Environmental regulation,hidden economy,and China's outward foreign direct investment

The need to balance economic growth and its environmental impact continues to be a serious issue in China.As environmental regulation in China increases in importance,it is critical to understand how it impacts economic growth drivers such as outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)to formulate effective policies.One consideration should be the hidden economy,which can weaken the effects of environmental regulation on OFDI.This study investigates the scale of the hidden economy in 30 provinces and province-level municipalities in China in the period 2004 to 2015.The study uses the multiple indicators and multiple causes(MIMIC)model and the systematic generalized method of moments(GMM)test to analyze the impact of environmental regulation and the hidden economy on China's OFDI.The results show that stronger environmental regulation promotes OFDI.However,the hidden economy inhibits China's OFDI,as the positive effects of environmental regulation that drive OFDI are distorted.From a regional perspective,stronger environmental regulation promotes OFDI as well,while the hidden economy inhibits it.The interaction between environmental regulation and the hidden economy also inhibits it significantly.

China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

The implementation of China’s open development strategy has unveiled a wave of outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)by Chinese companies,with global implications.Based on panel data from 146 developing countries from 2003 to 2017,we investigate the growth effects of China’s OFDI.We find that China’s OFDI has promoted significant economic growth in developing countries.Not only could China’s OFDI increase GDP per capita of a country in a short time but raise the country’s long-run equilibrium value as well.In addition,the growth effects of China’s OFDI were more significant for countries with weak governance,rich resource,and modest human capital,and were above the average level for Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)countries,African countries,and in the post-crisis era.Our research helps unravel the global significance of Chinese companies investing overseas and contributes to research on the growth effects of direct investment between developing countries.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between the Scale of International Students from ASEAN and China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment

With the further development of economic globalization since the establishment of ties between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) 30 years ago and the continuous increase in the scale of international students in China,the training of international talents has become an important approach to avoiding the risks of transnational investments.We established panel data by selecting variables from the period 2006 to 2017,including the scale of international students coming from ASEAN to China,the gross amount of China’s outward foreign direct investment(OFDI),and the GDP per capita of ASEAN countries to further explore the correlations among these variables.We applied a panel-vector autoregressive(PVAR) model to conducting a Granger causality test,a Gaussian mixture model(GMM) regression analysis,a Monte Carlo-based impulse response analysis,and variance decomposition of the data.The results show that the growth of OFDI exerted an obvious positive impact on the inflow of international students from the countries along the Belt and Road(B&R) within a short period,the growth of the scale of international students coming from these countries to study in China had a strong positive effect on OFDI,the training of international talents was conducive to promoting the scale of transnational investments,but the overall quality was not very high,and its economic contribution rate was low.It is also found that OFDI and the scale of international students from the countries along the B&R promoted the GDP growth to a certain extent and the positive accumulation effect fluctuated due to external factors.Therefore,it is suggested to expanding the scale of OFDI and improving China’s core competitiveness in international student education.Intensive management of investment factors should also be conducted along with sound development of training mechanisms for international talents.

Foreign Direct Investment with Chinese Characteristics:A Middle Path Between Ownership-Location-Internalization Model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning Model

The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It is a comparatively new phenomenon that challenges the classic FDI theories. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of two important theories, known as the Owner- ship-Location-Internalization （0LI） model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning （LLL） model, and use the statistical data and company case studies from China to test the plausibility of these two models. We believe that neither of them suits totally： the OLI model is quite use- fill for understanding FDI from China to developing economies, while the LLL model is more powerful for explaining the FDI to de- veloped economies. We argue that the companies from China attain a very advantageous position as intermediates in the global economy They may catch up with the first movers if they integrate OLI-led and LLL-led FDI within one firm. This combination can bring to- gether the most advanced knowledge acquired in developed economies with the knowledge about adaptation needs and the needs for cost reduction in production as expressed in developing economies. It may also accelerate the knowledge transfer globally. We thus fill a gap in research into the geographical pattern of Chinese FDI and offer a deeper understanding of the internationalization of Chinese MNEs and revolving knowledge transfer.

