the two methods is shown.

Characterization of cloud microphysical properties in different cloud types over East Asia based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite products

By using four-year CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite data,the authors investigated cloud microphysical properties in three representative regions over East Asia,where models commonly suffer from great biases in simulations of cloud radiative effects.This study aims to provide an observational basis of cloud microphysical properties for the modeling community,against which the model simulations can be validated.The analyzed cloud microphysical properties include mass,number concentration,and effective radius for both liquid and ice phases.For liquid clouds,both cloud mass and number concentration gradually decrease with height,leading to the effective radius being nearly uniformly spread in the range of 8-14μm.For ice clouds,the cloud mass and effective radius decrease with height,whereas the number concentration is nearly uniform in the vertical.The cloud microphysical properties show remarkable differences among different cloud types.Cloud mass and number concentration are larger in cumuliform clouds,whereas smaller in cirrus clouds.By comparing cloud properties among the Tibetan Plateau,East China,and the western North Pacific,results show the values are overall smaller for liquid clouds but larger for ice clouds over the Tibetan Plateau.

Star Formation in Magnetized, Turbulent and Rotating Molecular Cloud: The Critical Mass

In this paper, we present the critical mass of magnetized, turbulent and rotating star-forming molecular cloud core (MCc) in the presence of magnetic tension. The critical mass of star-forming magnetized cloud is influenced by the magnetic tension, magnetic pressure and other pressures. Applying the method of theoretical modelling by taking into account the basic equations and assumptions, we formulate the critical mass of magnetized MCc in different cases. Accordingly, the minimum critical masses we find in both cases are different. Energy due to magnetic tension significantly triggers the collapse at relatively larger radius of the core. The model shows that when the initial radius of the parent cloud (Ro) is larger than that of collapsing core radius (Rcore) the magnetic tension also has the larger radius of curvature, so it plays a significant role in supporting gravity to collapse the core. The results indicate gravity without magnetic tension may not overcome magnetic pressure, turbulence pressure and pressure due to rotation. This shows the critical mass of MCc for the collapse depends on the tension force that magnetic field lines apply on the envelope. We conclude that if there is magnetic pressure in star-forming MCc, there is also unavoidable magnetic tension, which triggers the collapse of the core. If there is no magnetic tension, the magnetized MCc needs relatively larger mass and higher density within the small size to collapse.

Evolutionary stages and disk properties of young stellar objects in the Perseus cloud

We investigated the evolutionary stages and disk properties of 211 young stellar objects（YSOs） across the Perseus cloud by modeling their broadband optical to mid-infrared（IR） spectral energy distribution（SED）. Our optical gri photometry data were obtained from the recently finished Purple Mountain Observatory Xuyi Schmidt Telescope Photometric Survey of the Galactic Anti-center（XSTPS-GAC）.About 81% of our sample fall into the Stage II phase which is characterized by having optically thick disks, while 14% into the Stage I phase characterized by having significant infalling envelopes, and the remaining 5% into the Stage Ⅲ phase characterized by having optically thin disks. The median stellar age and mass of the Perseus YSOs are 3.1 Myr and 0.3 M⊙ respectively. By exploring the relationships among the turnoff wave bands λturnoff（longward of which significant IR excesses above the stellar photosphere are observed）, the excess spectral index αexcess as determined for λ 〉 λturnoff, and the disk inner radius Rin（determined from SED modeling） for YSOs at different evolutionary stages, we found that the median and standard deviation of αexcess for YSOs with optically thick disks tend to increase withλturnoff, especially at λturnoff ≥5.8 μm, whereas the median fractional dust luminosities Ldust/L★ tend to decrease with increasing λturnoff. This points to an inside-out process of disk clearing for small dust grains. Moreover, a positive correlation between αexcess and Rin was found at α〉excess ～ 0 and R〉in～ 10 × the dust sublimation radius Rsub, irrespective of λturnoff, Ldust/L★ and disk flaring. This suggests that the outer disk flaring either does not evolve synchronously with the inside-out disk clearing of small dust grains or has little appreciable influence on the spectral slopes at λ〈～ 24 μm. About 23% of our YSO disks are classified as transitional disks, which haveλturnoff ≥ 5.8 μm and Ldust/L★ 〉 10-3. The transitional disks and full disks occupy distinctly different regions on the Ldust/L★ vs. αexcess diagram. Taking Ldust/L★ as an approximate discriminator of disks with（〉0.1） and without（〈0.1） considerable accretion activity, we found that 65% and 35% of the transitional disks may be consistent with being dominantly cleared by photoevaporation and dynamical interaction with giant planets respectively. None of our transitional disks have αexcess（〈0.0） or Ldust/L★（〉0.1） values that would otherwise be suggestive of disk clearing dominanted by grain growth.

