To generate dynamic planning for coal mine safety investment, this study applies system dynamics to decision-making, classifying safety investments by accident type. It validates the relationship between safety invest...To generate dynamic planning for coal mine safety investment, this study applies system dynamics to decision-making, classifying safety investments by accident type. It validates the relationship between safety investments and accident cost, by structurally analyzing the causality between safety investments and their influence factors. Our simulation model, based on Vensim software, conducts simulation analysis on a series of actual data from a coalmine in Shanxi Province. Our results indicate a lag phase in safety investments, and that increasing pre-phase safety investment reduces accident costs. We found that a 24% increase in initial safety investment could help reach the target accident costs level 14 months earlier. Our simulation test included nine kinds of variation trends of accident costs brought by different investment ratios on accident prevention. We found an optimized ratio of accident prevention investments allowing a mine to reach accident cost goals 4 months earlier, without changing its total investment.展开更多
Mergers have become an important means for low-carbon manufacturers to improve their efficiency and competitiveness.This paper studies the impact of horizontal mergers between asymmetric low-carbon manufacturers on pr...Mergers have become an important means for low-carbon manufacturers to improve their efficiency and competitiveness.This paper studies the impact of horizontal mergers between asymmetric low-carbon manufacturers on product diversity,profits,consumer surplus,and the environment.In the premerger model,we consider two asymmetric manufacturers in terms of market potential that produce two products and compete on prices and carbon emissions.In the postmerger model,the two asymmetric manufacturers merge into one firm.The merged manufacturer can either continue to produce two products and collude on both products'prices and carbon emissions or enjoy both production and green technology investment cost savings to produce only one product.Our result suggests that when the merged manufacturer produces two products,the merger does not necessarily lead to higher prices,which stands in sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom.Furthermore,the merger always benefits the manufacturer but harms consumers.When the merged manufacturer chooses to produce only one product,however,we confirm that the merger can lead to a win-win-win outcome,i.e.,the manufacturer,customers,and environment all become better off if either the production or investment savings are salient.The conventional wisdom shows that salient costing savings lead to price reduction.Nevertheless,we show that the merged manufacturer can charge consumers higher prices to provide lower-emission products.In addition,we show that improving investment(production)cost savings is more effective for the merged manufacturer if these two cost savings are salient(not salient).Finally,the merged manufacturer should not reduce diversity if these two cost savings are relatively low because the profit and consumer surplus may be simultaneously lower.We also extend our base model to the case where there exist three manufacturers in the premerger model and the merged firm still operates in a competitive market.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51174214)
文摘To generate dynamic planning for coal mine safety investment, this study applies system dynamics to decision-making, classifying safety investments by accident type. It validates the relationship between safety investments and accident cost, by structurally analyzing the causality between safety investments and their influence factors. Our simulation model, based on Vensim software, conducts simulation analysis on a series of actual data from a coalmine in Shanxi Province. Our results indicate a lag phase in safety investments, and that increasing pre-phase safety investment reduces accident costs. We found that a 24% increase in initial safety investment could help reach the target accident costs level 14 months earlier. Our simulation test included nine kinds of variation trends of accident costs brought by different investment ratios on accident prevention. We found an optimized ratio of accident prevention investments allowing a mine to reach accident cost goals 4 months earlier, without changing its total investment.
基金This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.72001048 and 72102080the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant Nos.2019A1515011767,2019A1515110848,2021A1515011969,and 2021A1515011876the Planning Projects of Philosophy and So-cial Science of Guangdong under Grant No.GD19YGL12.
文摘Mergers have become an important means for low-carbon manufacturers to improve their efficiency and competitiveness.This paper studies the impact of horizontal mergers between asymmetric low-carbon manufacturers on product diversity,profits,consumer surplus,and the environment.In the premerger model,we consider two asymmetric manufacturers in terms of market potential that produce two products and compete on prices and carbon emissions.In the postmerger model,the two asymmetric manufacturers merge into one firm.The merged manufacturer can either continue to produce two products and collude on both products'prices and carbon emissions or enjoy both production and green technology investment cost savings to produce only one product.Our result suggests that when the merged manufacturer produces two products,the merger does not necessarily lead to higher prices,which stands in sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom.Furthermore,the merger always benefits the manufacturer but harms consumers.When the merged manufacturer chooses to produce only one product,however,we confirm that the merger can lead to a win-win-win outcome,i.e.,the manufacturer,customers,and environment all become better off if either the production or investment savings are salient.The conventional wisdom shows that salient costing savings lead to price reduction.Nevertheless,we show that the merged manufacturer can charge consumers higher prices to provide lower-emission products.In addition,we show that improving investment(production)cost savings is more effective for the merged manufacturer if these two cost savings are salient(not salient).Finally,the merged manufacturer should not reduce diversity if these two cost savings are relatively low because the profit and consumer surplus may be simultaneously lower.We also extend our base model to the case where there exist three manufacturers in the premerger model and the merged firm still operates in a competitive market.
