Analysis of Progressively Type-Ⅱ Inverted Generalized Gamma Censored Data and Its Engineering Application

A novel inverted generalized gamma(IGG)distribution,proposed for data modelling with an upside-down bathtub hazard rate,is considered.In many real-world practical situations,when a researcher wants to conduct a comparative study of the life testing of items based on cost and duration of testing,censoring strategies are frequently used.From this point of view,in the presence of censored data compiled from the most well-known progressively Type-Ⅱ censoring technique,this study examines different parameters of the IGG distribution.From a classical point of view,the likelihood and product of spacing estimation methods are considered.Observed Fisher information and the deltamethod are used to obtain the approximate confidence intervals for any unknown parametric function of the suggestedmodel.In the Bayesian paradigm,the same traditional inferential approaches are used to estimate all unknown subjects.Markov-Chain with Monte-Carlo steps are considered to approximate all Bayes’findings.Extensive numerical comparisons are presented to examine the performance of the proposed methodologies using various criteria of accuracy.Further,using several optimality criteria,the optimumprogressive censoring design is suggested.To highlight how the proposed estimators can be used in practice and to verify the flexibility of the proposed model,we analyze the failure times of twenty mechanical components of a diesel engine.

Comparative analyses of mitogenomes in the social bees with insights into evolution of long inverted repeats in the Meliponini

The insect mitogenome is typically a compact circular molecule with highly conserved gene contents.Nonetheless,mitogenome structural variations have been reported in specific taxa,and gene rearrangements,usually the tRNAs,occur in different lineages.Because synapomorphies of mitogenome organizations can provide information for phylogenetic inferences,comparative analyses of mitogenomes have been given increasing attention.However,most studies use a very few species to represent the whole genus,tribe,family,or even order,overlooking potential variations at lower taxonomic levels,which might lead to some incorrect inferences.To provide new insights into mitogenome organizations and their implications for phylogenetic inference,this study conducted comparative analyses for mitogenomes of three social bee tribes(Meliponini,Bombini,and Apini)based on the phylogenetic framework with denser taxonomic sampling at the species and population levels.Comparative analyses revealed that mitogenomes of Apini and Bombini are the typical type,while those of Meliponini show diverse variations in mitogenome sizes and organizations.Large inverted repeats(IRs)cause significant gene rearrangements of protein coding genes(PCGs)and rRNAs in Indo-Malay/Australian stingless bee species.Molecular evolution analyses showed that the lineage with IRs have lower dN/dS ratios for PCGs than lineages without IRs,indicating potential effects of IRs on the evolution of mitochondrial genes.The finding of IRs and different patterns of gene rearrangements suggested that Meliponini is a hotspot in mitogenome evolution.Unlike conserved PCGs and rRNAs whose rearrangements were found only in the mentioned lineages within Meliponini,tRNA rearrangements are common across all three tribes of social bees,and are significant even at the species level,indicating that comprehensive sampling is needed to fully understand the patterns of tRNA rearrangements,and their implications for phylogenetic inference.

Polymer Fiber Rigid Network with High Glass Transition Temperature Reinforces Stability of Organic Photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)need to overcome limitations such as insufficient thermal stability to be commercialized.The reported approaches to improve stability either rely on the development of new materials or on tailoring the donor/acceptor morphology,however,exhibiting limited applicability.Therefore,it is timely to develop an easy method to enhance thermal stability without having to develop new donor/acceptor materials or donor–acceptor compatibilizers,or by introducing another third component.Herein,a unique approach is presented,based on constructing a polymer fiber rigid network with a high glass transition temperature(T_(g))to impede the movement of acceptor and donor molecules,to immobilize the active layer morphology,and thereby to improve thermal stability.A high-T_(g) one-dimensional aramid nanofiber(ANF)is utilized for network construction.Inverted OPVs with ANF network yield superior thermal stability compared to the ANF-free counterpart.The ANF network-incorporated active layer demonstrates significantly more stable morphology than the ANF-free counterpart,thereby leaving fundamental processes such as charge separation,transport,and collection,determining the device efficiency,largely unaltered.This strategy is also successfully applied to other photovoltaic systems.The strategy of incorporating a polymer fiber rigid network with high T_(g) offers a distinct perspective addressing the challenge of thermal instability with simplicity and universality.

