Bio-cementation for tidal erosion resistance improvement of foreshore slopes based on microbially induced magnesium and calcium precipitation

In most coastal and estuarine areas,tides easily cause surface erosion and even slope failure,resulting in severe land losses,deterioration of coastal infrastructure,and increased floods.The bio-cementation technique has been previously demonstrated to effectively improve the erosion resistance of slopes.Seawater contains magnesium ions(Mg^(2+))with a higher concentration than calcium ions(Ca^(2+));therefore,Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+)were used together for bio-cementation in this study at various Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)ratios as the microbially induced magnesium and calcium precipitation(MIMCP)treatment.Slope angles,surface strengths,precipitation contents,major phases,and microscopic characteristics of precipitation were used to evaluate the treatment effects.Results showed that the MIMCP treatment markedly enhanced the erosion resistance of slopes.Decreased Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)ratios resulted in a smaller change in angles and fewer soil losses,especially the Mg^(2+)concentration below 0.2 M.The decreased Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)ratio achieved increased precipitation contents,which contributed to better erosion resistance and higher surface strengths.Additionally,the production of aragonite would benefit from elevated Mg^(2+)concentrations and a higher Ca^(2+)concentration led to more nesquehonite in magnesium precipitation crystals.The slopes with an initial angle of 53°had worse erosion resistance than the slopes with an initial angle of 35°,but the Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)ratios of 0.2:0.8,0.1:0.9,and 0:1.0 were effective for both slope stabilization and erosion mitigation to a great extent.The results are of great significance for the application of MIMCP to improve erosion resistance of foreshore slopes and the MIMCP technique has promising application potential in marine engineering.

Bioinspired polydopamine coated nanopore nanofluidic unijunction transistor exhibiting negative differential resistance and ion current oscillation

Nanofluidic devices have turned out to be exemplary systems for investigating fluidic transport properties in a highly restricted area, where the electrostatic interactions or chemical reactions between nanochannel and flowing species strongly dominate the ions and flow transport. Numerous nanofluidic devices have recently been explored to manipulate ion currents and construct electronic devices. Enlightened by electronic field effect transistors, utilizing the electric field effect of nanopore nanochannels has also been adopted to develop versatile nanofluidic devices. Here, we report a nanopore-based nanofluidic unijunction transistor composed of a conical glass nanopipette with the biomaterial polydopamine (PDA) coated at its outer surface. The asfabricated nanofluidic device exhibited negative differential resistance (NDR) and ion current oscillation (ICO) in ionic transport. The pre-doped copper ions in the PDA moved toward the tip as increasing the potential, having a robust shielding effect on the charge of the tip, thus affecting the surface charge density of the nanopore in the working zone. Finite element simulation based on a continuum model coupled with Stokes-Brinkman and Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations revealed that the fluctuations in charge density remarkably affect the transport of ionic current in the nanofluidic device. The as-prepared nanofluidic semiconductor device was a ready-to-use equipment that required no additional external conditions. Our work provides a versatile and convenient way to construct nanofluidic electronic components;we believe by taking advantage of advanced surface modification methods, the oscillation frequency of the unijunction transistors could be controlled on demand, and more nanofluidic devices with resourceful functions would be exploited.

Degradation of the Emission Current from the Field Emitter Caused by Ion Bombardment

In field emission devices, the emission current sometimes degrades with the time. The mechanism of the current degradation is complicated. In this paper, a program is used to simulate the movement of the electron beam from a field emitter. According to the current distribution and the trajectories of the primary electron beam, it is shown that the residual gas is ionized and the ion pairs are generated. The trajectories of the positive ions are simulated. With the different locations and kinetic energy of i...

Sputtering of W Mo alloy under ion bombardment

The distribution of plasma density in the vicinity of the W Mo alloy source in the process of double glow discharge plasma surface alloying was diagnosed using the moveable Langmuir probe. The sputtering law, surface composition and morphological variation of the W Mo alloy source was studied. The experimental results show that there exists obvious preferential sputtering on the surface of the W Mo alloy source under the argon ion bombardment; the stable period is reached after a transitional period, and the preferential sputtering occurs in a definite range of composition(mole fraction): 70%～75% Mo, 22%～25% W; there appears segregation on the surface of the W Mo alloy source.