Impact of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Enterprise Performance

The present study seeks to address two fundamental questions.(1)Does outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)enhance enterprise performance ultimately?(2)How does this effect come about?A new dataset from the years 2011 to 2016 based on the micro-data of 88 Chinese multinational-listed enterprises was used to test research hypotheses with the mediating effect modeling approach.The study results reveal that:(1)the investment intensity has a positive influence,while investment span has a negative influence on enterprise performance;(2)the enhanced innovation capability can considerably increase the enterprise performance,while investment intensity and span both hinder the upgrading of innovation capability;and(3)the innovation capability of an enterprise plays a partial intermediary role among investment span and enterprise performance.However,there is no mediating effect between investment intensity,innovation ability,and enterprise performance.

Impact of China’s outward foreign direct investment on environmental pollution in the home country

In the context of economic globalization and increasingly tight resource and environmental constraints,the environmental effect of open economy has been highly concerned by the academic community.With the implementation of the“Going Global”campaign and the“Belt and Road Initiative”,China’s OFDI has been expanding.What is the impact of the rapid growth of OFDI on the home environment?How can China improve the quality and level of OFDI in order to promote domestic green development under the dual context of constructing a new dual circulation development pattern and advocating green development?These questions deserve further discussion.Most of the existing literature focuses on the empirical interpretation of OFDI’s home country environmental effect by using linear models,while few involve nonlinear models.The literature on the important role of financial development in home country and the threshold effect of OFDI on home country environment is even less common.In view of this,based on the mechanism of argumentation and propositional inference,this paper calculated the environmental pollution index of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2017 by using China’s provincial panel data of these years and selecting industrial waste water,industrial waste gas,industrial SO_(2),and industrial soot emissions and industrial solid waste production amount index.Then,this paper empirically studied China's OFDI home environment of financial development threshold effect by constructing financial development as the threshold variables panel threshold model.The results showed that:①China’s OFDI had a significant impact on the environment of the home country,based on the level of financial development of the home country.When China’s financial development level was lower than the first threshold value,China’s OFDI had a significant restraining effect on environmental pollution in the home country.When China’s financial development level crossed the first threshold value but did not exceed the second threshold value,China’s OFDI significantly enhanced its inhibiting effect on environmental pollution in its home country.When China’s financial development level was higher than the second threshold value,the inhibiting effect of China’s OFDI on environmental pollution in the home country was further enhanced.②In the sample period,the financial development level of most provinces in China was not high.Only a few provinces with high financial development level had a strong inhibiting effect on environmental pollution in their home country,and the provinces with a high degree of coupling and coordination between OFDI and financial development tended to have a low level of environmental pollution.Accordingly,this paper proposes to optimize the financial service environment of OFDI,improve the green technology content of OFDI,and strengthen the original innovation and re-innovation ability of green technology.

New-Wave Emerging Multinational Companies： The Determinants of Their Outward Foreign Direct Investment

Focusing on the fast growth of BRICS＇ outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） and multinational companies during the crisis has left unheeded that some other emerging economies also grow much faster than average in the global economy and has become significant and fast-growing direct investors abroad. A sample of such （thirteen） new-wave emerging countries （NWECs） is gathered on the criterion of being ranked among the most significant foreign direct investors in the global economy. The literature review exhibits only very few articles existing on such a topic so far. Descriptive statistics enable tracing OFDI by NWECs-based multinational companies back to the 1970s, checking its geographical orientation and industrial structure, and assessing the relative importance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Econometric estimation exhibits that direct investment moving off the NWECs is explained by so-called push factors such as the home country＇s GDP, GDP per capita, GDP rate of growth, the share of high-technology exported products in overall export, the number of technological patents registered, and how much inward foreign direct investment discussed in the light of Dunning＇s investment development hypothesis. stock has previously been hosted. These results are path model and Matthews＇ linkage-leverage learning

China＇s Direct Investment in Advanced Economies： the Cases of Europe and the United States

Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point of Chinese investment in the European Union and the United States since 2008. A new data set is used to highlight similarities and differences of Chinese investment patterns in the world＇s two biggest economies. The second part examines the policy response on both sides of the Atlantic to promote investment from China and at the same time address political and economic risks related to these new flows.