CMA-GFS V4.0模式关键技术研发和业务化

针对CMA-GFS V3.3强降水预报偏弱、西北太平洋副热带高压等天气系统预报衰减偏快以及模式计算效率偏低等问题,对模式物理过程与动力框架关键技术开展研发改进。在预报性能方面,通过在云微物理方案中增加霰粒子相关的微物理过程、调整蒸发速率,并在积云对流方案中改进触发条件、卷入率、准平衡闭合假定等关键因子的参数化方法,缓解模式强降水预报不足和小雨过多的问题;采用质量守恒修正算法解决模式长时间积分质量损失问题,改善天气形势预报。在计算效率方面,研制二维参考廓线方案延长模式积分时间步长,开发预条件经典斯蒂菲尔迭代(PCSI)算法提高Helmholtz方程的求解效率,对辐射方案、预估-修正算法等进行计算效率优化。通过上述关键技术的研发和应用,CMA-GFS在降水和天气形势方面的预报技巧得到显著提升,计算效率提高1/3左右,满足模式在0.125°分辨率下业务运行的时效要求,为CMA-GFS V3.3升级到V4.0奠定了基础。

Application of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Surveying in Geological Investigation of High Rock Slope

The appearance of 3D laser scanning technology is one of the most important technology revolutions in surveying and mapping field. It can be widely used in many interrelated fields, such as engineering constructions and 3D measurements, owing to its prominent characteristics of the high efficiency and high precision. At present its application is still in the initial state, and it is quite rarely used in China, especially in geotechnical engineering and geological engineering fields. Starting with a general introduction of 3D laser scanning technology, this article studies how to apply the technology to high rock slope investigations. By way of a case study, principles and methods of quick slope documentation and occurrence measurement of discontinuities are discussed and analyzed. Analysis results show that the application of 3D laser scanning technology to geotechnical and geological engineering has a great prospect and value.

A review of laser scanning for geological and geotechnical applications in underground mining

Laser scanning can provide timely assessments of mine sites despite adverse challenges in the operational environment.Although there are several published articles on laser scanning,there is a need to review them in the context of underground mining applications.To this end,a holistic review of laser scanning is presented including progress in 3D scanning systems,data capture/processing techniques and primary applications in underground mines.Laser scanning technology has advanced significantly in terms of mobility and mapping,but there are constraints in coherent and consistent data collection at certain mines due to feature deficiency,dynamics,and environmental influences such as dust and water.Studies suggest that laser scanning has matured over the years for change detection,clearance measurements and structure mapping applications.However,there is scope for improvements in lithology identification,surface parameter measurements,logistic tracking and autonomous navigation.Laser scanning has the potential to provide real-time solutions but the lack of infrastructure in underground mines for data transfer,geodetic networking and processing capacity remain limiting factors.Nevertheless,laser scanners are becoming an integral part of mine automation thanks to their affordability,accuracy and mobility,which should support their widespread usage in years to come.