Elucidating Ion Transport Phenomena in Sulfide/Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Practical Solid-State Batteries

Despite the enormous interest in inorganic/polymer composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)for solid-state batteries(SSBs),the underlying ion transport phenomena in CSEs have not yet been elucidated.Here,we address this issue by formulating a mechanistic understanding of bi-percolating ion channels formation and ion conduction across inorganic-polymer electrolyte interfaces in CSEs.A model CSE is composed of argyrodite-type Li_6PS_5Cl(LPSCl)and gel polymer electrolyte(GPE,including Li~+-glyme complex as an ion-conducting medium).The percolation threshold of the LPSCl phase in the CSE strongly depends on the elasticity of the GPE phase.Additionally,manipulating the solvation/desolvation behavior of the Li~+-glyme complex in the GPE facilitates ion conduction across the LPSCl-GPE interface.The resulting scalable CSE(area=8×6(cm×cm),thickness~40μm)can be assembled with a high-mass-loading LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.15)Mn_(0.15)O_(2)cathode(areal-mass-loading=39 mg cm~(-2))and a graphite anode(negative(N)/positive(P)capacity ratio=1.1)in order to fabricate an SSB full cell with bi-cell configuration.Under this constrained cell condition,the SSB full cell exhibits high volumetric energy density(480 Wh L_(cell)~(-1))and stable cyclability at 25℃,far exceeding the values reported by previous CSE-based SSBs.

Ions Bombardment in Thin Films and Surface Processing

Ions bombardment is very important in thin films and surface processing. The ion energy and ion flux are two important parameters in ion bombardment. The ion current density mainly dependent on the plasma density gives the number of energetic ions bombarding the substrate. The self-bias voltage in plasma sheath accelerates plasma ions towards the substrate. RF discharge can increase plasma density and RF bias can also provide the insulator substrate with a plasma sheath. In order to choose and control ion energy, ion density, the angle of incidence, and ion species, ion beam sources are used. New types of electrodeless ion sources (RF, MW, ECR-MW) have been introduced in detail. In the last, the effects of ion bombardment on thin films and surface processing are presented.

MICROSTRUCTURE OF Ti－B－NFILM AND INTERFACEFORMED BY N ION BOMBARDMENTON A Ti－B FILM

Ti-B-N film was deposited on W18Cr4 V high speed steels by using N ion bombardment on an EB-ion plating Ti-B film. It was found that Ti, B and N in the film are homogeneous, but there exists an extended diffusion zone at the film / substrate interface on the basis of the results of IPMA, EPMA and TEM. The boron content of the film is 9.5 at.%, as given by nuclear reaction analysis. The ratio of nitrogen to titanium of the film is about 0.94, as given by EPMA. The width of a high N concentration region in the Ti-B-N film fowned by N ion bombardment of a Ti-B film is about 100 nm; N and Ti penetrates into the substrate, resulting in a wide interfacial diffusion zone. The width of the diffusion zone obtained with TEM and EDAX is about 20 nm. μ-diffraction patterns of the interface show that FeTi, Fe_2 Ti, and Ti_2N existin the interfacial diffusion zone. TEM observation of film and interface show a dense and fine nano-crystalline structure of the film and a dense close interfactal bonding of the film to substrate. Electron diffraction patterns and the values of electrun binding energy by XPS show that the film consists mainly of fcc TiN, with dispersed simple orthorhombic TiB, cubic BN and simple hexagonal Ti-B-N phases. The results show that the N ion hombardment extends the film / substrate interfacial diffusion zone and stimulates chemical reaction both in the film and interface.

Monte Carlo simulation of lattice analysis of complex LaCeTh0.1CuOy using ion bombardment technique

Ion bombardment analysis of perovskite materials is challenging owing to their peculiar structure.This shortcoming renders the reliability on the technique somewhat questionable.In this research,three structured modifications(i.e.,scan angle,low energy,and large ion bombardment)were adopted to improve the ion bombardment analysis of 99,999 ions using Monte Carlo simulations.The modified technique was used to analyze the effects of a chemically pressurized‘‘A’’site in the perovskite lattice system.The LaCeTh0.1Cu2Oy compound was used in this experiment.Despite the low probing energy,it was observed that the high number of ions bombarding the material resulted in external pressure on the lattice structure of the material.Moreover,the chemically pressurized‘‘A’’site perovskite material was characterized by lattice mismatch,lattice fluctuations,grain boundary collapse,and oxygen displacement.The novel discovery of this research is the inter-and intra-extended lattice mismatches that are likely to connect.Hence,further investigation of the connection between inter-and intraextended lattice mismatches is recommended as they may enable fabrication of room-temperature superconductors.

STUDY OF SURFACE RESISTIVITY MODIFICATION IN Al_2O_3 CERAMIC IMPLANTED BY Fe^(2+)

The implanted ion range, the depth profile and the film sttucture of the implanted layer were studied; the carrier concentration and the mobility were measured; the conductivity mechanism of the film implanted Fe into Al_2O_3 ceramic was discussed. The conclusion is that the implanted Fe^(2+) ions move into Al_2O_3 lattice and replace Al^(3+) to form subs- titution impurities so that the ion implanted lat- tice, as compared with the original one, presents an effective negative charge which forms a negative charge center. A vacancy is bound arround it, and an acceptor is introduced in the forbidden band.