Theoretical Explanation of China's Outward Direct Investment

Traditional foreign direct investment (FDI) theory only examines corporate investment motivation while neglectinggovernment roles.China’s outward direct investment (ODI) is of both commercial and strategic significance to leveragedomestic and international resources and markets.ODI is a corporate behavior but also is a means of achieving nationalstrategies and heightening political and economic statuses.As a source of ODI,China should provide strong guidance andbacking to corporate ODI for both commercial and national interests.

“一带一路”背景下中国企业对泰国投资可持续发展研究

文章基于2015-2022年成立的431家泰国中资企业经营信息,考察“一带一路”背景下泰国中资企业发展状况。其中,2018-2022年,泰国中资企业总营收和净利率数据显示,泰国中资企业整体发展态势良好;资产负债率等财务指标数据显示,部分泰国中资企业可能面临较高财务风险。案例分析发现,泰国中资企业应兼顾经济效益与社会效益,充分重视资金结构合理调节。文章从微观层面厘清泰国中资企业的经营绩效,进一步为中国企业赴泰国投资提供实践参考。

一带一路沿线国家的金融开放和直接投资

中国对“一带一路”沿线国家的金融开放与直接投资,既是“一带一路”建设中资金融通的重要体现,也是构建“双循环”新发展格局的现实需要。十年来,中国对“一带一路”沿线国家的金融开放水平不断提高,对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资呈现出投资规模不断扩大、投资行业较为广泛、投资区域相对集中等特征。金融开放通过拓展国内资本市场的广度和深度,提升金融机构运行效率,推动资本在国内外市场合理配置,促进企业提高对外直接投资竞争力。面临“一带一路”沿线国家金融开放水平普遍较低、中国投资项目融资难度较大等现实制约,要扩大对“一带一路”沿线国家的金融开放,重点服务中国对外直接投资企业;加强金融合作,守住风险底线,努力提高人民币国际化水平;优化倒逼机制,提升金融服务质量,精准破解中国企业“走出去”困境;加强对“一带一路”沿线国家投资的规范与引导,帮助企业借力金融开放提升投资质量和效率,推动金融开放与对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资的融合发展与相互促进。

东道国营商环境与中国对外直接投资:来自“一带一路”沿线国家的经验证据

基于“一带一路”沿线40个国家2008—2019年数据,利用修正后的投资引力模型考察东道国营商环境与中国对外直接投资之间的关系。研究表明:总体上,东道国营商环境的提高能够促进中国的对外直接投资。进一步研究表明:中国对“一带一路”沿线国家的对外直接投资存在地理区位异质性、发展程度异质性和营商环境子指标异质性;文化距离在东道国营商环境对中国对外直接投资的影响中存在负向调节效应。本文的研究为“一带一路”沿线国家优化营商环境,促进贸易投资提供了新的证据,并从政府与企业双重维度提出相应的政策建议。