Responses of Vertical Structures in Convective and Stratiform Regions to Large-Scale Forcing during the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006)

The responses of vertical structures, in convective and stratiform regions, to the large-scale forcing during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis （2006） are investigated using the data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. An imposed large-scale forcing with upward motion in the mid and upper troposphere and downward motion in the lower troposphere on 15 July suppresses convective clouds, which leads to -100% coverage of raining stratiform clouds over the entire model domain. The imposed forcing extends upward motion to the lower troposphere during 16-17 July, which leads to an enhancement of convective clouds and suppression of raining stratiform clouds. The switch of large-scale lower-tropospheric vertical velocity from weak downward motion on 15 July to moderate upward motion during 16-17 July produces a much broader distribution of the vertical velocity, water vapor and hydrometeor fluxes, perturbation specific humidity, and total hydrometeor mixing ratio during 16-17 July than those on 15 July in the analysis of contoured frequency-altitude diagrams. Further analysis of the water vapor budget reveals that local atmospheric moistening is mainly caused by the enhancement of evaporation of rain associated with downward motion on 15 July, whereas local atmospheric drying is mainly determined by the advective drying associated with downward motion over raining stratiform regions and by the net condensation associated with upward motion over convective regions during 16-17 July.

超声辅助浊点萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中天然VK同系物

通过优化超声辅助提取和微波辅助浊点萃取方法,建立超声辅助浊点萃取-液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法同时测定蔬菜中天然VK同系物叶绿醌(phylloquinone,PK)和四烯甲萘醌(menaquinone-4,MK-4)的检测方法。蔬菜样品经乙腈超声辅助提取分离出分析物,并通过微波辅助浊点萃取,以甲酸铵溶液-甲醇作为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测模式测定,外标法定量。结果显示,超声辅助浊点萃取的优化条件为1.5 g样品加入乙腈体积2 mL、超声提取、提取液中氯化钠添加量0.15 g、萃取溶剂采用Triton X-45、萃取溶剂体积50μL。2种VK同系物PK和MK在1.0~500.0 ng/mL范围线性良好,相关系数均大于0.9970,PK和MK的方法检出限分别为1.0 ng/g和0.8 ng/g。加标含量为40、80、120 ng/g的PK和MK加标回收率在94.5%~106.2%范围内,方法日间和日内重复性相对标准偏差不大于10%,根茎类蔬菜中未检出天然VK,而绿叶蔬菜均仅检测到PK,含量在96.2~1704.5 ng/g之间,其中菠菜中PK含量最高。

Influence of Mass and Radius of Ice Crystals on Hydrometeors,Internal Energy,and Kinetic Energy:A Numeric Model Study

Two cloud-scale experiments with two different ice-phase schemes were carried out for a precipitation event that occurred in eastern China in 2005.The results were analyzed to examine the influences of the change of ice-particle mass and radius on hydrometeors,internal energy,and kinetic energy,as well as the primary factors responsible.It was found that the ice content increases notably and the snow content decreases due to the change.This is the consequence of the modulation of cloud microphysical processes.In particular,the Bergeron process and the accretion of snow and cloud ice are markedly influenced.The differences of internal energy and kinetic energy between the two experiments are caused by adjustments to pressure-flux divergence,the coupling of temperature and divergence,and gravitational work,and the reason is that these three factors result in differences of local changes of internal and kinetic energy.

Motion Equation and Solution of Mushroom Cloud

Using model like hot air bloom with zero-weighted membrane wrapped hot air, surrounded by cold air, this paper sets up a partial differential equation (PDE) of motion of mushroom cloud by modifying Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. The obtained equation is a vector PDE. It states that the derivative of velocity is with respect to time proportions to the gradient of temperature with respect to trace. Its solution is obtained by the method of separating variables for scalar function. These results have been compared with well agreement with literatures. Highlight: The Principle of Minimum Energy Release (PMER) is used to prove the pulse-mode of explosion of nuclear weapon, as great Earthquake, and optimum path problems.