Simulation of Isotopic Angular Effects under Ion Bombardment of a^(92)Mo-^(100)Mo Target

Under 5 keV Ar ion bombardment of a 92Mo-100Mo target, we have investigated isotopic angular effects by means of the static and the dynamic Monte Carlo programs. Our calculated results are in quantitative agreement with the measured and other calculated results. The conclusion consistences among theories. simulations and measurements are also discussed.

Irradiation damage simulation of Zircaloy-4 using argon ions bombardment

To simulate irradiation damage, argon ion was implanted in the Zircaloy-4 with the fluence ranging from 1 × 10^16 to 1 × 10^17 cm^-2, using accelerating implanter at an extraction voltage of 190 kV and liquid nitrogen temperature. Then the influence of argon ion implantation on the aqueous corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 was studied. The valence states of elements in the surface layer of the samples were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was used to examine the microstructure of the argon-implanted samples. The potentiodynamic polarization technique was employed to evaluate the aqueous corrosion resistance of implanted Zircaloy-4 in 1 mol/L HzSO4 solution. It is found that there appear bubbles on the surface of the samples when the argon fluence is 1 × 10^16 cm^-2. The microstructure of argon-implanted samples changes from amorphous to partial amorphous, then to polycrystalline, and again to amorphous. The corrosion resistance of implanted samples linearly declines with the increase of fluence approximately, which is attributed to the linear increase of the irradiation damage.

Ionic bombardment of stainless steel by nitrogen and nickel ions immersion

A new nitriding process was used to carry out the ionic bombardment,in which nickel ion was introduced.The microstructure,composition and properties of the treated stainless steel were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),micro-hardness test and electrochemistry method.The results show that the hardness of the stainless steel is greatly increased after ionic bombardment under nitrogen and nickel ions immersion.Vickers’hardness as high as Hv1268 is obtained.The bombarded stainless steel is of a little reduction in corrosion resistance,as compared with the original stainless steel. However,as compared with the traditional ion-nitriding stainless steel,the corrosion resistance is greatly improved.

4-20 Light Emission from Sputtered Aluminum Atoms and Ions Produced by Kr13+ Ion Bombardment

When solid surface is bombarded by energetic projectile ions, a fraction of the sputtered particles leaves the surface in electronically excited states. The optical emission in front of the target surface is due to the radiative decay of these sputtered particles[1;2]. The optical emission identifies the target by measurement of wavelength.

Elevated extracellular calcium ions accelerate the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells and decrease cisplatin sensitivity

Hepatoblastoma is the most frequent liver malignancy in children.HepG2 has been discovered as a hepatoblastoma-derived cell line and tends to form clumps in culture.Intriguingly,we observed that the addition of calcium ions reduced cell clumping and disassociated HepG2 cells.The calcium signal is in connection with a series of processes critical in the tumorigenesis.Here,we demonstrated that extracellular calcium ions induced morphological changes and enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HepG2 cells.Mechanistically,calcium ions promoted HepG2 proliferation and migration by up-regulating the phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase(FAK),protein kinase B,and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.The inhibitor of FAK or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinaseⅡ(CaMKⅡ)reversed the Ca2+-induced effects on HepG2 cells,including cell proliferation and migration,epithelial-mesenchymal transition protein expression levels,and phosphorylation levels of FAK and protein kinase B.Moreover,calcium ions decreased HepG2 cells'sensitivity to cisplatin.Furthermore,we found that the expression levels of FAK and CaMKⅡwere increased in hepatoblastoma.The group with high expression levels of FAK and CaMKⅡexhibited significantly lower ImmunoScore as well as CD8+T and NK cells.The expression of CaMKⅡwas positively correlated with that of PDCD1 and LAG3.Correspondingly,the expression of FAK was negatively correlated with that of TNFSF9,TNFRSF4,and TNFRSF18.Collectively,extracellular calcium accelerates HepG2 cell proliferation and migration via FAK and CaMKⅡand enhances cisplatin resistance.FAK and CaMKⅡshape immune cell infiltration and responses in tumor microenvironments,thereby serving as potential targets for hepatoblastoma.

纤维-地聚物混凝土力学性能及耐久性能研究

为改善地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性,通过掺入不同长度和掺量的聚丙烯纤维,对地聚物混凝土的力学性能、抗冻性、抗氯离子侵蚀性及抗裂性进行了研究,并基于SEM试验,从微观角度进一步解释聚丙烯纤维的作用机理.结果表明:聚丙烯纤维的掺入能够提高地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性能,当纤维掺量为0%~0.6%时,随着纤维掺量的增加,地聚物混凝土的改善效果越明显.当掺量超过0.6%时,其力学性能和耐久性开始下降.通过SEM分析也表明,聚丙烯纤维能够提高基体内部的整体性和密实性,从而显著改善地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性.最终推荐掺量0.6%长度为12 mm的聚丙烯纤维为最佳掺量.

