Challenges in the Development of Film-Forming Additives for Lithium Ion Battery: A Review

Electrolytes additives are ubiquitous and indispensable in all electrochemical devices. In this sense, the principle and the classification of film-forming additives for lithium ion secondary batteries are described. The film formation mechanism and research progress of the pyrazole derivatives, organic halogenide, esters and derivatives, boron compounds and inorganic compounds are introduced. Emphasis is focused on the principles and film-forming mechanisms of each additive. The development of film-forming additives is forecasted and prospected.

Study on Material Composition and REE－host Forms of Ion－type RE Deposits in South China

in the ion-type RE deposite in South China, the host rocks of REE minerals are igneous and metamorphic rocks , such as granite, granite-porphyry, granitite, muscovite granite, granodiorite, rhyolite, tuff, lamprophyre, alkaline rocks, granite-gneiss, stuff, gneissic granite.These various types of rocks occurred in the environment of humid subtropical zone with a specific topographic relief. During a long-term geological process, they were weathered and alterated into montmorillonite, gibbstite, vermiculite and the dioctahedral type of clay minerals, such as kaolinite, halloysite-0. 7 nm , halloysite-1. 0 nm and ferrohalloysite. All of these clay minerals are the REE carriers. The REE in the ion-type RE deposits came from there source: 1) the REE -bearing rock-forming minerals in host rock, such as microcline and amphibole:2) the accessory minerals in host rocks, such as allanite, gadolinite-(Y), sphene , parisite-(Y), and fergusonite-(Y). For a long geological time the weathering and leaching processes caused the minerals to be disintegrated and to free REE ions. The REE cations can be adsorbed on various clay minerals associated. The categories of ion -type RE deposite depend on the species of RE minerals and the lithological characters of the host geological body in the ore deposit area.

Effects of Inorganic Sodium Salt in Soil on Concentration of Zinc Ion in Different Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of inorganic sodium salt in soil on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Method] Tessier sequential extraction was used to study on effects of inorganic sodium salts （in different species and different concentrations） on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Result] Different inorganic sodium salts had different effects on zinc form. Content of ex- changeable Zn would reduce if Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 was added and the content would increase if NaCI was added. Content of carbonate zinc, which was significantly influ- enced by Na2SO4, would increase if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added, and would decrease if Na2CO3 was added. For Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matters, and residual Zn, the contents would decrease if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added and the decrease showed much more significantly if high concentration sodium salts were added. In addition, content of Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides decreased if Na2CO3 was added. If low concentration Na2CO3 was added, Zn bound to organic matters and residual would increase in content but would lower if high concentration one was added. [Conclusion] The research provided references for measurement of heavy metal ion content in soil in different places.

AMORPHIZATION IN Nb-M (M=Fe, Co, Ni) BINARY METAL SYSTEMS INDUCED BY ION BEAM ASSISTED DEPOSITION (IBAD)

Ion beam assisted deposition technique (IBAD) was utilized to systematically study amorphization in binary metal systems of Nb-magnetic element, i.e., Nb-M (M=Fe, Co or Ni). The glass forming range termed as Nb fraction of Nb-Fe system was about 34at.% to 56at.%, that of Nb-Co system was about 32at.% to 72at.% and that of Nb-Ni about 20at. % to 80at. %. Similar percolation patterns were found in amorphous alloy films. The fractal dimensions of the percolation patterns approach to 2, which indicates 2-D layer growth for amorphous phases. It is regarded that the assisted Ar+ ion beam during the deposition process plays important role for the 2-D layer growth. Some metastable crystalline phases were obtained in these three systems by IBAD, e.g., bcc supersaturated solid solutions in Nb-Fe and Nb-Co systems, fcc and hcp phases in Nb-Co and Nb-Ni systems. The formation and competing between the amorphous and the metastable crystalline phases were determined by both the phases' thermodynamic states in binary metal systems and kinetics during IBAD process.

Radiation effects of pyrochlore-rich synroc by heavy-ion irradiation

Heavy-ion irradiation is commonly used to study radiation damage of high level radioactive waste (HLW) forms, but S ion was never used before. In this investigation, 100 MeV 32S ions produced by tandem accelerator was used to study radiation effects on pyrochlore-rich synroc which contained simulated actinides. The amorphization and amorphous doses were determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy /select area electron diffraction (TEM/SAED). The vacancy defects induced by heavy-ion irradiation were characterized by using positron annihilation technique (PAT). The experimental results show that the amorphous dose is 0.5 dpa, the defects produced by heavy-ion irradiation are mainly voids, and irradiation could continue to intensify the vacancy defects even after the amorphous dose was reached.