利用点云处理的实时的类别级位姿估计

针对传统的视觉算法无法准确地测量物体3D质心和尺寸、无法检测数据集中未出现过的物体等问题,提出一种基于点云的类别级物体质心与位姿估计算法.首先通过2D分割算法对物体待检测区域进行分割,并通过BlendMask提高实时性;然后将分割区域生成点云,并结合先验形状输入到神经网络中重建物体模型;最后输出一个变形场以及对应矩阵,并通过Umeyama算法对物体进行位姿估计.实验结果表明,所提算法达到了较高的精度;在质心估计方面也优于包络盒中心作为质心的算法;实时速率达到了13帧/s.在GPUNVIDIA2060上进行仿真实验,证明了所提算法计算的质心优于对比算法,以及该算法的准确性及可靠性.

多源点云优化的城市三维模型构建

简易模型与传统复杂的单体模型相比,对存储、可视化、传输和后续应用技术要求低,敏感信息承载量少,且能满足大部分应用需求,具有更高的应用价值。考虑应用需求与技术现状,自然资源部将城市三维模型(L0D1.3级)纳入实景三维中国建设任务中。目前相关生产以半自动化采集为主,工程化应用存在技术流程烦琐、效率较低且对数据量限制较大等问题。本文立足山东实际,提出了一种基于多源点云优化的城市三维模型快速构建技术,在充分利用现有数据基础上有效提升了数据处理效率,大幅减少了生产成本,并在实景三维山东建设过程中得到了有效验证,具有较好的社会经济效益与推广价值。

改进的区域生长算法在三维激光点云识别岩体结构面中的应用

交错分布的结构面构成了岩体中的薄弱部位,准确高效的岩体结构面识别和特征信息提取可为岩体稳定性评价提供重要依据。三维激光扫描技术可以极大地提高结构面勘测效率和精度,但目前主流的点云分析算法存在结构面边缘识别模糊、点云分割准确性不能满足结构面特征信息提取精度等问题。因此,考虑岩体结构面点云位置与其邻域的空间关系,利用KD-tree数据结构进行最邻近搜索的体素下采样,在稳健随机Hough变换的基础上改进了区域生长算法,通过多特征值对区域生长分割参数进行修正,依据点云法向量差值和特征终值进行结构面分割,实现了结构面产状、间距、延展度信息的提取。研究结果表明:与传统的主成分分析法和随机抽样一致法相比,在室内块体模型组成的24个结构面中,该方法在相同区域具有更高的识别率和准确率,既能在复杂变化的平面区域保证数据的完整识别,也能在平面的尖锐位置较好地分割边缘点云。利用该方法可以将24个结构面分为6组,并在识别数据中获取对应的结构面特征信息,与实际测量结果相比,角度信息误差约为1°,距离信息误差1cm以内。利用该方法在长江干流蟒蛇寨斜坡岩体中成功识别出3组结构面同时计算各组结构面间距与延展度信息,并采用赤平投影图分析不同结构面组对斜坡稳定性的影响。所提出的方法在室内模型及现场斜坡验证效果良好,可以为岩体结构面识别分割提供稳定且有效的技术支撑。

无人机技术在超高陡边坡危岩体半自动识别中的应用

在新疆山区开展危岩体勘察时,由于工程区存在复杂且陡峭的山体,传统人工勘察危岩体的方案往往受限。为了有效地提高危岩体调查的效率与自动化程度,本研究提出了一种基于无人机的高陡边坡危岩体半自动勘察技术。将无人机贴近摄影测量技术与精确的仿地飞行路线规划相结合,获取超高边坡精确三维点云模型;应用CloudCompare软件点云剖分工具结合危岩体突出于边坡表面的形态特征对异型滑移式块体进行语义分割;并通过分析异型滑移式块体的三维特征,实现对危岩体的定性分析。将上述理论方法应用于玉龙喀什水利工程左岸超高边坡坝址,在试验区提取出了4块危岩体。所有危岩体稳定性系数(K)均低于0.9,平均体积均在2000 m3左右,最大高差在7~11 m。危岩体的空间位置分布和三维特征与现场人工勘测的基本一致。试验表明,结合危岩体特征的高精度边坡点云模型能有效识别危岩体,提高调查效率并解决人工数据模糊的问题,对高陡边坡的危岩体评估具有实际应用价值。