全面认识产业转移的新特征新模式——基于开放视角下的事实与分析

当前,全球产业链正向本地化、区域化、多元化、绿色化和数字化方向加速重构与调整。在此背景下,美欧等国家和地区陆续推出一系列政策措施,加速产业转移步伐,直接影响到我国的产业链供应链安全稳定。对此,文章利用fDi Markets、UN Comtrade等多个数据库,基于开放视角从来华投资、对外直接投资与中间品贸易三个关键维度对我国产业转移的理论与现状进行深入剖析,并归纳出当前产业转移的四种典型模式,进而在“分类研判”基础上提出“精准施策”的方案。研究发现:第一,在来华投资方面,尚未表现出大规模产业转移,法国等欧洲国家对华投资率先增长,但需警惕美日韩等地区以及电子元件、半导体和汽车设备等产业链较长行业的来华外资下降趋势。第二,在对外投资方面,总体呈现出稳中有进的态势,其中对墨西哥以及共建“一带一路”国家的投资增势最为突出,对电子元件、金属制品、汽车设备等高端制造行业以及矿产资源行业的投资也表现出了持续向好的态势。第三,在中间品贸易方面,近年来我国中间品出口在全球市场中的份额显著提升,其中对越南、印度和泰国等地区的出口比重大幅提高,高技术产品的出口增势也尤为突出。在此基础上,我们进一步归纳提出当前产业转移的四种主要模式:地缘政治驱动型、生产成本驱动型、产业链布局驱动型以及国际合作驱动型。最后,根据不同产业转移模式以及当前的产业转移新特征,提出相应的对策建议,为确保我国产业链供应链韧性与安全提供有益的支撑。

专利出海与中国企业对外直接投资

专利出海作为开放创新生态的重要内容,是推进高水平对外开放的新优势。本文选取2003—2021年中国专利出海上市企业为研究对象,探究专利出海对中国企业对外直接投资的影响及作用机制。研究结果显示,专利出海能够促进中国企业对外直接投资,其动态滞后效应在第2期达到最大。在考虑多维专利出海质量、内生性问题和进行一系列稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。机制检验结果表明,专利出海通过技术领先效应和声誉传递效应促进中国企业对外直接投资。异质性分析结果显示,专利出海对数字化企业、顺向投资企业和民营企业对外直接投资的促进作用明显,对中国企业向投资网络社区内东道国、高知识产权保护东道国的投资促进作用更强。本文为依托创新全球化布局推动企业对外投资提供了微观依据,对提升国际循环质量和实现更高水平开放型经济具有重要启示。

中国“一带一路”倡议投资对降低共建国家气候风险的影响

“一带一路”倡议是实践人类命运共同体理念的重要平台。然而,许多“一带一路”倡议共建国家处于气候变化敏感区,部分西方国家对“一带一路”倡议建设存在一些质疑与污蔑,认为“一带一路”倡议的基建项目可能增加了共建国家的气候变化脆弱性。该研究从应对气候变化的视角探究中国对外直接投资对“一带一路”倡议共建国家气候变化风险的影响,进而考察其内在机理。基于2004—2020年65个共建国家的面板数据,以各国气候变化脆弱性风险为被解释变量,评估中国对外直接投资对东道国应对气候变化风险能力的影响。研究发现:①中国对“一带一路”倡议地区的直接投资显著减轻了共建国家的气候变化脆弱性风险;在全球气候变化危机加剧的背景下,提高了共建国家气候风险应对能力。②对于“一带一路”倡议国家中的中低收入国家、中国邻国以及与中国建立自由贸易协定的国家而言,中国“一带一路”倡议投资降低当地气候变化脆弱性风险的作用更为明显。③中国“一带一路”倡议投资的作用可以通过收入增长效应、政治稳定效应部分解释,符合“一带一路”倡议共享发展成果、推进全球治理的重要理念。④中国“一带一路”倡议投资在降低共建国家气候变化脆弱性的同时,并没有加剧当地的碳排放水平,表明中国“一带一路”倡议投资并没有引发部分西方国家所污蔑的“碳排放转移”问题,绿色始终是“一带一路”倡议的底色。该研究为理解中国“一带一路”倡议建设的时代作用提供了实证支持,为进一步推动共建“一带一路”倡议提供了政策建议。