基于自产热和外传热的锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识方法

锂离子电池热学模型参数(热容和热阻)的准确辨识对电池热电耦合建模及状态参数估计至关重要。然而传统测量方法成本高且测试周期长,如何利用充放电工况结合产热和传热机理研究快速热参数辨识方法具有重要意义。以8A×h软包锂离子电池为研究对象,建立分布式热路模型;设计双向脉冲工况实验,采用自适应粒子群算法(APSO)进行辨识;同时采用其他工况进行验证,实验和仿真温度误差小于0.1℃。另外,将热容和热阻转换为比热容和导热系数,并与其他文献中同类电池的参数进行比对,量级接近。研究结果表明,该方法可以有效解决层叠式软包锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识难的问题,且简便易行、成本低。

改性硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆力学性能及耐久性能研究

过快的流动度损失和后期不稳定的强度发展限制了硫铝酸盐水泥工程中的进一步应用。因此以葡萄糖酸钠作为缓凝剂,掺入硅灰制备成改性硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆,并对其工作性能、力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能开展了系统研究。研究结果表明:葡萄糖酸钠掺量0.4%可有效延长硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆凝结时间,提高砂浆流动性和抗氯离子渗透性能;硫铝酸盐砂浆工作性能、力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能均随硅灰掺量的增加先提高后降低,硅灰最优掺量为20%。

低能离子注入诱变法选育新硫肽类抗生素166A高产菌株

目的为进一步提高产量,以小单孢菌Micromonospora sp.TMD166-MU1为出发菌株,采用低能离子注入技术,研究不同离子注入参数对菌株存活率、正负突变率的影响,通过突变株抑菌活性变势参数分析,初步探讨N+离子注入对166A生产菌所产生的诱变效果,并结合卡那霉素抗性筛选及牛津杯固体发酵高通量筛选,获得高产菌株。方法利用低能N+离子注入技术对出发菌株TMD166-MU1的孢子进行辐照诱变,以卡那霉素耐受性为选择压力,不同诱变条件处理的菌悬液涂布在含有卡那霉素培养基平板上培养后获得单菌落,并以牛津杯固体发酵高通量筛选方法进行高产菌株初筛,之后对高产菌株进行摇瓶复筛,利用高效液相法检测突变株摇瓶发酵的化学效价。结果通过研究30和60 keV能量下不同注入剂量与小单孢菌正突变率的生物学效应关系,确定了在注入能量为30 keV、注入剂量4×10^(13)ions/cm^(2)、卡那霉素抗性筛选浓度为6 mg/L条件下,可获得最高达36.33%的正突变率。复筛效价是出发菌株1.5倍以上的有4株,其中突变株IK-3的166A产量是菌株TMD166-MU1的1.8倍。结论采用低能N+离子注入诱变方式,再结合抗生素抗性筛选及牛津杯固体发酵高通量筛选的集成方法能简单、高效地获得166A高产突变菌株。

氧化钙掺加对赤泥导电性能的影响及机理

电阻率是胶凝材料固化的重要表征方法,为研究CaO掺入对赤泥电学性能的影响,对不同CaO掺量的赤泥进行了电阻率测试,利用低场核磁共振、X射线衍射和电镜扫描等手段,揭示样品电阻率变化的机理。结果表明:随着养护龄期的增加,试样的电阻率逐渐增大,不同龄期电阻率峰值对应的CaO掺量不同;随着CaO掺量和养护龄期的增加,试样的孔隙率增加、孔径增大,孔隙水连通性降低,导致其导电通路减少,电阻率升高,与此同时试样的孔隙水导电性却逐渐增强,说明孔隙水连通性对电阻率的影响高于孔隙水离子浓度;研究结果可为相关结构物的无损检测提供理论依据。

含氯再生骨料混凝土中钢筋抗锈蚀性能试验研究

沿海地区废弃混凝土受氯离子侵蚀,为使其更好地再生利用,探究含氯再生骨料混凝土的改性方法及钢筋抗锈蚀性能,以矿物掺合料种类及掺量、再生骨料强化为变量,设计15组混凝土,对混凝土中钢筋通电加速锈蚀,并通过电化学工作站的线性极化法和电化学阻抗谱法测试其钢筋电化学指标。结果表明:含氯再生骨料混凝土中钢筋锈蚀进程快于普通不含氯再生骨料混凝土;纳米SiO_(2)溶液强化含氯再生骨料,以及在混凝土中复掺矿物掺合料均可提高含氯再生骨料混凝土钢筋抗锈蚀性能;通过强化改性的含氯再生骨料混凝土的钢筋抗锈蚀性能不低于普通再生骨料混凝土。