Control of GaN inverted pyramids growth on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates

Growth of gallium nitride(GaN)inverted pyramids on c-plane sapphire substrates is benefit for fabricating novel devices as it forms the semipolar facets.In this work,GaN inverted pyramids are directly grown on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates(PSS)by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy(MOVPE).The influences of growth conditions on the surface morphol-ogy are experimentally studied and explained by Wulff constructions.The competition of growth rate among{0001},{1011},and{1122}facets results in the various surface morphologies of GaN.A higher growth temperature of 985 ℃ and a lowerⅤ/Ⅲratio of 25 can expand the area of{}facets in GaN inverted pyramids.On the other hand,GaN inverted pyramids with almost pure{}facets are obtained by using a lower growth temperature of 930℃,a higherⅤ/Ⅲratio of 100,and PSS with pattern arrangement perpendicular to the substrate primary flat.

Role of self-assembled molecules’anchoring groups for surface defect passivation and dipole modulation in inverted perovskite solar cells

Inverted perovskite solar cells have gained prominence in industrial advancement due to their easy fabrication,low hysteresis effects,and high stability.Despite these advantages,their efficiency is currently limited by excessive defects and poor carrier transport at the perovskite-electrode interface,particularly at the buried interface between the perovskite and transparent conductive oxide(TCO).Recent efforts in the perovskite community have focused on designing novel self-assembled molecules(SAMs)to improve the quality of the buried interface.However,a notable gap remains in understanding the regulation of atomic-scale interfacial properties of SAMs between the perovskite and TCO interfaces.This understanding is crucial,particularly in terms of identifying chemically active anchoring groups.In this study,we used the star SAM([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)as the base structure to investigate the defect passivation effects of eight common anchoring groups at the perovskite-TCO interface.Our findings indicate that the phosphonic and boric acid groups exhibit notable advantages.These groups fulfill three key criteria:they provide the greatest potential for defect passivation,exhibit stable adsorption with defects,and exert significant regulatory effects on interface dipoles.Ionized anchoring groups exhibit enhanced passivation capabilities for defect energy levels due to their superior Lewis base properties,which effectively neutralize local charges near defects.Among various defect types,iodine vacancies are the easiest to passivate,whereas iodine-substituted lead defects are the most challenging to passivate.Our study provides comprehensive theoretical insights and inspiration for the design of anchoring groups in SAMs,contributing to the ongoing development of more efficient inverted perovskite solar cells.

Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation

A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs.In this work,we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique,which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films.This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods,which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform,large-area perovskite film.Furthermore,modification of the NiO_(x)/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization.As a result,a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains,fewer pinholes,and reduced defects could be achieved.The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm^(2)(10×10 cm^(2)substrate)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56%and significantly improved stability.This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication.

RWNeRF:Robust Watermarking Scheme for Neural Radiance Fields Based on Invertible Neural Networks

As neural radiance fields continue to advance in 3D content representation,the copyright issues surrounding 3D models oriented towards implicit representation become increasingly pressing.In response to this challenge,this paper treats the embedding and extraction of neural radiance field watermarks as inverse problems of image transformations and proposes a scheme for protecting neural radiance field copyrights using invertible neural network watermarking.Leveraging 2D image watermarking technology for 3D scene protection,the scheme embeds watermarks within the training images of neural radiance fields through the forward process in invertible neural networks and extracts them from images rendered by neural radiance fields through the reverse process,thereby ensuring copyright protection for both the neural radiance fields and associated 3D scenes.However,challenges such as information loss during rendering processes and deliberate tampering necessitate the design of an image quality enhancement module to increase the scheme’s robustness.This module restores distorted images through neural network processing before watermark extraction.Additionally,embedding watermarks in each training image enables watermark information extraction from multiple viewpoints.Our proposed watermarking method achieves a PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio)value exceeding 37 dB for images containing watermarks and 22 dB for recovered watermarked images,as evaluated on the Lego,Hotdog,and Chair datasets,respectively.These results demonstrate the efficacy of our scheme in enhancing copyright protection.