对外直接投资对中国区域经济韧性影响研究

对外直接投资(OFDI)是影响中国区域经济韧性的重要因素。基于2005—2019年省级面板数据,运用非空间面板模型、空间面板模型和中介效应模型实证分析了OFDI对中国区域经济韧性的影响及作用机制。研究表明:OFDI总体上促进了中国区域经济韧性的提升,该结论在一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;OFDI对邻近地区经济韧性的提升具有溢出效应。中介机制检验发现,OFDI能通过人力资本和技术创新机制间接提升中国区域经济韧性。空间异质性分析表明,OFDI促进东部地区和中西部地区经济韧性的提升,且对东部地区经济韧性的推动作用高于中西部地区;时间异质性分析表明,金融危机抵抗期OFDI对中国区域经济韧性的提升具有抑制作用,而在金融危机恢复期和转型期具有促进作用。

“一带一路”倡议下对外直接投资对国内产业结构升级的影响

对外直接投资是推进高水平对外开放的重要内容,其促进母国产业结构升级的积极作用对构建双循环发展新格局具有重要意义。利用我国2003—2020年的省级面板数据的实证检验表明,对外直接投资在总体上显著促进了我国产业结构的升级。而异质性分析发现,这一效应在“一带一路”倡议提出以后和西部地区尤为明显;分位数检验表明,对外直接投资促进国内产业结构升级的边际效应会受产业结构发展水平的影响呈现“M型”特征。因此,应增强技术溢出吸收能力和要素优化配置能力,加快形成“走出去”和“引进来”双向互促的高水平开放新格局,最大化对外直接投资促进国内产业结构升级的效应。

对外直接投资、中间品转换与企业出口国内增加值率

使用中国工业企业数据库、中国海关数据库、境外投资企业(机构)名录的匹配数据,采用时变双重差分模型和倾向得分匹配方法,可以考察对外直接投资对制造业企业出口国内增加值率的影响效应和作用机制。研究发现,对外直接投资显著降低当期企业出口国内增加值率,对外直接投资通过中间品转换效应降低当期企业出口国内增加值率。进口中间品相对比例增加是对外直接投资降低企业出口国内增加值率的中介渠道;对地理距离较远和进口中间品关税较高国家的投资对企业出口国内增加值率的影响效应更显著。此外,中间品转换效应的内在动因是进口高质量中间品而非低价格中间品;从长期来看,对外直接投资将显著提升企业出口国内增加值率。

Tech no logy Gap,Reverse Technology Spillover and Domestic Innovation Performanee in Outward Foreign Direct Investment:Evidenee from China

This research adds to the literature studying the effects of outward foreign direct investment(OF DI)on domestic innovation performance and the moderating effect of a technology gap between host and home countries.New definitions of observed technology gap and expected technology'gap are proposed.An observed technology gap captures the existing differences in technology level between establishments,regions or countries.An expected technology'gap is an indication of the effort of imitating and learning from technology leaders.The corresponding measures and effects of observed and expected technology gaps on OFDI-induced reverse technology spillover are analyzed.OFDI in developed countries promotes innovation performance.However,OFDI in emerging markets hampers innovation performance.It is also found that regions with a wider observed technology^gap and a narrower expected technology gap can benefit more from OFDI.

投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家OFDI区位选择影响研究

为了研究投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资区位选择的影响,本文首先选取了宏观经济环境、营商环境、基础设施建设、金融服务效率、科学教育供给水平以及制度环境6个一级指标和38个二级指标,建立了测评投资便利化水平的指标体系,应用熵值法算得52个沿线国家在2007—2019年期间的投资便利化水平。接着,运用拓展投资引力模型和面板门槛模型,对投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资区位选择的影响进行实证分析。然后,分别从“一带一路”倡议提出前后及不同投资动机视角进行异质性检验。最后,提出中国应积极推动有关投资便利化规则的多边和区域谈判,不断加深同沿线各国的投资便利化建设与合作,促使其投资便利化水平提高,助推共建“一带一路”高质量发展。