Study on Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall in Tobacco-Growing Regions of Chenzhou, Hunan Province

In order to clarify the chemical properties of rainfall in typical tobacco areas in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and analyze its potential for soil and flue-cured tobacco planting, rainfall samples in 2020 were collected by rainfall instruments in Fangyuan Town and Aoquan Town of Guiyang County, and the chemical properties that are closely related to the quality of flue-cured tobacco were determined, such as pH, EC, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (), ammonium nitrogen () and ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, , Al3+, , Cl−,). The results show that the pH values of rainfall samples at Fangyuan and Aoquan monitoring sites are in the range of 4.92 - 6.17 and 4.93 - 5.69 respectively, with an average of 5.27 and 5.27 respectively. The acid rain characteristic is very obvious, which is mainly dominated by . The variation of rainfall EC has seasonal characteristics. EC is low from January to September, in the range of 6.09 - 56.72 and 11.83 - 30.93 μS/cm respectively, besides, it is high from October to December, in the range of 102.63 - 174.60 and 25.05 - 86.37 μS/cm respectively. The annual deposition of TN was 22.19 and 20.76 kg/hm2/yr respectively, which were higher than that in the western regions with less human disturbance, but lower than or equal to that in the developed agricultural regions in eastern China. The proportion of in the annual deposition of TN was higher than that of at two monitoring sites, with an average of 56.51% and 38.86% respectively. Ammonia volatilization from agricultural activities contributed more to rainfall nitrogen content. The ratios of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen deposition at two monitoring points were 1.84, 1.81, 1.86 and 1.34, 1.46, and 1.29 during the whole year, summer and autumn, winter and spring respectively. The ratio is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The weighted average equivalent concentrations of the main ions at two monitoring sites were 238.88 μeq/L and 211.21 μeq/L respectively, and the orders of the ion concentrations were slightly different. Both the concentrations of and are higher, while Mg2+, and Al3+ are lower. , and are mainly from human activities with a contribution rate between 91.90% and 99.35%. Ca2+ mainly comes from soil and ground dust, besides, Cl− and Mg2+ mainly come from marine sources and K+ mainly comes from terrestrial sources. In general, the acidic rainfall and higher concentration are beneficial to reducing the high pH value of soil in Aoquan tobacco area and improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Higher concentrations of and in rainfall are not conducive to the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality, because of the high content of soil available sulfur in Chenzhou tobacco area and the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco’s preference for ammonium.

Determination of Atomic Fraction of Isotope Carbon-13 Directly in Urea, Benzophenone, Nitrobenzene, Benzoic Acid and 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

The possibility of determining atomic fractions of the isotopes of carbon directly in urea, nitrobenzene, benzophenone, benzoic acid and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid in compounds isotopically modified by all carbon centers, as well as by one or several identical carbon centers is considered. The mass peaks of the mass spectrum that allows determining the atomic fraction of carbon isotopes are selected. The respective formulas are proposed. Until now, isotope analysis of these compounds has been carried out by converting them to carbon monoxide or dioxide, and it has been impossible to determine the atomic fraction of carbon at individual centers.

NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态对狗牙根生长及钠钾离子调控的影响

以狗牙根〔Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.〕品种‘阳江’(‘Yangjiang’)为实验材料、2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸(MES)为pH缓冲剂,采用水培法研究NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态(铵态氮和硝态氮)对狗牙根生长和钠钾离子调控的影响。结果表明:处理1周后,若不添加MES,铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则上升到pH 9.0左右;添加20 mmol·L^(-1)MES的铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值也下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则接近pH 7.0。与0 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组相比,300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组狗牙根的枝条长度和枝条干质量显著(P<0.05)下降,而根长度、根干质量、根和叶中Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量及分泌物Na^(+)/K^(+)比总体上显著升高。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,硝态氮处理组狗牙根的枝条长度、根长度、根干质量、根冠比、根中Na^(+)含量总体上显著高于铵态氮处理组,而叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量明显低于铵态氮处理组。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组狗牙根的多数生长指标显著高于0 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组,而根和叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数在0和20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组间的差异不显著。三因素方差分析结果表明:3个因子的单一和交互作用对多数生长指标、叶中Na^(+)含量和泌盐量相关指标的影响具有统计学意义。研究结果显示:硝态氮能缓解NaCl胁迫对狗牙根的伤害,而用MES缓冲根际酸碱环境对NaCl胁迫下狗牙根生长有一定的促进作用,因此,施用硝态氮或添加MES均有利于提高狗牙根的抗盐性。