Non-destructive buffer enabling near-infrared-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells toward 1400 h light-soaking stable perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) tandem solar cells

Near-infrared(NIR)transparent inverted all-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are excellent top cell candidates in tandem applications.An essential challenge is the replacement of metal contacts with transparent conductive oxide(TCO)electrodes,which requires the introduction of a buffer layer to prevent sputtering damage.In this study,we show that the conventional buffers(i.e.,small organic molecules and atomic layer deposited metal oxides)used for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are not applicable to all-inorganic perovskites,due to non-uniform coverage of the vulnerable layers underneath,deterioration upon ion bombardment and moisture induced perovskite phase transition,A thin film of metal oxide nanoparticles by the spin-coating method serves as a non-destructive buffer layer for inorganic PSCs.All-inorganic inverted near-infrared-transparent PSCs deliver a PCE of 17.46%and an average transmittance of 73.7%between 780 and 1200 nm.In combination with an 18.56%Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2) bottom cell,we further demonstrate the first all-inorganic perovskite/CIGS 4-T tandem solar cell with a PCE of 24.75%,which exhibits excellent illumination stability by maintaining 86.7%of its initial efficiency after 1400 h.The non-destructive buffer lays the foundation for efficient and stable NIR-transparent inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells and perovskite-based tandems.

A novel cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter with flexible arc suppression function

This paper presents a novel approach that simultaneously enables photovoltaic(PV)inversion and flexible arc suppression during single-phase grounding faults.Inverters compensate for ground currents through an arc-elimination function,while outputting a PV direct current(DC)power supply.This method effectively reduces the residual grounding current.To reduce the dependence of the arc-suppression performance on accurate compensation current-injection models,an adaptive fuzzy neural network imitating a sliding mode controller was designed.An online adaptive adjustment law for network parameters was developed,based on the Lyapunov stability theorem,to improve the robustness of the inverter to fault and connection locations.Furthermore,a new arc-suppression control exit strategy is proposed to allow a zerosequence voltage amplitude to quickly and smoothly track a target value by controlling the nonlinear decrease in current and reducing the regulation time.Simulation results showed that the proposed method can effectively achieve fast arc suppression and reduce the fault impact current in single-phase grounding faults.Compared to other methods,the proposed method can generate a lower residual grounding current and maintain good arc-suppression performance under different transition resistances and fault locations.

MarkINeRV: A Robust Watermarking Scheme for Neural Representation for Videos Based on Invertible Neural Networks

Recent research advances in implicit neural representation have shown that a wide range of video data distributions are achieved by sharing model weights for Neural Representation for Videos(NeRV).While explicit methods exist for accurately embedding ownership or copyright information in video data,the nascent NeRV framework has yet to address this issue comprehensively.In response,this paper introduces MarkINeRV,a scheme designed to embed watermarking information into video frames using an invertible neural network watermarking approach to protect the copyright of NeRV,which models the embedding and extraction of watermarks as a pair of inverse processes of a reversible network and employs the same network to achieve embedding and extraction of watermarks.It is just that the information flow is in the opposite direction.Additionally,a video frame quality enhancement module is incorporated to mitigate watermarking information losses in the rendering process and the possibility ofmalicious attacks during transmission,ensuring the accurate extraction of watermarking information through the invertible network’s inverse process.This paper evaluates the accuracy,robustness,and invisibility of MarkINeRV through multiple video datasets.The results demonstrate its efficacy in extracting watermarking information for copyright protection of NeRV.MarkINeRV represents a pioneering investigation into copyright issues surrounding NeRV.

Significance of including lid thickness and particle shape factor in numerical modeling for prediction of particle trap efficiency of invert trap

Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.

Review of Fault-tolerant Control for Motor Inverter Failure with Operational Quality Considered

In recent years,motor drive systems have garnered increasing attention due to their high efficiency and superior control performance.This is especially apparent in aerospace,marine propulsion,and electric vehicles,where high performance,efficiency,and reliability are crucial.The ability of the drive system to maintain long-term fault-tolerant control(FTC)operation after a failure is essential.The likelihood of inverter failures surpasses that of other components in the drive system,highlighting its critical importance.Long-term FTC operation ensures the system retains its fundamental functions until safe repairs or replacements can be made.The focus of developing a FTC strategy has shifted from basic FTC operations to enhancing the post-fault quality to accommodate the realities of prolonged operation post-failure.This paper primarily investigates FTC strategies for inverter failures in various motor drive systems over the past decade.These strategies are categorized into three types based on post-fault operational quality:rescue,remedy,and reestablishment.The paper discusses each typical control strategy and its research focus,the strengths and weaknesses of various algorithms,and recent advancements in FTC.Finally,this review summarizes effective FTC techniques for inverter failures in motor drive systems and suggests directions for future research.

Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocols,high-temperature heating process,incompatible solvents,etc.),it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all-metal-oxide-based devices.Here,we developed efficient inverted PSCs(IPSCs)based on solution-processed nickel oxide(NiO_(x))and tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanoparticles,working as hole and electron transport materials respectively,enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge carriers.Through further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces,we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.5%(the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV),which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all-metal-oxide charge transport materials.Thanks to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties,ambient stability(retaining 95%of initial PCE after 1 month),thermal stability(retaining 80%of initial PCE after 2 weeks)and light stability(retaining 90%of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging)of resultant devices are enhanced significantly.In addition,owing to the low-temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device,we have obtained a PCE of over 21%for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability.

Permanent Magnet Temperature Estimation for PMSMs Using Virtual Position-offset Injection

This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is mathematically transforming the machine model to a virtual frame with a position-offset. The virtual frame temperature estimation model is derived to calculate the permanent magnet temperature(PMT) directly from the measurements with computation efficiency. The estimation model involves a combined inductance term, which can simplify the establishment of saturation compensation model with less measurements. Moreover, resistance and inverter distorted terms are cancelled in the estimation model, which can improve the robustness to the winding temperature rise and inverter distortion. The proposed approach can achieve simplified computation in temperature estimation and reduced memory usage in saturation compensation. While existing model-based approaches could be affected by either the need of resistance and inverter information or complex saturation compensation. Experiments are conducted on the test machine to verify the proposed approach under various operating conditions.

Reduced-Order Observer-Based LQR Controller Design for Rotary Inverted Pendulum

The Rotary Inverted Pendulum(RIP)is a widely used underactuated mechanical system in various applications such as bipedal robots and skyscraper stabilization where attitude control presents a significant challenge.Despite the implementation of various control strategies to maintain equilibrium,optimally tuning control gains to effectively mitigate uncertain nonlinearities in system dynamics remains elusive.Existing methods frequently rely on extensive experimental data or the designer’s expertise,presenting a notable drawback.This paper proposes a novel tracking control approach for RIP,utilizing a Linear Quadratic Regulator(LQR)in combination with a reduced-order observer.Initially,the RIP system is mathematically modeled using the Newton-Euler-Lagrange method.Subsequently,a composite controller is devised that integrates an LQR for generating nominal control signals and a reduced-order observer for reconstructing unmeasured states.This approach enhances the controller’s robustness by eliminating differential terms from the observer,thereby attenuating unknown disturbances.Thorough numerical simulations and experimental evaluations demonstrate the system’s capability to maintain balance below50Hz and achieve precise tracking below1.4 rad,validating the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives

For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward.