龙陵县新寨-茅草园稀土矿特征及控矿条件浅析

龙陵新寨-茅草园地区花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床受内生地质和表生地质条件双重控制,主要赋存于白垩纪花岗岩体全风化层中下部及强风化层上部,V 1-1矿体分布面积38.59km 2,单工程控制矿体品位(SREO)0.035%~0.128%,平均0.047%;V 1-2矿体分布面积16.85 km 2,单工程控制矿体品位(SREO)0.035%~0.110%,平均0.048%,达大型远景规模,具有较好的勘查开发前景。

不同蓝光强度连续供光对生菜形态建成、光合特性及营养离子吸收的影响

植物工厂光环境的优化调控是提高果蔬产量和品质最主要的途径,其中蓝光对植物的形态建成和光合特性均有显著的调控作用。本试验以‘Tiberius’生菜为研究对象,将一天24 h周期分为两个时段,时段一(H_(1))为18:00—次日10:00,时段二(H_(2))为10:00—18:00。H_(1)时段均给予光照强度为200μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),光质配比为红蓝4∶1的光照环境。在H_(2)时段设置了不同强度蓝光处理,分别为对照组(B0,无光)以及3个光处理组(B28、B60、B100),光照强度(μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1))分别为28、60、100,调查不同蓝光强度连续供光下生菜的形态建成、光合特性以及营养离子吸收情况。结果表明:1)与B0相比,B28、B60和B100处理下的生菜株高和茎叶与水平面夹角均显著增加,叶片较为细长,蓝光强度越弱,变化效果越显著;2)与B0相比,B28、B60和B100处理下的叶片腹部气孔密度和叶片厚度均显著下降;3)不同强度蓝光处理均促进了叶绿素的增加,其中B60处理下的叶绿素含量增加最高;4)B28处理下的氮、镁、钾和铁含量增加最高,较B0分别增加18.2%、33.3%、65.9%和72.7%。因此,在植物工厂中,连续光照结合不同的蓝光补光强度,可以有目的地调控生菜的形态以及光合特性,有利于提高单位面积的栽培株数和产量。

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析天然矿泉水中溴形态

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析天然矿泉水中溴元素形态的方法,并通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其总溴含量。普通矿泉水不需处理、气泡矿泉水进行超声脱气,流动相选择36 mmol/L硝酸+67 mmol/L氨水,经高效液相色谱-阴离子色谱柱分离,通过ICP-MS进行检测。结果显示:溴形态的分析方法中,溴酸根的回收率为84.0%~104%,相对标准偏差是2.7%~4.2%;溴离子回收率为89.0%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)是2.3%~5.1%,定量限2.0μg/L;总溴含量检测方法中,总溴的回收率93.2%~97.2%,RSD为3.1%~5.8%,定量限2.0μg/L。对上海口岸进口的天然矿泉水进行溴酸根和溴离子含量筛查,并对天然矿泉水中溴酸盐产生过程进行探讨。方法的样品前处理条件简单、灵敏度高、重现性好,保持了溴元素原始形态不变,适合天然矿泉水中溴形态分析,为进口天然矿泉水的质量控制与风险监测提供技术支持。

锂离子筛吸附剂成型研究现状

粉末状离子筛吸附剂流动性和渗透性较差,循环吸附时损失率高,不能直接用于盐湖提锂,为了使其满足工业化连续提锂的要求,需对它进行成型加工。综述了现有成型工艺方法,包括造粒、成膜、发泡、成纳米纤维、磁化和复合载体法等。造粒成型工艺有直接黏结成型法和交联聚合成型法2种方法,聚氯乙烯是较为常用的黏结剂,具有一定的强度和机械稳定性,但还需添加亲水性物质以增加其对含锂溶液的吸附性能。成膜、发泡、成纳米纤维、磁化和复合载体法也都在离子筛成型工艺上有良好的发展前景。最后进行了各种成型方式优缺点的总结,并展望了成型工艺未来的发展趋势。

磷酸铁锂电极结构对其电化学性能的影响

锂离子电池电极微观结构对电极活性物质的电化学性能有着重要的影响。利用双层涂布技术实现了不同组成、不同孔隙结构的双层磷酸铁锂电极构筑,其中通过在远离集流体的电极涂层组分中添加碳酸氢铵,使得电极涂层从集流体到电极表面呈现出孔隙率逐渐增大的电极结构特征。结果表明,从集流体到电极表面呈现出孔隙率逐渐增大的双层结构厚电极(涂层厚度为77.3μm),常温1 C倍率下放电比容量达145.3 mAh/g,60次循环后容量保持率为97.2%,常温5 C倍率下仍具有40 mAh/g的放电比容量,而相同面密度下单层结构厚电极(涂层厚度为74.9μm)的5 C放电比容量为0。