Chlorine-Substituent Regulation in Dopant-Free Small-Molecule Hole-Transport Materials Improves the Effi ciency and Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Although doped hole-transport materials(HTMs)off er an effi ciency benefi t for perovskite solar cells(PSCs),they inevi-tably diminish the stability.Here,we describe the use of various chlorinated small molecules,specifi cally fl uorenone-triphenylamine(FO-TPA)-x-Cl[x=para,meta,and ortho(p,m,and o)],with diff erent chlorine-substituent positions,as dopant-free HTMs for PSCs.These chlorinated molecules feature a symmetrical donor-acceptor-donor structure and ideal intramolecular charge transfer properties,allowing for self-doping and the establishment of built-in potentials for improving charge extraction.Highly effi cient hole-transfer interfaces are constructed between perovskites and these HTMs by strategi-cally modifying the chlorine substitution.Thus,the chlorinated HTM-derived inverted PSCs exhibited superior effi ciencies and air stabilities.Importantly,the dopant-free HTM FO-TPA-o-Cl not only attains a power conversion effi ciency of 20.82% but also demonstrates exceptional stability,retaining 93.8%of its initial effi ciency even after a 30-day aging test conducted under ambient air conditions in PSCs without encapsulation.These fi ndings underscore the critical role of chlorine-substituent regulation in HTMs in ensuring the formation and maintenance of effi cient and stable PSCs.

High-Performance and Large-Area Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells Based on NiO_(x) Films Enabled with A Novel Microstructure-Control Technology

The improvement in the efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is significantly limited by undesirable contact at the NiO_(x)/perovskite interface.In this study,a novel microstructure-control technology is proposed for fabrication of porous NiO_(x)films using Pluronic P123 as the structure-directing agent and acetylacetone(AcAc)as the coordination agent.The synthesized porous NiO_(x)films enhanced the hole extraction efficiency and reduced recombination defects at the NiO_(x)/perovskite interface.Consequently,without any modification,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the PSC with MAPbl_(3)as the absorber layer improved from 16.50%to 19.08%.Moreover,the PCE of the device composed of perovskite Cs0.05(MA_(0.15)FA_(0.85))_(0.95)Pb(I_(0.85)Br_(0.15))_(3)improved from 17.49%to 21.42%.Furthermore,the application of the fabricated porous NiO_(x)on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)substrates enabled the fabrication of large-area PSCs(1.2 cm^(2))with a PCE of 19.63%.This study provides a novel strategy for improving the contact at the NiO_(x)/perovskite interface for the fabrication of high-performance large-area perovskite solar cells.

Adaptive Predefined-Time Backstepping Control for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter

The system performance of grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)has a serious impact on the grid stability.To improve the control performance and shorten the convergence time,a predefined-time controller based on backstepping technology and dynamic surface control is formulated for the inverter in the grid-connected photovoltaic.The time-varying tuning functions are introduced into state-tracking errors to realize the predefined-time control effect.To address the“computational explosion problem”in the design process of backstepping control,dynamic surface control is adopted to avoid the analytical calculations of virtual control.The disturbances of the PV system are estimated and compensated by adaptive laws.The control parameters are chosen and the global stability of the closed-loop is ensured by Lyapunov conditions.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller and ensure the predefined time control in the photovoltaic inverter.

Coordinated Capacitor Voltage Balancing Method for Cascaded H-bridge Inverter with Supercapacitor and DC-DC Stage

Cascaded H-bridge inverter(CHBI) with supercapacitors(SCs) and dc-dc stage shows significant promise for medium to high voltage energy storage applications. This paper investigates the voltage balance of capacitors within the CHBI, including both the dc-link capacitors and SCs. Balance control over the dc-link capacitor voltages is realized by the dcdc stage in each submodule(SM), while a hybrid modulation strategy(HMS) is implemented in the H-bridge to balance the SC voltages among the SMs. Meanwhile, the dc-link voltage fluctuations are analyzed under the HMS. A virtual voltage variable is introduced to coordinate the balancing of dc-link capacitor voltages and SC voltages. Compared to the balancing method that solely considers the SC voltages, the presented method reduces the dc-link voltage fluctuations without affecting the voltage balance of SCs. Finally, both simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the presented method.