注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中两组分成盐率的分析

目的建立离子色谱法同时测定注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠离子与钾离子的含量,通过计算其成盐率,对不同企业样品的成盐工艺进行评价。方法采用IonPacCS12A阳离子交换色谱柱(4mm×250mm)和IonPac CG12A保护柱(4mm×50m m),检测器为电导检测器,抑制器电流为20mA,以6.7mmol/L甲烷磺酸溶液为淋洗液,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果钠离子浓度在6.01~18.04μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5);平均回收率为100.4%(RSD=0.4%,n=9);钾离子浓度在3.33~9.98μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998,n=5);平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.5%,n=9)。测定了37批注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠和钾的含量,其成盐率分别为1.00~1.13和0.94~1.05。结论本方法可用于注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠离子与钾离子的含量测定,各企业样品成盐情况较好,但需关注成盐剂的残留。

软包锂离子电池用铝塑膜成形性能研究

为保证软包锂离子电池用铝塑膜封装的可靠性,须严格控制成形后的铝层厚度,而其获得依赖大量的实物试验,导致前期设计优化和后期生产过程质量监控均须耗费高额成本。本文采用实物试验和仿真模拟相结合的方法,构建能精准表征铝塑膜力学性能的本构方程,并提出基于整体铝塑膜厚度对铝层厚度的预测方法,实现成形后铝塑膜和铝层厚度的精准预测。同时,基于仿真DOE,筛选关键影响因子,构建响应曲面模型,实现不同产品的快速预测及最佳参数匹配设计,也为生产实时质量监控提供解决方案。研究结果表明,多层复合铝塑膜在塑性阶段表现出了明显的各向异性,3参数Barlat-Lian本构模型,可较好表征铝塑膜的各向异性性能,明显优于单一方向弹塑性模型,可实现铝塑膜成形性能的精准预测。所构建的响应曲面模型可替代精细化有限元模型,实现对铝塑膜和铝层厚度精准预测和参数优化,误差小于5%,工艺参数优化后冲压成形铝层厚度可提升10%~20%。集成开发的应用APP可满足冲压工艺参数的快速设计评估、优化及成形质量实时监控等应用需求。

一种适配于4.5 V高电压富锂锰基正极材料的新型电极液添加剂的开发

由于市场对新能源汽车的里程焦虑,高电压富锂锰基正极材料(LLOs)因其高放电比容量(>250 mAh/g),低成本优势,作为最有潜力化解能量密度困扰的新型锂离子电池之一备受市场关注。然而传统锂离子电解液主盐六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)以及碳酸脂溶剂无法承受LLOs体系较高的工作电压,PF6-阴离子发生有害副反应,且碳酸酯溶剂在LLOs正极表面不断分解沉积,锂离子迁移动力学受限,且较高工作电压下LLOs材料缺陷导致晶格氧的析出,催化电解液分解产生衡量水,致使高水敏感锂盐LiPF6的水解生成HF,攻击正极活性材料,形成过渡金属氟化物(TMFx),形成不具功能性的CEI。同时TMs迁移破坏SEI,严重劣化电池的循环性能以及安全性能。

干湿环境对高硫尾砂氧化反应的影响

尾砂堆存会造成占用土地、污染土壤和水环境等问题,特别是部分尾砂中含有较高的硫化物,硫化物会在一定的环境下氧化产生硫酸,从而对环境造成更大的破坏。在矿山胶结充填生产过程中,硫酸盐还会导致含硫尾砂在胶结充填时产生缓凝、开裂等问题。为了研究高硫尾砂中硫元素的赋存形态和氧化规律,利用XRD分析和SEM分析确定高硫尾砂中硫元素主要的存在形式,同时设计了三种不同的放置环境,开展高硫尾砂氧化实验,实验结果表明:高硫尾砂中硫的质量分数为36.5%,硫元素主要以黄铁矿(FeS2)形式存在;高硫尾砂在三种放置环境中均发生了氧化反应,其中湿润环境下的氧化速率最快,硫酸根离子浓度增加38.5%,自然环境中氧化速率次之,在浸水环境下氧化速率最慢。通过高硫尾砂的氧化反应式推断,湿润环境中具有充足的水分和空气,有利于提高高硫尾砂的氧化速率。在实际生产过程中,可以根据高硫尾砂氧化特性,采取相应措施来减缓硫化物氧化速度。

黄土高原植被与空气负离子关系的研究

选择黄土高原常见造林树种,分别对不同林分及植被类型进行空气负离子水平研究。空气负离子浓度以及空气清新度大体为:针叶林明显高于阔叶林;油松林夏季优于秋季;不同植被类型由高到低依次为:花卉绿地>林地>宜林荒草地>裸露地>水泥广场;坡向对空气负离子浓度影响差异不显著。

松辽盆地中生界砂岩次生孔隙形成条件及预测

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